Technical Report 1: Stress, Strain, & Displacement

Introduction
The strength and composition of materials when affected by force can be calculated using specific
formula theoretically. However, generating accurate values can only be achieved by means of
testing, experimentation and formulation. Since the advancement of technology, this values can
now be generated using a software application, this is called the Finite Element Analysis. One
example of this is the Solidworks where it can generate the accurate values without
experimentation.
The Technical Report will compare the result of two figures with the same area and material but
with different shapes (cube & cylinder) using both theoretical and solidworks results. The
difference in values will be recorded for multiple trials, each having different set of forces ranging
from 100 kN to 500 kN.

Software: Solidworks
SolidWorks Version 2015 or higher will be used as testing medium for the software side. The FEA
(Finite Element Analysis) capability of SolidWorks is integrated to the Simulations add-ins package
with the capability to do linear and non-linear analysis.
Stress
Stress is used to express the loading in terms of force applied to a certain cross-sectional area of an
object. From the perspective of loading, stress is the applied force or system of forces that tends to
deform a body. From the perspective of what is happening within a material, stress is the internal
distribution of forces within a body that balance and react to the loads applied to it.
Strain
Strain is the ratio of change in length to the original, or
quantity since it is the ratio of displacement.

. Strain is a dimensionless/unitless

Displacement
It is the shortest distance from the initial to the final position of a point when a force is applied. In
rigid body, the tern displacement may also include the rotations of the body.
Modulus of Elasticity
The elastic modulus of an object is defined as the slope of its stress-strain curve in the elastic
deformation region. A stiffer material will have a higher elastic modulus. The unit of Elastic of
Modulus has the same unit of stress.

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Technical Report 1: Stress, Strain, & Displacement

Yield Point
The yield point determines the limits of performance for mechanical components, since it
represents the upper limit to forces that can be applied without permanent deformation

Figure 1. The slope of stress and strain is denoted by the constant E. (image from Total material website)
Von Mises Yield Criterion
Solidworks Simulation uses the Von Mises Yield Criterion to calculate the Factor of Safety of many
ductile materials. Von Mises Criterion computes the stress along all planes.
URES: Resultant Displacement
Solidworks Simulation uses the URES: Resultant Displacement to calculate the elongation of the
material when a force is applied. URES: Resultant Displacement computes the displacement along
all planes.
ESTRN: Equivalent Strain
Solidworks Simulation uses ESTRN: Equivalent Strain to calculate the strain when a force is applied
to a material. ESTRN: Equivalent Strain computes the strain along all planes
Sensors
Four sensors are placed to both specimen to measure its max Von misses, Principal Stress,
Equivalent Strain, and Resultant Displacement.

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Model Information of the Solid Cube Figure

Model name: Cube

Current Configuration: Default
Solid Bodies
Document Name and
Reference

Treated As

Volumetric Properties

Solid Body

Mass:75060 kg
Volume:27
Density:2780 kg/
Weight:735588 N
Area: 9

Boss-Extrude1

Document Path/Date
Modified

Figure 2. Information about the Solid Cube Figure generated in the SolidWorks through report

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Model Information of the Solid Cylinder Figure

Model name: Cylinder

Current Configuration: Default
Solid Bodies
Document Name and
Reference

Treated As

Volumetric Properties

Solid Body

Mass: 84685.8 kg
Volume: 30.4625
Density: 2780 kg/
Weight: 829921 N
Area:

Boss-Extrude1

Document Path/Date
Modified

Figure 3. Information about the Solid Cylinder Figure generated in the SolidWorks through report

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Technical Report 1: Stress, Strain, & Displacement

Part 1: Stress Validation
Method
Materials under fixed geometry fixture with constant area of two different shapes are subjected to
different values of force in compression which will result to different level of stresses. Results for
both the theoretical and simulated will be presented in tabular form. This is later compared and
interpreted.

Formula
The following will be used for the theoretical part of validation.

Results
Cube
Stress (Pa)
Trial Area
(

Force
)

Simulated (SW)
Theoretical

Von misses
(

Difference

Percent
Difference

11178.8

8897.59

44%

Principal
(

100

11111.11

200

22222.22

40017.4

22357.6

17795.18

44%

300

33333.33

60026.2

33536.3

26692.87

44%

400

44444.44

80034.9

44715.2

35590.46

44%

500

55555.56

100044

55894.1

44488.44

44%

Table 1. Summary of 5 trials of cube using both theoretical and simulation method for stress

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Cylinder
Stress (Pa)
Trial

Area

Force

Simulated (SW)
Theoretical

Von misses
(

Difference

Percent
Difference

11155.7

5324.79

32%

Principal
(

100

11111.11

200

22222.22

32871.7

22311.5

10649.48

32%

300

33333.33

49307.6

33467.2

15974.27

32%

400

44444.44

65743.4

44623

21298.96

32%

500

55555.56

82179.3

55778.6

26623.74

32%

Table 2. Summary of 5 trials of cylinder using both theoretical and simulation method for stress
Interpretation of the Table
The values of the Von Mises stress are found to be higher than the theoretical for all the trials on
both shapes. The difference of the said stresses is determined to be increasing with the increasing
value of load/force. The percentage difference however is generally constant for the generated data
at a certain range in the table

Figure 4. Comparison result of stress for 4 trials of cube by means of static simulation
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Figure 5. Comparison result of stress for 4 trials of cylinder by means of static simulation
Conclusion
The theoretical data that has been gathered from the formula given is less than the data gathered
from the solidworks. The data also denotes a constant percent difference of both Von misses and
theoretical. Comparing Von misses data (max) to the principal average, the principal average has a
nearer value from the theoretical rather than the Von misses. The researcher concludes that the
value of Von misses is at max limit of the material rather than the average value that is computed by
the theoretical.
Part 2: Displacement Validation
Method
A material under fixed geometry fixture with constant area of two different shapes is subjected to
different values of force in compression which will result to different values of displacement.
Results for both the theoretical and simulated will be presented in tabular form. This is later
compared and interpreted.
Formula
The following will be used for the theoretical part of validation.

(7.24 x

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Technical Report 1: Stress, Strain, & Displacement

Results
Cube
Displacement ( )
Trial

Area

Force

Simulated (SW)
Theoretical

URES: Resultant
Displacement
(
)

Difference

Percent
Difference

100

0.19%

200

0.18%

300

0.13%

400

0.18%

500

0.17%

Table 3. Summary of 5 trials of cube using both theoretical and simulation method for displacement

Cylinder
Displacement ( )
Trial

Area

Force

Simulated (SW)
Theoretical

URES: Resultant
Displacement
(
)

Difference

Percent
Difference

100

2%

200

2%

300

2%

400

2%

500

2%

Table 4. Summary of 5 trials of cylinder using both theoretical and simulation method for displacement

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Interpretation of Table
The values of the URES: Resultant Displacement is found to be higher than the theoretical for all the
trials in cube while it is lower when in cylinder. The difference of the said displacement is
determined to be increasing with the increasing value of load/force for both figures. The
percentage in difference however is inconsistent for the generated data at certain range in the table.
The reason for this is the miniscule value of the data. This interpretation is true for both figures.

Figure 6. Comparison result of displacement for 4 trials of cube by means of static simulation

Figure 7. Comparison result of displacement for 4 trials of cylinder by means of static simulation

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Conclusion
The theoretical data that has been gathered from the formula given is less than the data gathered
from the solidworks on the solid cube figure. However, in the solid cylinder figure, the theoretical
data is greater than the data that is generated on the solidworks. The reason might be because of
too miniscule data of displacement. The data also denotes a constant percent difference in the solid
cylinder of both URES and theoretical while an inconsistent percent difference on the solid cube
figure. The minuscule data is obtained because of the high elastic modulus of the material 2024-T4.

Part 3: Strain Validation

Method
A material under fixed geometry fixture with constant area of two different shapes is subjected to
different values of force in compression which will result to different level of strains. Results for
both the theoretical and simulated will be presented in tabular form. This is later compared and
interpreted.

Formula
The following will be used for the theoretical part of validation.

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Results
Cube
Strain
Trial

Area

Force

Simulated (SW)
Theoretical

ESTRN: Equivalent
Strain
(

Difference

Percent
Difference

100

22%

200

22%

300

22%

400

22%

500

22%

Table 5. Summary of 5 trials of cube using both theoretical and simulation method for strain

Cylinder
Strain
Trial

Area

Force

Simulated (SW)
Theoretical

ESTRN: Equivalent
Strain
(

Difference

Percent
Difference

100

7%

200

7%

300

7%

400

7%

500

7%

Table 6. Summary of 5 trials of cylinder using both theoretical and simulation method for strain

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Interpretation of the Table
The values of the ESTRN: Equivalent Strain is found to be higher than the theoretical for all the
trials. The difference of the said strain is determined to be increasing with the increasing value of
load/force. The percentage in difference however is generally constant for the generated data at
certain range in the table. This interpretation is true for both figures.

Figure 8. Comparison result of strain for 4 trials of cube by means of static simulation

Figure 9. Comparison result of strain for 4 trials of cylinder by means of static simulation

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Conclusion
The theoretical data that has been gathered from the formula given is less than the data gathered
from the solidworks. The data also denotes a constant percent difference of both Equivalent Strain
and theoretical. The strain also has a miniscule value because of a great modulus of elasticity of the
material.

Final Conclusion and Recommendation

For the comparison of the different parameters, the researcher conclude that when the given
compressive force increases all the set parameters (Stress, Strain, & Displacement) and its
difference also increases while the percent difference remains constant. It is also generated in the
data that the solution of the Finite Element Analysis (SolidWorks) is greater than the theoretical
value excluding the parameter displacement of the cylinder (refer to table 4) where the theoretical
is greater than the FEA. The reason for this is still unknown but the researcher suggests that the
value might be too miniscule.
The strain and the displacement data is minuscule because of the high elasticity of the material
2024-T4 and its solid figure enabled it to withstand the maximum force that is given. Therefore the
researcher recommends the use of the Finite Element Analysis in determining the static simulation
data of a material.

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