CANKAYA UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
ME 212 THERMODYNAMICS II

CHAPTER 10
EXAMPLES SOLUTION

1) An ideal vapor-compression refrigerant cycle operates at steady state with Refrigerant

134a as the working fluid. Saturated vapor enters the compressor at -100C, and saturated
liquid leaves the condenser at 280C. The mass flow rate of refrigerant is 5 kg/min.
Determine
(a) The compressor power, in kW
(b) The refrigerating capacity, in tons.
(c) The coefficient of performance.
Solution:
Known: Refrigerant 134a is the working fluid in an ideal vapor-compression refrigerant
cycle. Operating data are known.
Schematic & Given Data:

Analysis: First, fix each of the principle states.

Compressor:
2

W
c

1
Assumptions:
steady state steady flow process(SSSF)
open system
KE = PE =0
Neglect heat transfer (q=0)

dE c.v
Ve2
Vi2

i h i
e h e
Q c.v. Wc.v. m
gz i m
gz e
dt
2
2
i

m
h m
h
0W
c

m m
i

1 m
2 m

m
m
(h 2 h 1 )
W
c


Q
dS cv
j
isi m
e s e cv

m
dt
j Tj
i
e
1s 1 m
2s 2
0m
1 m
2 m

m
s 2 s1
State 1: T1 = -10oC, saturated vapor h1 = 241.35 kJ/kg, s1 = 0.9253 kJ/kg.K
State 2: P2 = Psat@28oC=7.2675 bars, s2 = s1 Double interpolation gives: h2 = 267.9
kJ/kg
Expansion valve:
3

4
Assumptions:
steady state steady flow process(SSSF)
open system
KE = PE =0
Neglect heat transfer (q=0)
Neglect work (w=0)

dE c.v
Ve2
Vi2
m

Q c. v . W
h

gz

m
h

gz e
c. v .
i i
i
e e

dt
2
2
i

0
0
3h 3 m
4h 4
0m

m m
i

3 m
4 m

m
h3 h4
State 3: T3 = 28oC, saturated liquid h3 = 88.61 kJ/kg
State 4: Throttling process h4 = h3 = 88.61 kJ/kg

Evaporator:

Q
in
Assumptions:
steady state steady flow process(SSSF)
open system
KE = PE =0
Neglect work (w = 0)

dE c.v
Ve2
Vi2
m

Q c. v . W
h

gz

m
h

gz e
c. v.
i i
i
e e
i
dt
2
2

m
4h 4 m
1h 1
0Q
in

m m
i

1 m
4 m

m
m
(h 1 h 4 )
Q
in
(a) The compressor power is:

kg 1 min
kJ 1 kW
m
(h 2 h 1 ) 5
(267.9 241.35)
2.212 kW
W

c
kg 1 kJ / s
min 60 s
(b) The refrigeration capacity is:

1 ton
kg
kJ
m
(h 1 h 4 ) 5
3.62 tons
Q
(241.35 88.61)
in
kg 211 kJ / min
min
(c) The coefficient of performance is:

Q
h h 4 (241.35 88.61)kJ / kg
in
1

5.75

Wc h 2 h 1 (267.9 241.35)kJ / kg

2) A vapor-compression refrigeration system circulates Refrigerant 134a at rate of 6

kg/min. The refrigerant enters the compressor at -100C, 1.4 bar, and exits at 7 bar. The
isentropic compressor efficiency is 67%. There are no appreciable pressure drops as the
refrigerant flows through the condenser and evaporator. The refrigerant leaves the
condenser at 7 bar, 240C. Ignoring heat transfer between the compressor and its
surroundings, determine
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

The coefficient of performance.

The refrigerating capacity, in tons.
The irreversibility rates of the compressor and expansion valve, each in kW
The changes in specific flow availability of the refrigerant passing through the
evaporator and condenser, respectively, each in kJ/kg.
Let To = 21oC, po = 1 bar
Solution:
Known: A vapor-compression refrigeration system circulates Refrigerant 134a with a
known mass flow rate. Data are given at various locations, the compressor efficiency is
specified.
Schematic & Given Data:

Analysis: First, fix each of the principal states.

5

Compressor:
2

W
c

1
Assumptions:
steady state steady flow process(SSSF)
open system
KE = PE =0
Neglect heat transfer (q=0)

dE c.v
Ve2
Vi2
m

Q c. v . W
h

gz

m
h

gz e
c. v .
i i
i
e e
dt
2
2
i

h m
h
0W m
c

m m
i

2s

1 m
2 m

m
m
(h 2s h 1 )
W
c

Q
dS cv
j
isi m
e s e cv

m
dt
j Tj
i
e
1s 1 m
2 s 2s
0m
1 m
2 m

m
s 2s s1
State 1: T1 = -10oC, P1 = 1.4 bars h1 = 243.40 kJ/kg, s1 = 0.9606 kJ/kg.K
State 2: For isentropic compression, P2 = 7 bars, s2s = s1 h2s = 278.06 kJ/kg
Using the compressor efficiency,

h 2s h 1
h h1
278.06 243.40
h 2 h 1 2s
243.40
295.13 kJ / kg
h 2 h1
c
0.67

s2 = 1.0135 kJ/kg.K
6

State 3:
P3 = 7 bars, T = 24oC h3 = hf@24oC = 82.90 kJ/kg, s3 = 0.3113 kJ/kg.K
Expansion valve:
3

4
Assumptions:
steady state steady flow process(SSSF)
open system
KE = PE =0
Neglect heat transfer (q=0)
Neglect work (w=0)

dE c.v
Ve2
Vi2
m

Q c. v . W
h

gz

m
h

gz e
c. v .
i i
i
e e

dt
2
2
i

0
0
3h 3 m
4h 4
0m

m m
i

3 m
4 m

m
h3 h4
State 4: Throttling process h4 = h3 = 82.90 kJ/kg, s4 = 0.33011 kJ/kg.K
Evaporator:

Q
in
Assumptions:
7

steady state steady flow process(SSSF)

open system
KE = PE =0
Neglect work (w = 0)

Ve2
Vi2

Q c.v. Wc.v. m i h i
gz i m e h e
gz e
i
2
2

dE c.v
dt

m
4h 4 m
1h 1
0Q
in

m m
i

1 m
4 m

m
m
(h 1 h 4 )
Q
in
(a) The coefficient of performance is:

h1 h 4
3.10
h 2 h1

(b) The refrigerating capacity is:

1 ton
kg
kJ
m
(h 1 h 4 ) 6
4.564 tons
Q
(243.40 82.90)
in
kg 211 kJ / min
min

Q
(s1 s 2 ) comp
(a) For the compressor: 0 m
J
T j

Thus:

kJ 1 kW
kg 1 min
I

(1.0135 0.9606)
1.55 kW

comp To comp T0 m(s 2 s1 ) ( 294K ) 6

min 60 s
kg 1 kJ / s
Similarly, for the valve;

kJ 1 kW
kg 1 min
I

(0.33011 0.3113)
0.5530 kW

valve To m(s 4 s 3 ) ( 294K ) 6

min 60 s
kg 1 kJ / s

(d) The change in specific flow availability for refrigerant passing through the evaporator
is:

e f 1 e f 4 (h 1 h 4 ) To (s1 s 4 ) (243.40 82.90)

kJ
kJ
(294)K(0.9606 0.33011)
24.86 kJ / kg
kg
kgK

For the condenser:

e f 3 e f 2 (h 3 h 2 ) To (s 3 s 2 ) (82.90 295.13)

kJ
kJ
kJ
294K(0.3113 1.0135)
5.78
kgK
kgK
kg

Comment: Although there is heat transfer to the refrigerant passing through the
evaporator, the specific flow availability decreases. This can be explained by noting that
the state of the working fluid moves closer to the dead state as it is heated at a
temperature below To.

3) An ideal vapor-compression heat pump cycle with Refrigerant 134a as the working
fluid provides 15 kW to maintain a building at 200C when the outside temperature is 50C.
Saturated vapor at 2.4 bar leaves the evaporator, and saturated liquid at 8 bar leaves the
condenser. Calculate
(a) The power input to the compressor, in kW
(b) The coefficient of performance.
(c) The coefficient of performance of a reversible heat pump cycle operating between
thermal reservoirs at 20 and 50C
Solution:
Known: An ideal vapor-compression heat pump cycle uses Refrigerant 134a as the
working fluid and provides a known energy output to heat a building. Data are known at
various locations.
Schematic and Given Data:

Analysis: First, fix each of the principal states

Compressor :
10

W
c

1
Assumptions:
steady state steady flow process(SSSF)
open system
KE = PE =0
Neglect heat transfer (q=0)

dE c.v
Ve2
Vi2

Q c.v. Wc.v. m i h i
gz i m e h e
gz e
dt
2
2
i

h m
h
0W m
c

m m
i

1 m
2 m

m
m
(h 2 h 1 )
W
c

Q
dS cv
j
isi m
e s e cv

m
dt
j Tj
i
e
1s 1 m
2s 2
0m
1 m
2 m

m
s1 s 2
Condenser:

Q
out
3

Condenser

Assumptions:
steady state steady flow process(SSSF)
open system
KE = PE =0
11

Neglect work (w = 0)

dE c.v
Ve2
Vi2

Q c.v. Wc.v. m i h i
gz i m e h e
gz e

dt
2
2
i

0
m
h m
h
0 Q
out

m i m e

2 m
3 m

m
m
(h 2 h 3 )
Q
in
State 1: p1 2.4 bars, saturated vapor h1 244.09 kJ / kg, s1 0.9222 kJ / kg.K
State 2: p 2 8 bars, s 2 s1 h 2 268.97 kJ / kg
State 3: p 3 8 bars, saturated liquid h 3 93.42 kJ / kg
Expansion valve:
3

4
Assumptions:
steady state steady flow process(SSSF)
open system
KE = PE =0
Neglect heat transfer (q=0)
Neglect work (w=0)

dE c.v
Ve2
Vi2

i h i
e he
Q c.v. Wc.v. m
gz i m
gz e

dt
2
2
i

0
0
3h 3 m
4h 4
0m

m m
i

3 m
4 m

m
h3 h4
12

State 4: Throttling process h 3 h 4 93.42 kJ / kg

(a) To determine the compressor, first find the mass flow rate from

m
(h 2 h 3 )
Q
out
or

m

Q
out

h2 h3

1 kJ / s

0.08544 kg / s
kJ 1 kW
(268.97 93.42)
kg
15 kW

Thus,
kg
kJ 1 kW
m
(h 2 h 1 ) 0.08544 (268.97 244.09)

W
c
s
kg 1 kJ / s

2.126 kW
(b) The coefficient of performance is

Q
15
out

7.055

2.126
Wc

(c) For a reversible heat pump operating between reservoirs at

TH 293 K and TC 278 K
max

TH
293

19.53
TH TC 293 278

13

4) A vapor-compression heat pump with a heating capacity of 500 kJ/min is driven by a

power cycle with a thermal efficiency of 25%. For the heat pump, Refrigerant 134a is
compressed from saturated vapor at -100C to the condenser pressure of 10 bar. The
isentropic compressor efficiency is 80%. Liquid enters the expansion valve at 9.6 bar,
340C. For the power cycle, 80% of the heat rejected is transferred to the heated space.
(a) Determine the power input to the heat pump compressor, in kW.
(b) Evaluate the ratio of the total rate that heat is delivered to the heated space to the rate
of heat input to the power cycle. Discuss.
Solution:
Known: Refrigerant 134a is the working fluid in a vapor-compression heat pump driven
by a power cycle. Operating data are specified for the heat pump and the power cycle.

Analysis: First, fix each state of the heat pump cycle.

Compressor:

14

W
net

1
Assumptions:
steady state steady flow process(SSSF)
open system
KE = PE =0
Neglect heat transfer (q=0)

dE c.v
Ve2
Vi2
m

Q c. v . W
h

gz

m
h

gz e
c. v .
i i
i
e e
dt
2
2
i

m
h m
h
0 W
c s

m m
i

2s

1 m
2 m

m
W c s m (h 2s h 1 )
W m (h h )
c a

)
h h 1
(W
c s
2s
)
h 2 h 1
(W
c a

Evaporator:

Evaporator

Q
in
Assumptions:
steady state steady flow process(SSSF)
open system
KE = PE =0
Neglect work (w = 0)
15

dE c.v
Ve2
Vi2
m

Q c. v . W
h

gz

m
h

gz e
c. v.
i i
i
e e
i
dt
2
2

m
4h 4 m
1h 1
0Q
in

m m
i

1 m
4 m

m
m
(h 1 h 4 )
Q
in
Expansion valve:
3

4
Assumptions:
steady state steady flow process(SSSF)
open system
KE = PE =0
Neglect heat transfer (q=0)
Neglect work (w=0)

dE c.v
Ve2
Vi2

i hi
ehe
Q c.v. Wc.v. m
gz i m
gz e

dt
2
2
i

0
0
3h 3 m
4h 4
0m

m m
i

3 m
4 m

m
h3 h4
Condenser:

16

Condenser

Q
in
Assumptions:
steady state steady flow process(SSSF)
open system
KE = PE =0
Neglect work (w = 0)

dE c.v
Ve2
Vi2
m

Q c. v . W
h

gz

m
h

gz e
c. v.
i i
i
e e
i
dt
2
2

m
3h 3 m
2h 2
0Q
in

m m
i

2 m
3 m

m
m
(h 2 h 3 )
Q
in
State 1: T1 10 0 C, saturated vapor h1 241.34 kJ / kg, s1 0.9253 kJ7kg.K
State 2: For isentropic compression, p 2 10 bars, s 2s s1 h 2s 274.63 kJ / kg
Using the compressor efficiency

h 2s h 1
h h1
kJ (274.63 kJ / kg) (241.24 kJ / kg)
h 2 h 1 2s
241.34
282.95 kJ / kg
h 2 h1
c
kg
0.8

State 3: p 3 9.6 bars, T3 34 0 C compressed liquid ; h 3 h f (34 0 C) 97.31 kJ / kg

State 4: Throttling process h 4 h 3 97.31 kJ / kg
(a) The mass flow rate of refrigerant is

Q
out,1

1 min
500 kJ / min

0.04489 kg / s
h 2 h 3 (282.95 97.31) kJ / kg 60 s
The compressor power becomes

m

17

kg
kJ 1 kW
m
(h 2 h 1 ) 0.04489

W
(282.95 241.34)
c
s
kg 1 kJ / s

1.868 kW

W
1.868 kW
(b) For the power cycle, 0.25. With W
c

Q
in , 2

power cycle

heat pump

W
cycle

7.472

The total rejected is,

7.472 kW 1.868 kW 5.604 kW

Q
rej
Thus,

Q
(0.8)Q
out, 2

rej

4.483 kW

kJ 1 min 1 kW
500
4.483kW

Q out,1 Q out, 2
min 60s 1 kJ

1.715
Finally,

7.472 kW
Q
in , 2

COMMENT: The engine-driven heat pump delivers more energy to the heated space than
could be obtained by burning fuel directly.

18

5) Air enters the compressor of an ideal Brayton refrigeration cycle at 140 kPa, 270 K,
with a volumetric flow rate of 1 m3/s, and is compressed to 420 kPa. The temperature at
the turbine inlet is 320 K. Determine
(a) The net power input, in kW
(b) The refrigerating capacity, in kW.
(c) The coefficient of performance.
(d) The coefficient of performance of a reversible refrigeration cycle operating between
reservoirs at TC = 270 K and TH = 320 K.
Solution:
Known: Air is the refrigerant in an ideal Brayton refrigeration cycle. Data are known at
various locations and the volumetric flow rate at the compressor inlet is given.
Schematic and Given Data:

Analysis: First, fix each of the principal states

State 1: T1 270 K h1 270.11 kJ / kg, p r1 0.9590

19

p
420 kPa
2.877 h 2 370.10 kJ / kg
State 2: p r 2 p r1 2 0.9590
140 kPa
p1
State 3: T3 320 K h 3 320.29 kJ / kg, p r 3 1.7375
p
140 kPa
0.5792 h 4 233.61 kJ / kg
State 4: p r 4 p r 3 4 1.7375
420 kPa
p3
(a) The mass flow rate is
(A)1 (A)1 p1
(1 m 3 / s)(140 kPa) 10 3 N / m 2 1 kJ

3
1.807 kg / s

v1
RT1
1
kPa
10
N
.
m
8.314 kJ

(270 K )
28
.
97
kg
.
K

Thus, the net power is

m

W
cycle Wt Wp

W
cycle m( h 2 h 1 ) ( h 3 h 4 )
kg
kJ 1 kW

1.807
(370.1 270.11) (320.29 233.61)
s
kg 1 kJ / s

24.05 kW
(b) The refrigerating capacity is
kg
kJ
m
(h 1 h 4 ) 1.807 (270.11 233.61)
Q
65.96 kW
in
s
kg

(c) The coefficient of performance is

Q
65.96
in

2.743

24.05
W
cycle

(d) For a reversible cycle operating between thermal reservoirs at 270 K and TH 320 K
is

max

TC
270

5.4
TH TC 320 270

20