IOP2601/101/3/2015

Tutorial Letter 101/3/2015

Organisational Research Methods

IOP2601
Semesters 1 & 2
Department of Industrial and Organisational
Psychology

IMPORTANT INFORMATION:
This tutorial letter contains important information
about your module.

Open Rubric

IOP2601/101/3/2015

CONTENTS
Page
1

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 3

PURPOSE OF AND OUTCOMES FOR THE MODULE............................................................... 3

2.1

Purpose ........................................................................................................................................ 3

2.2

Outcomes ..................................................................................................................................... 3

LECTURER(S) AND CONTACT DETAILS................................................................................... 4

3.1

Lecturer(s) .................................................................................................................................... 4

3.2

Department ................................................................................................................................... 4

3.3

University ...................................................................................................................................... 4

MODULE-RELATED RESOURCES ............................................................................................. 5

4.1

Prescribed books .......................................................................................................................... 5

4.2

Recommended books ................................................................................................................... 5

4.3

Electronic Reserves (e-Reserves)................................................................................................. 5

STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES FOR THE MODULE ............................................................... 5

MODULE-SPECIFIC STUDY PLAN ............................................................................................. 5

MODULE PRACTICAL WORK AND WORK-INTEGRATED LEARNING .................................... 6

ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................................. 6

8.1

Assessment plan .......................................................................................................................... 6

8.2

General assignment numbers ..................................................................................................... 10

8.2.1

Unique assignment numbers ...................................................................................................... 10

8.2.2

Due dates for assignments ......................................................................................................... 11

8.3

Submission of assignments ........................................................................................................ 11

8.4

Assignments ............................................................................................................................... 12

OTHER ASSESSMENT METHODS ........................................................................................... 39

10

EXAMINATION ........................................................................................................................... 39

11

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ........................................................................................ 39

12

CONCLUSION............................................................................................................................ 39

13

ADDENDUM ............................................................................................................................... 40

13.1

Errata in the study guide ............................................................................................................. 40

13.2

Answer sheet for Assignment 02................................................................................................. 41

IOP2601/101/3/2015

INTRODUCTION

Dear Student
Welcome to IOP2601.
Congratulations on passing your first year of study and joining us for this second-year module.
We trust that you will find this specific module interesting and that it will also be of practical
value to you in your work situation.
Conducting research is a very important aspect of an Industrial and Organisational
Psychologists work. Throughout your studies, you will come across the topic of research
several times. In this module, we want to look at a specific part of the process of conducting
research, namely analysing the quantitative or numeric information that you have collected in a
research project. For example, say an organisation is interested in finding out if their
employees, who are satisfied with their working conditions, are also likely to be more
productive? Or an organisation wants to know if there is a difference in the working preferences
of various generational groups? Once the relevant information has been collected, one can
apply some data analysis techniques to answer these questions in a scientific and valid manner.
You will learn more about applying and interpreting these data analysis techniques in this
module.
During this semester you will have to work hard, but with the necessary motivation and a regular
study programme, you should be able to look back at the end of the semester on the successful
completion of another module. We wish you all the best!

PURPOSE OF AND OUTCOMES FOR THE MODULE

2.1

Purpose

This module is intended for all people pursuing a career in the field of Industrial and
Organisational Psychology or practitioners in the field of human resources. The purpose of
learning in this module is to enable students to calculate and interpret basic descriptive and
inferential statistics as part of a research project in an organisational context.
Qualifying students are able to demonstrate solid knowledge and a sound understanding of the
key terms and terminology as well as rules and principles that apply to basic descriptive and
inferential statistics in Industrial and Organisational Psychology. They are also able to
effectively select and apply appropriate descriptive and inferential statistical techniques that are
commonly used in Industrial and Organisational Psychology.
2.2

Outcomes

This module aims to achieve the following outcomes:

Specific outcome 1
Understand and explain the basic principles and concepts of scientific research of a quantitative
nature and the process of conducting research.
Specific outcome 2
Describe a dataset by using descriptive statistics.
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IOP2601/101/3/2015

Specific outcome 3
Understand basic concepts of inferential statistics.
Range statement: The basic concepts of inferential statistics include the standard normal
distribution, probability and sampling distributions.
Specific outcome 4
Conduct hypotheses testing by using inferential statistics.
Range statement: the steps in hypotheses testing include but are not limited to formulating a
null hypothesis, formulating the alternative hypothesis, determining whether the test is onetailed or two-tailed, determining the level of significance, computing the test statistic,
determining the degrees of freedom, determining the critical value, rejecting or not rejecting the
null hypothesis and interpreting the findings.

LECTURER(S) AND CONTACT DETAILS

3.1

Lecturer(s)

Your lecturers for the module are:

Ms. Nomfusi Bekwa
Prof. Llewellyn van Zyl
Only academically related questions and enquiries concerning the content of the course should
be directed to the lecturers; e.g. when you need clarity about concepts in the study material,
contents in assignments and examinations, etc. Lecturers are generally available during the day
from 8:00 to 16:00, but if you wish to consult a lecturer personally, you should make an
appointment to visit him or her in the AJH van der Walt Building, Unisa main campus.
You can contact your lecturers at:
Tel: 012 429 8033 or 012 429 8054
E-mail: deptiop@unisa.ac.za
3.2

Department

The Department of Industrial and Organisational Psychology is in the AJH van der Walt
Building, 3rd Floor, Room 98.
You can contact the department at:
TEL: 012 429 8033 or 012 429 8054
E-mail: Deptiop@unisa.ac.za
3.3

University

If you need to contact the university about matters not related to the content of this module,
please consult the publication my Studies @ Unisa, which you received with your study
material. This brochure contains information on how to contact the university (e.g. to whom you
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IOP2601/101/3/2015

can write for different queries, important telephone and fax numbers, addresses and details of
the times certain facilities are open).

MODULE-RELATED RESOURCES

4.1

Prescribed books

You need to purchase the following prescribed book:

Tredoux, C. & Durrheim, K. (Eds.). (2013). Numbers, hypotheses and conclusions: A course in
statistics for the social sciences. (2nd ed.). Lansdowne: UCT Press. [ISBN: 978-1-77582000-0]
The prescribed book is accompanied by a CD. We will not be using the CD as part of our official
material for this module. You are, however, welcome to explore some of the additional
discussions and exercises on the CD for your own benefit.
Prescribed books can be obtained from the universitys official booksellers. Please refer to the
list of official booksellers and their addresses in the my Studies @ Unisa brochure. If you have
difficulty in locating your book(s) at these booksellers, please contact the Prescribed Book
Section at telephone number: 012 429 4152 or e-mail: vospresc@unisa.ac.za.
4.2

Recommended books

There are no recommended books for this module.

4.3

Electronic Reserves (e-Reserves)

There are no e-Reserves for this module.

STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES FOR THE MODULE

There are tutors available for this module. To find out how to get involved in the tutorial
programme, please refer to the important information that appears in your my Studies @ Unisa
brochure regarding the tutorial services that are available.

MODULE-SPECIFIC STUDY PLAN

Here is a suggestion of how you can work through the content of this module during this
semester. Remember that this is only a guideline and that you also need to take your other
modules into account when planning your studies. Use youre my Studies @ Unisa brochure for
general time management and planning skills.

IOP2601/101/3/2015

This schedule is also uploaded onto your module site schedule on myUnisa.

Date
26 Jan 30 Jan
[13 Jul 17 Jul]
2 Feb 6 Feb
[20 Jul 24 Jul]
9 Feb 13 Feb
[27 Jul 31 Jul]
16 Feb 20 Feb
[3 Aug 7 Aug]
23 Feb 27 Feb
[10 Aug 14 Aug]
2 Mar 6 Mar
[17 Aug 21 Aug]
9 Mar 13 Mar
[24 Aug 28 Aug]
16 Mar 20 Mar
[31 Aug 4 Sep]
23 Mar 27 Mar
[7 Sep 11 Sep]
30 Mar 3 Apr
[14 Sep 18 Sep]
6 Apr 10 Apr
[21 Sep 25 Sep]
13 Apr 2 May
[28 Sep 2 Oct]

Semester 1
[Semester 2]
Study unit
Registrations close: Buy the prescribed book and obtain the Study Guide
(also available from myUnisa).
Work through Study unit 1 of your Study Guide.
Work through Study units 2 and 3 of your Study Guide.
Work through Study units 4 and 5 of your Study Guide.
Work through Study units 6 and 7 of your Study Guide.
Work through Study unit 8 of your Study Guide.
Use this week to finalise Assignment 01 which should be submitted on 16
March 2015 [31 August 2015]
Work through Study units 9 and 10 of your Study Guide.
Work through Study units 11 and 12 in your Study Guide.
Work through Study units 13 and 14 in your Study Guide.
Use this week to finalise Assignment 02 which should be submitted on 13
April 2015 [28 September 2015]
Work through Study units 15 in your Study Guide. Use this time to do
revision and complete Assignment 03

MODULE PRACTICAL WORK AND WORK-INTEGRATED LEARNING

There is no practical work or integrated learning for this module.

ASSESSMENT

8.1

Assessment plan

During this semester you will have to complete two assignments to acquire a year mark and
gain admission to the examination. The third assignment is for self-evaluation purposes.
Assignments 01 and 02 will be different for semesters 1 and 2, and you must do the assignment
set for the semester in which you are registered. You are advised to do all three assignments;
this will help you to cover the entire course content and will give you practice in doing different
types of statistical calculations. The assignments entail the following:
Assignment 01
This assignment is compulsory and should be submitted to gain admission to the examination.
This assignment also makes up half of your year mark.
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IOP2601/101/3/2015

Format
Assignment 01 consists of multiple choice questions and should be completed on a mark
reading sheet. Use the unique assignment number provided in section 8.2.1 below. See section
8.3 below for the procedure to submit this assignment to the university.
Content covered
Outcome 1 and 2 and Study units 1 to 8 in the Study Guide are covered in this assignment. The
assessment criteria are as follows:
Specific outcome 1
Understand and explain the basic principles and concepts of scientific research of a quantitative
nature and the process of conducting research.
Assessment criteria

The characteristics of the scientific approach to research are explained.

The quantitative research process followed in a research project is described.

A variable is defined, a distinction is made between discrete and continuous variables, as

well as independent and dependent variables and examples of each in a quantitative study
are provided.

Nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio scales are distinguished and examples are provided of
each.

Various concepts of quantitative data like descriptive versus inferential statistics,

population versus sample, parameters versus statistics and measurement data versus
categorical data are defined and distinguished and examples are provided of each.
Specific outcome 2
Describe a dataset by using descriptive statistics.
Assessment criteria

A frequency table is compiled, a frequency polygon and a histogram drawn and described
in terms of the characteristics of skewness and kurtosis. The graphic representation in
terms of type and characteristics on computer printouts are identified as well.
Range statement: Compiling a frequency table and drawing a frequency polygon and a
histogram include grouped and ungrouped data. Skewness includes symmetrical, bimodal,
unimodal, negatively skewed and positively skewed distributions. Kurtosis includes
platykurtic, leptokurtic and mesokurtic distributions.
The measures of central tendency (mode, median and mean) are described and
computed, mention is made of the advantages and disadvantages of each of the three
measures of central tendency, and each measure for the various types of distributions
(normal, bimodal, positive and negative distributions) are identified. The mean value on
computer printouts are identified and interpreted.

Variability is described, the three measures of variability (range, variance and standard
deviation) are defined, computed and interpreted, and variance and standard deviation are
identified and interpreted on a computer printout.

The concept correlation and the factors that influence correlation are described. Pearson's
product moment correlation coefficient is computed and interpreted in terms of strength
(using the correlation interpretation scale), nature (using the correlation interpretation
scale), the deductions that can be made and the proportion and percentage of common
variance as well as effect size. The correlation between two specific variables is identified
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IOP2601/101/3/2015

correctly from a correlation matrix and interpreted from a computer printout. The variables'
data set is plotted on a scatter diagram and the relationship displayed on the graph is
interpreted in terms of the correlation between the variables.
Regression is described and it is explained how accuracy of prediction is linked with
correlation. The general regression equation is identified, the b-value (slope) and the avalue (intercept) are computed, Y-values predicted by substituting a, b, and given X-values
in the equation and a graphical representation of this regression line is given. The slope
(b), intercept (a) and regression coefficient on a computer printout are identified and
interpreted correctly.

Feedback
You will receive feedback on this assignment in Tutorial letter 201 which will be available on
myUnisa and sent to you on the closing date of the second assignment.
Assignment 02
This assignment is compulsory and makes up half of your year mark.
Format
Assignment 02 is a written assignment that consists of short questions and calculations.
Assignment 02 should be completed on the answer sheet that is provided at the end of the
assignment in this tutorial letter or under additional resources on the myUnisa site. See section
8.3 below for the procedure to submit this assignment to the university.
Content covered
Outcomes 3 and 4 and Study units 9 to 14 in the Study Guide are covered in this assignment.
The assessment criteria are as follows:
Specific outcome 3
Understand basic concepts of inferential statistics.
Range statement: The basic concepts of inferential statistics include the standard normal
distribution, probability and sampling distributions.
Assessment criteria

The normal distribution as well as the standard normal distribution is described. The
importance of the standard normal distribution is explained and illustrated graphically.

The linear transformation of computing z-values is performed, proportions identified from

the relevant table and interpreted in terms of percentages and number of cases.

Limits of confidence for observations are calculated and interpreted.

The terms and laws of probability are explained.

Range statement: Terms of probability include an event, independent event, mutually

exclusive and exhaustiveness. Laws of probability include the additive and multiplicative
laws.

The concepts joint, conditional and unconditional probability are described and
distinguished and probability is computed.

Random sampling, sampling distribution and sampling error are described and a sampling
distribution is illustrated with a diagram.
Specific outcome 4
Conduct hypotheses testing by using inferential statistics.
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Range statement: The steps in hypotheses testing include but are not limited to
formulating a null hypothesis, formulating the alternative hypothesis, determining whether
the test is one-tailed or two-tailed, determining the level of significance, computing the test
statistic, determining the degrees of freedom, determining the critical value, rejecting or not
rejecting the null hypothesis and interpreting the findings.

Assessment criteria

The concept hypothesis is described, it is explained where hypotheses fit into the research
process and the steps of the process of hypothesis testing are discussed in detail.

The correct test statistic is identified to be used to answer a specific research question
based on quantitative data.

Range statement: The type of research questions is limited to including two related
samples, two independent samples, three or more independent samples and categorical
data.

The steps in statistical hypothesis testing are applied for t test for two related samples, t
test for two independent samples and one-way ANOVA.

Range statement: The application of test statistics (two related samples, two independent
samples and three or more independent samples) is restricted to normally distributed
measurement (quantitative) data. The test statistic for three or more independent samples
is restricted to those with one independent variable (one-way ANOVA).

The applicable non-parametric equivalents of t test for two related samples, t test for two
independent samples and one-way ANOVA are listed.

A computer printout of the results of a t test for two related samples, t test for two
independent samples and one-way ANOVA is interpreted.

The correct test statistic for categorical (frequency) data (goodness-of-fit test and twoway table) is identified from a problem statement.

The chi-square test statistic is applied within the process of hypothesis testing and
interpreted from a computer printout.

Range statement: The chi-square test statistic is restricted to normally distributed

categorical (frequency) data and includes the goodness-of-fit test for one classification
variable and two-way table for two classification variables.
Feedback
You will receive feedback on this assignment in Tutorial letter 201 which will be available on
myUnisa and sent to you on the closing date of the second assignment.
Assignment 03
This assignment is not compulsory and is a self-evaluation assignment. This assignment
should not be submitted to the university.
Format
Assignment 03 is a written assignment that consists of short questions and calculations. Study
unit 16 in the Study Guide acts as Assignment 03.
Content covered
This assignment is a revision of the entire course content that you have covered.
Feedback
Feedback is provided in Study unit 16 of the Study Guide.

IOP2601/101/3/2015

Year mark
Your marks for Assignments 01 and 02 will each contribute 50% towards a year mark out of
10%, which will be added for your final mark. Please see the following box for details of how the
year mark is calculated.
FINAL MARK = YEAR MARK + EXAMINATION MARK
Your year mark, based on the average mark obtained for the two compulsory assignments
(each contributes 50%), contributes 20% toward your final examination mark, while your
examination mark contributes 80%.
The combined weighted average of your year mark and examination mark must be 50% or
higher for you to pass the module/subject. However, you must obtain a minimum of 40% in
the examination, regardless of your year mark. If you obtain less than 40% in the
examination, you will fail.
For example:
Assignment marks of = 70% and 70% = 140/2= 70%
20% of the assignment marks = 14%
Examination mark = 50%
80% of the examination mark = 40%
Final mark = (20% assignment marks) + (80% examination mark)
= 14% + 40%
= 54%
Remember that the better your assignment marks, the better your year mark. It is therefore
imperative that you do well in both assignments to obtain the benefit of good marks to be added
to your examination mark.
If you fail in the examination with less than 40%, your year mark will not be taken into account in
calculating your final mark for the module.
8.2

General assignment numbers

As indicated above, the assignments are numbered as Assignment 01, Assignment 02 and
Assignment 03.
8.2.1

Unique assignment numbers

Use the following unique assignment numbers when submitting Assignment 01.
Semester
Assignment 01 Semester 1
Assignment 02 Semester 1

Unique number
577168
577179

Assignment 01 Semester 2
Assignment 02 Semester 2

577194
577195

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8.2.2

Due dates for assignments

See the following table for the due dates of your assignments:
Assignment
Assignment 01
Assignment 02
Assignment 03
8.3

Semester 1
16 March 2015
13 April 2015
Not submitted to Unisa

Semester 2
31 August 2015
28 September 2015
Not submitted to Unisa

Submission of assignments

Students may submit written assignments and assignments completed on mark-reading sheets
either by post or mobile MCQ submission or electronically via myUnisa. Assignments may not
be submitted by fax or e-mail.
To submit an assignment via myUnisa:

Go to myUnisa.
Log in with your student number and password.
Select the module.
Click on assignments in the menu on the left-hand side of the screen.
Click on the assignment number you wish to submit.
Follow the instructions.

For detailed information on assignments, please refer to the my Studies @ Unisa brochure,
which you received with your study package.

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8.4

Assignments

SEMESTER 1 JANUARY JUNE

Assignment 01

Compulsory

Assignment 02

Compulsory

Assignment 03

Self-assessment

SEMESTER 2 JULY NOVEMBER

Assignment 01

Compulsory

Assignment 02

Compulsory

Assignment 03

Self-assessment

PLEASE TAKE NOTE:

We provide two different compulsory assignments for
each semester. Choose the assignments for the semester
that you are registered for.

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SEMESTER 1
JANUARY - JUNE

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ASSIGNMENT 01
Closing date:

16 March 2015

Total:

30 marks

Study material:

Study units 1 to 8

Unique number:

577168

This compulsory assignment consists of multiple-choice questions which should be completed

on a mark-reading sheet (which you received with your study material) and must then be
submitted to the university.
QUESTIONS (1) TO (30): MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
(1)

A dependent variable is characterized by the fact that it is ______.

1.
2.
3.
4.

(2)

True
False

The pre-test of certain employees, in order to assess their general knowledge in

preparation for a drug-related behaviour workshop were as follows: 8, 1, 7, 9, 12, 7, 9, 9,
11, 10. The range is _______.
1.
2.
3.
4.

(4)

the behaviour measured by the experimenter

manipulated by the experimenter
thought to influence the independent variable
antecedent to the independent variable

Graphical displays are interpreted by means of a commentary on their symmetry,

skewness, modality and kurtosis.
1.
2.

(3)

[30]

13
11
07
10

On a histogram, which of the following always refers to the highest point on the
distribution?
1.
2.
3.
4.

Mode.
Mean.
Median.
Range.

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(5)

A histogram and a frequency polygon provide the same information if based upon the
same data.
1.
2.

(6)

For the following data set [1, 7, 9, 15, 33, 76, 103, 118], what is the median location?
1.
2.
3.
4.

(7)

5,5.
4,5.
33.
24.

The median for the scores 7; 5; 4; 8; 2; 1 and 6 is ______.

1.
2.
3.
4.

(8)

True.
False.

7
4
8
5

The mode is that score above and below which 50% of the scores in a sample fall.
1. True.
2. False.

(9)

The scale of measurement with the most quantitative properties is the ______ scale.
1.
2.
3.
4.

ordinal
nominal
ratio
interval

(10) Classification of individuals

______measurement.
1.
2.
3.
4.

or

behaviours

into

different

categories

refers

nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio

(11) The kurtosis of a distribution refers to the relative flatness or peakedness in the middle.
1. True.
2. False.

15

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(12) A correlation of -2,35

1.
2.
3.
4.

is a strong negative correlation.

is a moderate negative correlation.
shows a calculation error has been made.
is stronger than a correlation of -2,05.

(13) Given the data:

X : 23 16 31 29
Y : 11 19 8 10
The notation Y2 refers to
1.
2.
3.
4.

(11+19+8+10)2
232+162+312+292
112+192+082+102
(23+16+31+29)2

(14) An independent variable is defined by the fact that it is ______.

1.
2.
3.
4.

the variable manipulated by the experimenter

normally antecedent to the dependent variable
thought to influence the dependent variable
the only variable measured

(15) Measuring achievement in the military by the rank obtained by an individual (e.g. captain,
sergeant) represents ______ measurement.
1.
2.
3.
4.

nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio

(16) Units of time, length and weight are examples of ______ measurement
1.
2.
3.
4.

nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio

(17) A researcher obtained attractiveness ratings on a scale from 1 to 10. She then classified
people into attractive and unattractive groups on the basis of these scores. In this
example, the researcher used ______ data to create ______ data.
1.
2.
3.
4.

descriptive; inferential
measurement; categorical
inferential; logical
categorical; measurement

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(18) The standard deviation of a set of data can be a negative number.

1. True.
2. False.
(19) For the following data set [1, 5, 7, 9, 15, 33, 76, 89, 103, 118], what is the median
location?
1.
2.
3.
4.

5,5.
4,5.
33.
24.

(20) The median for the scores 17; 18; 5; 7; 21; 11 and 22 is ______.
1.
2.
3.
4.

17
07
12
06

(21) Given the numbers 6; 7; 9; 11; 15; 71; 86, how many numbers fall below the median?
1.
2.
3.
4.

11.
6 to 86.
3.
6, 7, 9 and 11.

(22) If you obtain a negative value for a variance, which of the following is correct.
1.
2.
3.
4.

All observations were at the mean.

The distribution is very negatively skewed.
The distribution is positively skewed.
You would never obtain a negative variance.

(23) A correlation of 1,75

1. is a strong positive correlation.
2. is a moderate positive correlation.
3. shows a calculation error has been made.
4. is stronger than a correlation of 1,05.
(24) In order to calculate the variance and standard deviation of scores, the mean must first be
calculated.
1.
2.

True.
False.

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(25) The most important difference between correlation and regression is that the latter is
______.
1.
2.
3.
4.

used to investigate the relationship between variables

used only to compare groups among themselves
can be computed for only two variables
used to make predictions

(26) Which of the following correctly describes the scientific method in sequential order?
1. Collect the data, analyse the data, identify the problem, design the study, draw
conclusions.
2. Design the study, identify the problem, collect the data, analyse the data, draw
conclusions.
3. Identify the problem, design the study, collect the data, analyse the data, draw
conclusions.
4. Identify the problem, collect the data, design the study, analyse the data, draw
conclusions.
The following table represents Pearson correlation coefficients for students anxiety about
research, their research self-efficacy (RSE) and knowledge of research. Please use this table to
answer the question that follows.
Correlations
ANXIETY
Pearson Correlation
1
ANXIETY
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
96
Pearson Correlation
-.459**
RSE
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
N
95
Pearson Correlation
-.083
KNOWLEDGE Sig. (2-tailed)
.429
N
94
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

RSE
-.459**
.000
95
1
96
.066
.527
94

KNOWLEDGE
-.083
.429
94
.066
.527
94
1
95

(27) Which of the correlation coefficients presented in the table above is not statistically
significant?
1.
2.
3.
4.

Anxiety and RSE.

RSE and Knowledge.
Anxiety and Knowledge.
RSE and Knowledge; Anxiety and Knowledge.

(28) The Y intercept is the point where the line intersects the Y-axis.
1. True.
2. False.

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(29) Although the year mark is important, it is not enough, as students still need to obtain an
exam mark of at least 40% as a subminimum.
1. True.
2. False.
(30) Late assignments can be sent to Deptiop@unisa.ac.za.
1. True.
2. False.

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ASSIGNMENT 02
Closing date:

13 April 2015

Total:

50 marks

Study material:

Study units 9 to 14

Unique number:

577179

This assignment deals with the inferential statistics. Use computational formulas where
applicable and round off the final answer to two decimals. (Values read from tables must be
given unaltered.)
This assignment should be completed on the answer sheet (which is provided in the
Addendum of this tutorial letter and on myUnisa under Additional resources).
It can be cut out of this tutorial letter and completed by hand. This answer sheet can then
be submitted in an assignment cover;
OR
You can download it from myUnisa and complete it electronically as well as submit it
electronically on myUnisa again.
PLEASE MAKE SURE THAT YOUR STUDENT NUMBER IS CLEARLY INDICATED ON THE
ANSWER SHEET.
QUESTION 1

[8]

Phuti and his friend, Betty have entered a daily newspaper competition and can win R15 000
worth of prizes from a leading music store. Phuti had sent in 25 entries while Betty sent in 20.
The report from the competition administrators is that 300 entries qualified and from the solution
provided both Phuti and Betty qualified. Use this information to answer the following questions:
1.1

What is the probability that Phuti will win first prize?

1.2

If Phuti win the first prize, what is the probability that Betty will win second prize? (The
first prizewinning entry is not put back in the container.)
(2)

1.3

What is the probability that Phuti and Betty will win first and second prize?

20

(2)

(4)

IOP2601/101/3/2015

QUESTION 2

[6]

You have collected information from your fellow students on how valuable they found the
module of IOP2601. This was done by asking five questions that had to be rated on a five-point
scale. Given a normally distributed population with a mean () of 8, a standard deviation () of
4, and 120 as the number of cases (N), answer the following questions:
2.1 What is the proportion of students with a raw score less than 7?

(2)

2.2 What is the percentage of students with a raw score greater than 15?

(2)

2.3 What is the number of students with raw scores between 7 and 15?

(2)

QUESTION 3

[7]

Lecturers were interested to know if males and females differ with regard to the amount of effort
that they are willing to put into their statistics studies. The results of an independent t-test are
shown below. Use the results to answer the question that follows:
3.1
3.2
3.3

Formulate an appropriate null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis in words.

(2)
Formulate an appropriate null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis in symbols.
(2)
You decided to test this hypothesis statistically. After you collected the data and analysed
it using a statistical package, you received the following print out. Will you reject the null
hypothesis based on the results?
(1)
Group Statistics
Gender
N
Effort Male
Female

Mean

Std.
Deviation

Std. Error
Mean

63

6.3757

.95131

.11985

171

6.3275

.99573

.07615

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances
F
Effort Equal
variances
assumed

1.418

t-test for Equality of Means

Sig.

.235

Equal
variances
not
assumed

3.4

.332

df

Sig. (2tailed)

Mean
Difference

232

.740

.04818

.339 115.300

.735

.04818

Based on the results write a conclusion in terms of the original problem statement.

21

(2)

IOP2601/101/3/2015

QUESTION 4

[10]

You are working for a large mining organisation. You want to know if there is a difference in the
engagement of employees working on the day shift in comparison to the engagement of
employees working in the night shift. You randomly selected ten employees from the day shift
and ten employees from the night shift. Their engagement scores are displayed below:

Day Shift

Night Shift

You decide on a level of significance of = 0,01.

4.1

Formulate an appropriate null hypothesis (H0) in symbols.

(1)

4.2

Formulate an appropriate alternative hypothesis (H1) in symbols.

(1)

4.3 Assuming that your data are normally distributed, select an appropriate statistical test and
calculate the test statistic. Show ALL calculations.
(3)

Day shift

N
10

6,9

s2
2,77

Night shift

10

5,1

1,43

4.4

Determine the degrees of freedom.

(1)

4.5

Determine the critical value for a two-tailed test for a significance level of 1% (0,01).

(1)

4.6

Interpret the results in terms of the rejection or non-rejection of the null hypothesis.

(1)

4.7

Interpret your rejection or non-rejection of the null hypothesis in plain language, in terms of
the original problem statement.
(2)

22

IOP2601/101/3/2015

QUESTION 5

[12]

IOP2601 lecturers are interested to know if students attitudes towards statistics improve as they
progress with their studies. They randomly selected five students from the list of registered
students for the IOP2601 module. They measured these students attitude toward statistics at
the beginning, in the middle, and at the end of their studies. Their scores on the attitude towards
statistics questionnaire are as follows:
Beginning

Middle

End

You want to answer the following question: Is there a significant difference in the attitude
towards statistics of students at the beginning, middle and end of their studies? Or, stated
differently, you test the following null hypothesis:
H0 : 1 = 2 = 3 with = 0,05
5.1

Choose an appropriate test statistic to test this hypothesis and calculate the test statistic.
Present your answers in a summary table.
(8)

5.2

Determine the critical value which will help you to decide whether or not you should reject
the null hypothesis at a significance level of 0,05.
(1)

5.3

Do you reject the null hypothesis?

(1)

5.4 Interpret your findings in terms of the original problem statement.

QUESTION 6

(2)
[3]

Psychological safety has been shown to have an effect on organisational outcomes such as
lower levels of absenteeism, higher levels of work engagement and increased performance.
Some research suggests that the experience of psychological safety might be related to the age
of employees. Management asks you to conduct a study to determine if these research results
are also true for your organisation. In your study, you decide to test the experience of
psychological safety amongst employees between the ages of 20 and 29, between the ages of
30 and 39, and between the ages of 40 and 49. View the computer printout below with the
results from SPSS and answer the questions that follow.

23

IOP2601/101/3/2015
ANOVA
Psychological safety
Sum of Squares

df

Mean Square

Sig.

Between Groups

108.933

54.467

26.787

.125

Within Groups

24.400

12

2.033

Total

133.333

14

6.1

Do you reject the null hypothesis?

(1)

6.2

Write your conclusion to management in terms of the original problem statement. (2)

QUESTION 7

[4]

Various industrial psychology practitioners, academics and researchers would argue that the
profession and discipline of industrial psychology is going through an identity crisis. As an
emerging psychologist, you want to know if there is a future in industrial psychology for you.
You submit a poll on the Society of Industrial and Organisational Psychologys (SIOPSA)
Facebook page requesting members to assist you with your concern. You are interested in
what registered psychologists and students perceptions are regarding this matter.
In the table below are the responses of psychologists and students responses to your research
question:
Is there a future for young industrial psychologists within South Africa?
A) Yes
B) No

Students

20

Registered
psychologists

12

The chi-square value is 8,48.

7.1

Determine the critical value for a significance level of 0,05.

(1)

7.2

Do you reject the null hypothesis?

(1)

7.3

Is there a difference in perceptions regarding the future of young industrial psychologists

between students and registered psychologists? With how much certainty can you
conclude this?
(2)

24

IOP2601/101/3/2015

ASSIGNMENT 03
Self-assessment
Study material:

Study unit 16

We have used Study unit 16 as Assignment 03. It is a revision of descriptive and inferential
statistics. Work through it and compare your answers with those given in the Study unit.

25

IOP2601/101/3/2015

SEMESTER 2
JULY - NOVEMBER

26

IOP2601/101/3/2015

ASSIGNMENT 01
Closing date:

31 August 2015

Total:

30 marks

Study material:

Study units 1 to 8

Unique number:

577194

This compulsory assignment consists of multiple-choice questions which should be completed

on a mark-reading sheet (which you received with your study material) and then submitted to
the university.
QUESTIONS (1) TO (30): MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

(1)

Which statement is correct?

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

(2)

nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio

Units of time, length and weight are example of ______ measurement.

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

(4)

All research involves experimentation.

Subjective observation cannot be accepted in research.
All research must be based on a specific theory.
All research starts with a problem.

Classification of individuals or behaviours into different categories refers to ______

measurement.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

(3)

[30]

nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio

Measuring gender of a person as either female or male represents ______

measurement.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

ratio
ordinal
interval
nominal

27

IOP2601/101/3/2015

(5)

The score distribution of an easy test in statistics will be ______.

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

(6)

The kurtosis of a distribution refers to the relative flatness or peakedness in the middle.
(1)
(2)

(7)

mesokurtic
platykurtic
skewed to the left
skewed to the right

True.
False.

Constructing class intervals arranged from highest to lowest and then tallying the
frequency of scores within each class creates a(n) ______ distribution.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

ungrouped frequency
grouped frequency
symmetrical
skewed

After measuring students perceptions, the following dataset was found:

X:
Y:

3
5

4
4

1 5 3 1 2 3 4 2
5 4 7 6 8 7 5 6

Use the results above to respond to the following questions (8 12):

(8)

The mode for the X- scores is:

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

(9)

The median for the X- scores is:

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

(10)

2.
3.
4.
6.

3,5.
2,5.
5,5.
3,0.

The mean for the X-scores is:

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

2,8.
3,5.
3,4.
4,5.

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IOP2601/101/3/2015

(11)

The standard deviation of the X-scores is:

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

(12)

The range of the X- scores is:

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

(13)

True.
False.

The value that corresponds to the 50th percentile in a distribution of scores is the
______.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

(16)

True.
False.

The standard deviation can be a negative number.

(1)
(2)

(15)

3.
2.
4.
5.

In order to calculate the variance and standard deviation of scores, the mean must first
be calculated.
(1)
(2)

(14)

2,50.
3,50.
1,52.
1,31.

mode
median
variance
mean

There are typical steps that researchers use when conducting research. The sequence
of the research process is based on a five-step procedure:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Design the study, collect the data, identify the problem, analyse the data, and
draw conclusions.
Identify the design of the study, clarify the problem, and collect and analyse the
data.
Identify the problem, design the study, collect the data, analyse the data, and draw
conclusions.
Identify the problem, collect the data, design the study, analyse the data, and draw
conclusions.

29

IOP2601/101/3/2015

(17)

Which of the following questions is NOT an example of a descriptive research question?

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

What is the age distribution of all the employees in managerial positions?

Is there a relationship between the degree to which employees find themselves
employable and their intention to leave the organisation?
Is there a difference between the male and female students attitudes towards
IOP2601?
What is the work experience distribution of all the students who are active on the
myUnisa discussion forum for IOP2601?

(18) Which of the following is NOT an advantage of knowing about and being able to conduct
research?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

It helps one to evaluate existing claims and gain new knowledge of phenomena in a
working environment.
It helps one to identify and solve problems in a working environment that impacts on
the bottom line of organisation.
It helps one to scientifically interpret the work of the others in a working environment.
None of the above

(19) In statistics, a parameter can be described as ______.

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

a complete set of events that interest a researcher

a set of observed scores forming a subset of a population
numerical values summarising population data
numerical values summarising sample data

(20) The letters G, K, L, N, were given to different provinces with no ulterior meaning other than
just as labels. The type of measurement scale used in this case is the ______ scale.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

ratio
ordinal
interval
nominal

(21) You are working in an organisation with a total number of one hundred and sixty eight
(168) members. If you were to select sixty eight (68) of those members for your research
project, those selected members would then be your ______.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

population
variables
parameters
sample

30

IOP2601/101/3/2015

Use the data from the table below to answer questions (22) to (25):
Class
interval
75 - 80
69 - 74
63 - 68
57 - 62
51 - 56
45 - 50

Frequency

% Frequency

Cumulative
frequency
70

Cumulative %
frequency
100

10

65

14

93

14

20

79

15

41

21

13

26

38

13

13

19

19

(22) The cumulative frequency for the class interval [63-68] is ______.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

135
55
66
79

(23) The percentage frequency for the class interval [51-56] is ______ %.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

0,26
39
37
19

(24) The cumulative percentage frequency for the class interval [57-62] is ______.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

30
57
59
20

(25) The interval size for this distribution is ______.

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

7
5
6
6,5

(26) Students were asked to indicate to which degree they find statistics interesting, to which
degree they find it difficult and how much effort they are willing to put into their studies.
The results of a computed Pearson correlation are presented below. Use it to answer the
question that follows:

31

IOP2601/101/3/2015

Correlations
Effort
Effort

Pearson Correlation

**

Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Interesting

Difficulty

Interesting

235
**

Pearson Correlation

0.454

Sig. (2-tailed)

0.000

234

**

0.454

-0.224

0.000

0.001

234

233

-0.281

**

0.000
234

**

Difficulty

232
**

Pearson Correlation

-0.224

-0.281

Sig. (2-tailed)

0.001

0.000

233

232

233

Is the correlation between the amount of effort they are willing to invest and the degree to
which students find statistics difficult statistically significant?
(1)
(2)

Yes.
No.

(27) A histogram and a frequency polygon provide the same information if based upon the
same data.
(1)
(2)

True.
False.

(28) The most important difference between correlation and regression is that ______.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

regression is used to investigate the relationship between variables

correlation is used only to compare groups with each other
correlation can be computed for only two variables
regression is used to make predictions

(29) The examination mark contributes 90% towards the final mark.
(1)
(2)

True.
False.

(30) Assignment 02 is important for the year mark, but more importantly, as a requirement for
exam admission.
(1)
(2)

True.
False.

32

IOP2601/101/3/2015

ASSIGNMENT 02
Closing date:

28 September 2015

Total:

50 marks

Study material: Study units 9 to 14

Unique number: 577195

This assignment deals with the inferential statistics. Use computational formulas where
applicable and round off the final answer to two decimals. (Values read from tables must be
given unaltered.)
This assignment should be completed on the answer sheet (which is provided in the
Addendum of this tutorial letter and on myUnisa under Additional resources).
It can be cut out of this tutorial letter and completed by hand. This answer sheet can then
be submitted in an assignment cover;
OR
You can download it from myUnisa and complete it electronically as well as submit it
electronically on myUnisa again.
PLEASE MAKE SURE THAT YOUR STUDENT NUMBER IS CLEARLY INDICATED ON THE
ANSWER SHEET.
QUESTION 1

[8]

Martin and Billy have entered a competition to win gift hampers to the value of R15, 000 at a
leading clothing boutique. Martin sent in 14 entries while Billy sent in 5 entries. The report from
the competition administrators reveals that 400 entries qualified and from the solution provided
the two friends know that their entries qualified. Use this information to answer the following
questions:
1.1 What is the probability that Billy will win first prize?

(2)

1.2 If Martin wins the first prize, what is the probability that Billy will win second prize? (The
first prizewinning entry is not put back in the container.)
(2)
1.3 What is the probability that Martin and Billy will win first and second prize?

33

(4)

IOP2601/101/3/2015

QUESTION 2

[6]

You collected information from your fellow students on how much they found the module of
IOP2601 of value by asking them for a rating on a 5-point scale on 5 different questions. Given
a normally distributed population with a mean () of 4, a standard deviation () of 2, and 150 as
the number of cases (N), answer the following questions:
2.1 What is the proportion of students with a raw score less than 3?

(2)

2.2 What is the percentage of students with a raw score less than 11?

(2)

2.3 What is the number of students with raw scores between 10 and 20?

(2)

QUESTION 3

[7]

You want to investigate the following research question: Do students who spend much time
practicing calculations perform better in their exam for IOP2601 in comparison to students who
spend little time practicing calculations?
3.1

Formulate an appropriate null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis in words.

(2)

3.2

Formulate an appropriate null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis in symbols.

(2)

3.3

You come across a computer printout of a previous student who has asked this question
before and used a computer package to calculate the t-test value. Based on the results,
would you reject the null hypothesis?
(1)
Group Statistics
Students

Mean

Std. Deviation

Std. Error Mean

Spent little time

10

45.7000

13.81666

4.36921

Spend more time

10

69.9000

14.88064

4.70567

Exam_marks

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test

t-test for Equality of Means

for Equality of
Variances
F

Sig.

df

Sig. (2-

Mean

Std. Error

95% Confidence

tailed)

Difference

Difference

Interval of the
Difference
Lower

Upper

Equal
variances
Exam

assumed

Marks

Equal
variances not

.996

.331

-3.769

18

.001

-24.200

6.42132

-37.690

-10.701

-3.769

17.902

.001

-24.200

6.42132

-37.695

-10.704

assumed

3.4

Based on the results write a conclusion in terms of the original problem statement.
34

(2)

IOP2601/101/3/2015

QUESTION 4

[10]

You are working as a safety officer for a large mining company. As an initiative of the wellness
programme of the organisation, you recently presented a training course on safety management
to some employees. You are interested to know if older and younger employees differed in
terms of their knowledge levels of safety practices. You selected ten older employees and
matched them with ten younger employees in terms of qualification and job experience. As part
of the training, the employees completed a questionnaire measuring their current knowledge of
safety practices on the mine. The data are presented below:
KNOWLEDGE OF SAFETY PRACTICES
YOUNGER
EMPLOYEES

OLDER
EMPLOYEES

8
9
5
7
7
7
9
8
6
9

7
6
5
6
4
5
6
4
5
7

You would like to determine whether there is a meaningful difference between the knowledge of
safety practices scores of younger and older employees. You set the level of significance at =
0,01.
4.1

Formulate an appropriate null hypothesis (H0) in symbols.

(1)

4.2

Formulate an appropriate alternative hypothesis (H1) in symbols.

(1)

4.3 Assuming that your data are normally distributed, select an appropriate statistical test and
calculate the test statistic. Show ALL calculations.
(3)

= 2,0

sD = 1,56

4.4

Determine the degrees of freedom.

(1)

4.5

Determine the critical value for a two-tailed test for a significance level of 1% (0,01).

(1)

4.6

Interpret the results in terms of the rejection or non-rejection of the null hypothesis.

(1)

4.7

Interpret your rejection or non-rejection of the null hypothesis in plain language, in terms of
the original problem statement.
(2)

35

IOP2601/101/3/2015

QUESTION 5

[12]

As a student studying to become a career psychologist, you are interested to know if knowledge
of career psychology influences the career maturity of students. You measure the career
maturity of first, second and third year students studying Industrial Psychology.
1st year
students
5
8
8
4
6

CAREER MATURITY
2nd year
students
6
8
9
5
7

3rd year
students
9
9
10
7
8

You would like to answer the following question: Is there a significant difference in the career
maturity of first, second and third year students? Or stated differently, you test the following null
hypothesis:
H0 : 1st year = 2nd year = 3rd year with = 0,01
5.1

Choose an appropriate test statistic to test this hypothesis and calculate the test statistic.
Present your answers in a summary table.
(8)

5.2

Determine the critical value which will help you to decide whether or not you should reject
the null hypothesis at a significance level of 0,01.
(1)

5.3 Do you reject the null hypothesis?

5.4 Interpret your findings in terms of the original problem statement.
QUESTION 6

(1)
(2)
[3]

A multinational petrochemical organisation is concerned with the high levels of absenteeism

amongst its plants in Australia, South Africa and England. You are presented with a SPSS
output with regards to the results of the study to interpret for senior management. The
statistician indicated that he worked with a 0.99 confidence interval:
ANOVA
Absenteeism
Sum of Squares

df

Mean Square

Sig.

Between Groups

13.271

24

.553

.766

.756

Within Groups

32.500

45

.722

Total

45.771

69

6.1 Do you reject the null hypothesis?

(1)

6.2 Write your conclusion to management in terms of the original problem statement.

(2)

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IOP2601/101/3/2015

QUESTION 7

[4]

A recent trend in Industrial Psychology shows that more females than males are entering into
postgraduate studies in this field of study. A lecturer decides to investigate if this trend is
already apparent at undergraduate level. The data he collects from the registration department
of his university are presented below:
Males

Females

First-year level

17

28

Second-year level

17

34

Third-year level

30

The chi-square value is 5,70.

7.1 Determine the critical value for a significance level of 0,01.

(1)

7.2 Do you reject the null hypothesis?

(1)

7.3 Is there a difference between the student groups and their gender distribution? With how
much certainty can you conclude this?
(2)

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IOP2601/101/3/2015

ASSIGNMENT 03
Self-assessment
Study material:

Study unit 16

We have used Study unit 16 as Assignment 03. It is a revision of descriptive and inferential
statistics. Work through it and compare your answers with those given in the Study unit.

38

IOP2601/101/3/2015

OTHER ASSESSMENT METHODS

There are no other assessment methods for this module.

10

EXAMINATION

Exam admission
If Assignment 01 is submitted on time, that is, before or on the due date, you will gain
examination admission. Your mark for this assignment will not influence your examination
admission.
The examination paper will be made up as follows:
Duration:
Total marks:
Composition:

2 hours
70
Short questions and calculations

Use your my Studies @ Unisa brochure for general examination guidelines and examination
preparation guidelines.

11

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

What kind of calculator can I use?

You must bring a pocket calculator (non-programmable) to the examination.
Do I need to know the formulas by heart?
Although you do not need to memorise formulas, you must be able to recognise them from the
list of formulas provided in the examination paper and you must be able to use them in
calculations. Only the formulas as given in the appendix of your Study Guide will be provided.
The my Studies @ Unisa brochure contains an a-z guide of the most relevant study information.

12

CONCLUSION

We wish you all the best for your studies and hope that you will find this section of Industrial
Psychology a meaningful challenge and a worthwhile learning experience. We also hope that it
will give you the necessary self-confidence to scientifically investigate any matters that are in
need of research in your workplace.
Please contact us without delay if you have any difficulty with your studies.
Kind regards
Your IOP2601 lecturers

39

IOP2601/101/3/2015

13

ADDENDUM

13.1

Errata in the study guide

13.1.1 In the table on page 59, the total scores for Week 1 (right hand column) for participant
number 10 (Kerry), should be 38 and not 36.
13.1.2 Study guide page 98, the answer to 1.3 should read as follows:
Step 1: Probability that your friend wins first prize and you second prize
p(self) x p(friend)

=
= (0,175)(0,15)
= 0,026
= 0,03

Step 2: Probability that you win first prize and your friend second prize p(self) x p(friend)
=
= (0,15)(0,176)
= 0,026
= 0,03
Step 3: 0,03 + 0,03 = 0,06.
13.1.3 Study guide page 106 in the right hand column under the Commentary heading, the last
paragraph, the mean to z portion for a z-score of -2,0 is 0,47725 (see Table A1.1) and the
mean to z portion for a z-score of 1,5 is 0,43319.
13.1.4 Study guide page 107 the graph for (a) and (b) should be numbered as 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11
and 13. The graph for (a) should be marked for 5 and less (shaded to the left of 5) and the
graph for (b) should be marked for 9 and more (shaded to the right of 9).

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IOP2601/101/3/2015

13.2

Answer sheet for Assignment 02

IOP2601 2015
ANSWER SHEET FOR ASSIGNMENT 02

STUDENT NUMBER ___________________

ANSWER

MARKS

QUESTION 1

____/8

1.1
____/2
1.2
____/2
1.3
____/4
QUESTION 2

____/6

2.1
____/2
2.2
____/2
2.3
____/2

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IOP2601/101/3/2015

42

IOP2601/101/3/2015
ANSWER

MARKS

QUESTION 3

____/7

3.1
____/2
3.2
____/2
3.3
____/1
3.4
____/2
QUESTION 4

___/10

4.1
____/1
4.2
____/1
4.3
____/3

4.4
____/1
4.5
____/1

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ANSWER

MARKS

4.6
____/1
4.7
____/2
QUESTION 5

___/12

5.1
Source

df

SS

MS

____/8

Groups
Error
Total
5.2
____/1
5.3
____/1
5.4
____/2
QUESTION 6
6.1

____/3
____/1

6.2
____/2

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ANSWER

MARKS

QUESTION 7

____/4

7.1
____/1
7.2
____/1
7.3
____/2

UNISA 2015

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