Piping material can be classified as

Metals (Ferrous)
: CS, SS, Alloy Steel
Metals (Non ferrous)
: Copper, Nickel, Aluminum
Non Metals
: PVC, Cement, Glass
Metals are selected based on their mechanical and metallurgical properties.
Mechanical properties: Strength, Ductility, Hardness, Toughness., Brittleness
Metallurgical Properties: Chemical Composition, Weldability

Carbon steel :
Weldability :
Low Carbon steel : C<0.15 %
Excellent
Mild steel
: 0.15 %< C<0.30%
Good
Carbon steel
Medium carbon steel: 0.3 %< C<0.5%
Fair
High carbon steel
: 0.5% <C<1%
Poor
Steel
: C< 2%
Cast Iron : C > 2%

SA 179
SA 106 Gr B
Machinery parts
Dies, Punch,Tools

IRON PRODUCTSWrought Iron

Pig Iron
Forged
Cast Iron
Sponge Iron
Weldability
As carbon % increases, Weldability decreases
Effect of Carbon & Other elements on the weldability of carbon
steels can be estimated by equating them to an equivalent
amount of carbon.
Carbon Equivalent:
CE = C + Mn/6 + Cr+Mn+V + Cu + Ni
5

15

Killed Steel:
During Steel making process oxygen present is removed by
adding Silica( De Oxydizing agent)

STAINLESS STEEL
Classification based on
Alloying Constituents
Metallurgical Microstructure
Degree of sensitization
STAINLESS STEEL
1. Alloying constituents
200 Series
: Cr, Ni-Mn Group (Mn Replaces a portion of
Ni)
300 Series
: Cr, Ni Group
400 Series
: Straight Cr Group ( Cr < 30%)
2. Metallurgical Microstructure.
Austenitic SS:
Alloy of Cr, Ni, Fe
Non Magnetic
High Corrosion resistant at temp. Up to 1500F
Hardenable by cold working
Crystallographic form face centered cubic lattice (fine grain
structure)
Possess high impact strength at low temp. Ex: 304,304L ,316,
316L
Ferritic SS :
Alloy of Cr, Fe
Magnetic
Non Hardenable by Heat treatment
Crystallographic form face centered cubic lattice (Coarse grain
structure)
For Marine application (10.5% Cr alloy with no Ni)
Contains High carbon , therefore brittle & relatively poor corrosion
resistance
Has resistance ti chloride stress corrosion cracking Ex:
409,430,439
Martensitic SS:

High hardness(Carbon added to the alloy)

Corrosion resistant
Heat treatable to high hardness level
Crystallographic form distorted lattice
ASTM/ASME Nomenclature
SA 312 TP 304
S
: ASME approved Material
A
: Ferrous
312
: Manufacturing Process No.
TP
: Tubular Product
304
: Grade
SA234 GR WPB
S
: ASME approved Material
A
: Ferrous
234
: Manufacturing Process No.
GR
: Grade
WP
: Wrought Product
B
: Grade
SA350 LF 2
: Low Temperarure Forging Grade 2
SA 216 WCB
: Weldable Casting Grade B
SA 335 P 11
: Pipe Grade 11
SA 182 Gr F 11
: Forging Grade 11
SA 351 Gr CF 8
: Centrifugal Cast , Carbon% -0.08%
SA 351 Gr CF 3
: Centrifugal Cast , Carbon% -0.03%
SA 351 Gr CF 8M : Centrifugal Cast , Carbon% -0.08%,
Mo
SA 351 Gr CF 3M : Centrifugal Cast , Carbon% -0.03%,
Mo

CORROSION

Classification :

General or Uniform Corrosion

Localized Corrosion
Inter granular corrosion
Pitting Corrosion

Temperature
Cryogenic
Low Temperature
Medium Temperature
High Temperature
Economy
Cost
Availability
Weldability
Manufacturability
Grouping of Materials
P1
P3,P4,P5
P6,P7
P8
P9
P10, P11

Carbon steel
: Alloy steel
:
Ferritic & Martensitic Steel
:
Austenisitic Steel
:
Nickel Steel
:
Quenched & Tempered Steel

ASME P Numbers
(Typical or Example)
1
2

Carbon Manganese steels

Not used

Base Metal

3
4
5A
5B
5C
6
7
8
9A,B,C
10A,B,C
10H
10 I
10J
10K
11A
11B
12 to 20
21
22
23
24
25
26to 30
31

Half Molybdenum or Half half chromium, Half

Half Molybdenum (Three Group Nos)
One and Quarter Chromium ,Half Molybdenum (Two
Group Nos)
One and Quarter Chromium ,Half Molybdenum
Five Chromeum, One Molybdenum or Nine
Chromeum,One molybdenum.
Chromium, Molybdenum,Vanadium( Five Group
No.s)
Martenisitic stainless steels(Grade 410,415,429) Six
Group No.s
Ferritic Stainless steel
Austenitic Stainless steels
Group 1 - Grades 304,316,317,347
Group 2 - Grades 309,310
Group 3 High Manganese Grades
Group 4 High Molybdenum Grades
Two to Four Nickel Steels

Two to four Nickel steels

Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steel
High Chromium Stainless Steel
High Chromium Molybdenum Stainless Steel
High Chromium Molybdenum, Nickel Stainless Steel
Various High strength low alloy steels (Six Group
no.s)
Various High strength low alloy steels (TenGroup
no.s)
Not used
High Al content (100 and 3000) Series
Al ( 5000 Series -5052,54540)
Al
(6000 Series-6061,6063)
Not used
Al ( 5000 Series -5083,5086,5456)
Not used
High Copper content

32
33
34
35
36to 40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48to 50
51,52,53
61,62

Brass
Copper Silicone
Copper Nickel
Copper Aluminium
Not used
High Nickel content
Nickel,copper ( Monel 500)
Nickel, Chromium,iron (Inconel)
Nickel, Molybdenum (Hastelloy B2,C22,C276,X)
Nickel,Chromium
Nickel, Chromium, Silicone
Nickel, Chromium, Tungsten
Not used
Titanium Alloys
Zirconium Alloys

P1-P11

Steel and steel Alloys

P21-P25

Al base alloys

P31-P35 Cu Alloys
P41-P49

Ni Alloys

P51-P53

Ti Alloys

P61-P62

Zirconium alloys

P1
P3
P4
P

CS
Alloy steels
Alloy steels 0.5-2%
Cr
2.25-10% Cr

5a,5b,5
c
P6
P7
P8
P9
P10
P10 H

P101
P11A
SG1
P62

High Alloy steel

Martenitic
High Alloy steel
Ferritic
High Alloy steel
Austenitic
Ni,Cr steel
Cr+ Cu
DSS

27Cr steel
8 Ni,9 Ni steel
Zr

15-25%
Cr

Ni 5%,Mo
3%

ASTM
A928

UNS
31803

EW2594NL
ER-2209 or
UNS31803

PRE(Pitting Resistsnce Equivalent) No.= %Cr+ 3.3(%Mo+0.5%W)

+16%Ni

DSS Electrodes
Lean Duplex

2304
2205

Super Duplex

2507

Ni, Mo
Morethan 80% Duplex
25-26% Cr and increase Mo,Ni