JOMAR FAJARDO RABAJANTE MATH 235

2002-96301 PROBLEM SET

( 1+ r ) N t
1. Sample Cobweb Maps for N t +1= . Refer to Appendix A to see the different fixed point
1+ r N t
iteration.

−1 1+r
Vertical Asymptote: N t = , Horizontal Asymptote: N t +1= , intercept: (0,0)
r r

Cobweb map when N 0=50 ,r =5: (converges to N t +1=1)

Nt+1=1

N0=50

Cobweb map when N 0=50 ,r =−2: (periodic)

N0=50
Cobweb map when N 0=50 ,r =−1: (converges to N t +1=0 since N t +1 is always equal¿ 0 )

N0=50

Cobweb map when N 0=50 ,r =0: ( N t +1=N t , converges to N t +1=50)

N0=50

Cobweb map when N 0=50 ,r =−0.5: (converges to N t +1=0 )

N0=50
The local qualitative behavior of the solutions depends heavily on the value of r ∧initial value N 0. The
global qualitative behavior is stable (assuming r N t ≠−1), i.e. the values of N t is bounded by finite values
or N t do es not approach ∞ .

a. If r N t ≠−1 and r ≠ 0
The steady states will be: N ¿ =0 , 1
( 1+ r ) N ¿
Solution: =0
1+ r N ¿
N ¿ ( 1+r N ¿ ) =(1+r ) N ¿
N ¿ + r (N ¿ )2=N ¿ + r N ¿
r ( N ¿¿ ¿)2−rN ¿ =0 , r ≠ 0 ¿
N ¿ ( N ¿ −1 )=0
N ¿ =0 , 1
b. If r N t ≠−1 and r =0, then the steady state is N =N 0, which is always stable.
¿

c. If r N t ≠−1 or N 0 ≠1 and r =−1, then the steady state is N ¿ =0, which is always stable.
−1
d. If r N t =−1(r ≠ 0), then N t =∞ or unstable. This happens when at least one N t = .
r

Stability Analysis: Let f ( x )=N t+1 .The steady state/fixed point N ¿ =x ¿ is stable when |f ' ( x ¿ )|< 1 .
( 1+r ) x
f ( x )= , rx ≠−1
1+ rx
( 1+r x ) ( 1+r )−( 1+r ) xr 1+r
f ' (x )= 2
=
( 1+rx ) (1+rx )2
Assume r ≠ 0 (when r =0, steady state is always stable).
1+r
When would |f (x )|=
'
| ¿
|
(1+r x ¿ )2
<1 ?

1+ r 1+r
0≤ ¿ 2
<1 or −1< ¿ 2
<0
(1+ r x ) (1+r x )
0 ≤ 1+ r <(1+r x ¿ )2 or (1+r x ¿ )2>−1−r >0
a. When r >0, steady states will be stable when
1+ r−1 − 1+ r−1
x¿> √ ∨x ¿ < √
r r
For this case, N ¿ =1 is stable when 1+r <(1+ r)2
r ∈(0 ,+∞ ).
For this case, N =0 is stable when 1+r <(1)2
¿

but r > 0 , so r ∈{}.

b. When r <0, steady states will be stable when
¿ √ 1+ r−1 − 1+ r−1
b.1. when r ≥−1, x > ∨x ¿ < √
r r
For this case, N ¿ =1 is stable when 1+r <(1+ r)2
r ∈{}.
For this case, N =0 is stable when 1+r <(1)2
¿

r ∈¿.
 ¿ √ −1−r −1 ¿ − √−1−r−1
b.2. when r ←1, x > ∨x <
r r
For this case, N ¿ =1 is stable when −1−r<(1+r )2
r ∈(−∞ ,−2).
For this case, N =0 is stable when −1−r<(1)2
¿

r ∈(−2 ,−1).

Bifurcations (as r varies): λ=f ' ( x ¿ )=±1

1+r
a. =1❑ r ¿.
(1+r x ¿ )2 ⇒

when x =1 , r=−2. Hence, tangent bifurcation may happen when r =0∨r =−2.
¿

1+r 2 2 ¿ ¿ √( 2 x ¿ +1)2−8( x¿¿ ¿)2

b. =−1❑ (x ¿¿ ¿) r + ( 2 x +1 ) r +2=0 ❑ r =−(2 x +1)± ¿ ¿.
(1+r x ¿ )2 ⇒ ⇒ 2( x ¿¿ ¿)2 , x ¿ ≠ 0 ¿
when x ¿=1 , r=−1∨−2. Hence, pitchfork/period-doubling bifurcation may happen when
r =−1∨r =−2.
At r =−2, there is a one-cycle behavior.

Nt
2. N =f N =N e r(1− K ) , r , k >0
t +1 ( t) t
Nt
Steady states: N =N e r (1− K )
t t
a. N ¿ =0
N
r ( 1− ) N
t

b. e K
=1❑ r 1− t =0
⇒ K ( )
❑ r =0 , N =N (initial value)
¿
⇒ 0

❑ N t =1 , N ¿=K
⇒
K
¿
Period Doubling: (Find r when f ’ ( N )=−1)
x
Let N (
r 1−
K )
t +1=f ( x ) =x e
x x
( −r r( 1− Kx ) r (1− K )
r 1− ) rx
f
'(x )
=e +x
K
K
e =e ( ) 1−
K ( )
¿ ' ¿ r
a. When x =0 , f ( x )=−1=e ❑ ⇒
no value for r
¿ ' ¿
b. When x = K , f ( x ) =−1=1−r ❑⇒
r =2.
Hence period doubling occurs at r =2.

Local Stability Analysis:

' ¿
0 ≤ f ( x ) <1:
¿ r
a. When x =0 , 0≤ e <1❑ r ln e< ln1❑ stable if r <0. ⇒ ⇒
¿
b. When x = K ,0 ≤ 1−r <1❑
⇒
stable if 0<r ≤1.
 ' ¿
−1< f ( x ) <0 :
¿ r
a. When x =0 ,−1<e <0 ❑ no value of r which makes x ¿ stable.
⇒
¿
b. When x = K ,−1<1−r < 0❑ stable if 1<r <2. ⇒

Hence, when r =2+ ε , 0<ε ≪ 1, the dynamic behavior of the population may become linearly
unstable or may shift from one periodic solution to another.
Population Dynamics at K=10, N(0)=8
16
14
12
10 r=2.1
8 r=1.9
6
4
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920

Based from numerical iterations, when r >2, p-cycle periodic solutions may exist. As shown in the
following sample graphs.
Phase Portrait r=2.1, K=10, N(0)=8
16
14
12
10
N(t+1)

8
6
4
2
0
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
N(t)

Phase Portrait r=2.8, K=10, N(0)=8

25
20
15
N(t+1)

10
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
N(t)
 Phase Portrait r=3, K=10, N(0)=8
30
25
20

N(t+1)
15
10
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
N(t)

Phase Portrait r=4, K=10, N(0)=8

60
50
40
N(t+1)

30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
N(t)

x
( )
(1− rxK )=0❑ 1− rxK =0❑ x= Kr (first derivative test, critical point)
r 1−
To find N max , f ’ ( x ) =e K
⇒ ⇒
x x x
( ) rx −r ( ) −r
(1− K )( K )+ e ( K )=e ( )( −rK )(2− rxK )
r 1− r 1− r 1−
K K K
Second derivative test: f ' ' ( x )=e
K
( ) ''
−r
=e ( ) <0 (concave downwards)
r r−1
f
K
K
Hence, N =f ( ).
max
r
x
Graph of f ( x )=x e 1.95∗(1− 5 ) :
( )
Nmax
 1
K K r ( 1− r ) K r−1
f( )
r
= e
r
= e
r
K K K
( ( ))
f f
r
= e r−1 er −e = e 2r −1−e
r r
r −1 r −1

Now, for r >1, excluding N 0, the minimum value in the oscillations N min is given by the iteration after
K
getting N max . Thus, N min =f ( N max ) =f ( f
r ( )
). (See the following sample graph)

Population Dynamics at K=5, N(0)=2, r=1.95

12 Nmax

10

4 Nmin=f(Nmax)

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

r−1
Show if K <r e 1+e −2 r , ∀ r > 1, then the species could become extinct. Note that the species becomes
extinct if N t ≤ 1 , ∀ t>1 .

a. For 1<r <2, the population will converge to the value of K (as shown before). If we are given with
1−1 2−1
K ≤1, then the population will become extinct. Note that 1 e1 +e −2(1)=1 and 2 e1 +e −2(2) ≈ 1.50897
r −1

and the exponential function is monotonic. Hence, if K ≤1<r e 1+e −2 r , ∀ r ∈(1,2), then the species
could become extinct. See the following sample graph:
 Population Dynamics at K=0.6, N(0)=0.5, r=1.9, K<1.35
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5 All values<1

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

K r−1 r
b. For r ≥ 2, to become extinct N t ≤ 1 , ∀ t>1 , hence, N max ≤ 1❑ e ≤1❑ K < r −1 . Note that
⇒ r ⇒ e
r r−1
r r −1

<r e 1+e −2 r
<r e 1+e −2 r
r−1
, ∀ r > 2. Hence, if K < r−1
, ∀ r >2, then the species could become extinct.
e e
See the following sample graph:
Population Dynamics at K=3, N(0)=0.5, r=4, K<1,927,687
16

14

12

10
Extinction is
8
possible
6

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

r−1
Therefore, if K <r e 1+e −2 r
, irrespective of the ¿ r >1, then the species could become extinct.