Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Submitted by
Assistant Professor
Supervisor
Head of Department
Mandeep Kaur
Assistant Professor
Assiatant Professor
Decleration
I hereby declare that the research work entitled Properties of concrete with egg shell powder
and silica fume as cement replacement is an authentic record of my own work carried out as
requirements of Dissertation-1 work for the award of degree of Master of Technology in Civil
Engineering (CE) from Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab under the guidance of
Mrs. Geeta Mehta during August- November 2015.
Sugam Sehgal
11406107
Acknowledgement
It gives me a great pleasure in expressing my gratitude to all those people who have supported
me and had their contributions in making this research work possible. I would like to express my
profound sense of reverence to my supervisor, Mrs Geeta Mehta, for her guidance, support, and
motivation during my study and research. I was really lucky to have the best supervisors at
Lovely Professional University, during the last two years. I would also like to thank all other
faculties and staff members of School of Civil Engineering, Lovely Professional University for
their kind support.
I would also like to express my deepest gratitude to my family, friends and colleagues at Lovely
Professional University for their support.
Sugam Sehgal
11406107
Abstract
Concrete being the most widely used construction material is taken for the research work.
In this research work, a proportion of cement in concrete will be replaced with various proportions
of egg shell powder and a fixed proportion of silica fume. so these two materials will act as
supplementary cementitious materials. Both the materials are waste products. Egg shell is easily
available from the out campus vendors at free of cost. It is a lime rich material so it is expected to
act in the same manner as of lime in concrete. Available literature shows improvement in properties
of concrete using egg shell upto certain limits. But all the literature work is in different directions.
Silica fume is also available at very low cost. It is very rich in silica content. Literature reveals it
to beneficial when used between 10% to 15%. so experiments will be conducted as per the timeline
and their outcomes will be compiled to get a conclusion.
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Table of Content
Content
Page no.
Abstract
List of tables
iii
List of figures
iv
Introduction
1-4
Review of Literature
7-9
10
Research Methodology
11-16
Expected Outcomes
17
18
Conclusion
19
References
20-21
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List of Tables
Table no.
Table name
Page no.
Classification of concrete
18
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List of Figures
Figure no.
Figure name
Page no.
Pycnometer
14
15
16
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Chapter 1
Introduction
Concrete is the most widely used man made material used in construction industry and is
the second after water as the most utilized thing on the Earth. In simple words it is defined as a
mixture of four ingredients as coarse aggregates that form the largest proportion of the mix, fine
aggregates such as sand that act as filler material in the voids, binding material such as lime or
Portland cement that binds these material together and water that reacts with binding material.
The mixing of these four materials gives us a paste that is called as matrix. At this stage it is called
as fresh concrete or green concrete and get hardened like a stone, as the water reacts with binding
material. This reaction is called as hydration of concrete. In fresh state concrete can be casted into
any desired shape by placing it in forms. This property of concrete help in using the concrete in
most efficient manner.
The concrete can be classified on the basis of its characteristic compressive strength .on
basis of compressive strength concrete have been classified as
Table 1 classification of concrete
Classification
20-50 MPa
50-200 MPa
Based on its compressive strength, the concrete can be graded as M10, M15, M20 and so
on, where M is denomination for mix and 10, 15, 20 are the characteristic compressive strength of
concrete after 28 days.
The binding material used in the concrete is of greater importance as it is the only thing in
concrete that binds all other materials together. Portland cement is the most widely used binding
material in concrete. But it has some limitations such as its limited availability and its adverse
effect on environment during its manufacturing.
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Also the emerging trends in engineering diverts the interest of researchers towards the
usage of waste material in concrete. Many of the waste materials are already in use such as fly ash,
rice husk ash, silica fume and blast furnace slag. These materials are termed as supplementary
cementitious materials as they are used as a partial replacement of concrete. But researches are
still ongoing on other waste materials for their use in concrete such as rubber tires, waste glass,
egg shell etc.
For my research purpose I have chosen egg shell and silica fume that will replace a
proportion of cement in the concrete mix.
Egg shell is a waste material from poultry and food industry. It is a calcium rich material
and have the chemical composition nearly similar to that of lime stone. So use of egg shell waste
instead of natural lime stone to replace cement in concrete can have benefits like minimizing use
of cement, conserving natural lime and utilizing waste material. According to available reports egg
shell waste generation in India is nearly 190000 tons per year. Eggshell waste can be used as
animal feed ingredients, fertilizers and other similar uses. However, most of it is deposited in
landfills, where it attracts microorganisms like vermin due to attached membrane and cause
problems related to human health and environment. Research have been conducted to use egg shell
waste in civil engineering purposes. Some of the application of egg shell waste in civil engineering
are its use as replacement of sand or cement in concrete, as filler in asphalt concrete in tiles and in
improving soil properties.
In our research work we are using egg shell as partial replacement of cement in concrete.
It is used in powdered form grounded to the particle size of cement. The physical properties and
chemical composition of egg shell powder are in following table
Table 2 physical properties of egg shell
Physical property
Value
Specific gravity
1.89-2.37
Fineness %
4.1
1081
290
Particle size
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% composition
CaO
52.1
SiO2
0.08
Al2O3
0.03
SO3
0.62
Fe2O3
0.02
MgO
0.01
Na2O
0.15
Others
0.62
description
Color
Specific Gravity
2.4-2.55
Particle size
less than 1 m
230-300
20000
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% composition
SiO2
90-96
Al2O3
0.5-0.8
Fe2O3
0.2-0.8
MgO
0.5-0.8
Na2O
0.150.2-0.7
Others
0.8-1.2
So these two materials will be added to the concrete as partial replacement of cement and
the experiments will be done to check the variation in properties of concrete.
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Chapter 4
Scope of the Study
Concrete is the most widely used man made material in construction industry. Due to the
limited availability of its raw materials and their bad effects on the environment, researchers are
now moving their focus on other raw materials. The first preference of todays engineering is to
minimize the adverse effects of whatever they build on environment. To achieve these objectives
researchers focused their study on cement that was causing most adverse effect on the environment
by emitting CO2 and by usage of fossil fuels during burning process. To minimize this researchers
focused on the usage of waste materials that were also adversely affecting the environment. Some
of these are already in use such as fly ash, silica fume etc. and many others are under research. So
usage of these waste materials helping in dual role by minimizing the usage of raw material of
concrete and by using the waste materials that are affecting the environment. The other advantage
of using these waste materials is that they are helping in improving the properties of concrete.
The waste materials we have taken for our study are egg shell powder and silica fume. Both
of these are waste materials and have adverse effect on the environment. But because of their
chemical composition they can be effectively in concrete.
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Chapter 3
Objective of the Study
The materials we are using for our research are waste materials but their chemical composition
shows that they can be used to enhance the properties of the concrete. So it is up to us that how
effectively we make use of these materials so that these materials can be used in service mankind.
The properties of concrete that can be modified using egg shell powder and silica fume are its
a) compressive strength
b) split tensile strength
c) flexural strength
d) permeability, and
e) sorptivity
There are some other important properties of concrete will also be under consideration such as
workability, compaction, bleeding and segregation of concrete.
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Chapter 2
Review of Literature
There are many materials now a days available that can be added to concrete as a partial or full
replacement of any of the basic component of concrete. The most important basic material in
concrete is the binding material cement. But the cement is costlier and have some adverse effects
on environment such as emission of CO2 during its manufacturing and use of fossil fuels for
burning process. So there is need of reduction to the use of cement in concrete. Many
supplementary cementitious materials have been discovered and many are under study. We have
used egg shell and silica fume for our research work. A lot of work already have been done on
silica fume but egg shell as a supplementary cementitious material is still under study. We have
gone through a series of available literature. It has been discussed below.
Dr A Chandrashekhar et. al. [1] in 2015 performed a comparative study on egg shell concrete
with partial replacement of cement by fly ash. He used OPC 43 grade, natural river sand of zone
II, coarse aggregates of size 20mm, class F fly ash and egg shell powder. He added superplasticizer
Conplast SP430 to increase the workability. He perform the test on mix proportion of
M40(1:1.61:2.65) confirming to IS 10262-2009. Cement is replaced by egg shell powder at 0%,
2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% and 12.5% and fly ash is added to the optimum value of egg shell concrete
at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%. He concluded that ESP decrease the workability of concrete
but decreases its density. The compressive strength of concrete firstly increase to a replacement of
7.5% and then start decreasing. Addition of silica rich fly ash causes reduction in workability.
After adding silica fume the compressive strength of concrete increases and proved optimum at
25%.
DOH Shu Ing and Chin Siew Choo[2] in 2014 performed the experiments on egg shell powder
as a potential filler in concrete. All the experiments he performed were as per British Standards.
He concluded the result that there is increase in workability at w/c ratio 0.4. there was increase in
compressive strength by 57% at addition of 10% egg shell powder. Addition of egg shell powder
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also improves the flexural strength. It shows reduction in water absorption value and water
penetration values.
J. Karthick et. al. [4] in 2014 performed experiments on partial replacement of fine aggregates
with egg shell powder. Their conclusions were reduction in tensile strength and compressive
strength. So they conclude it to be not suitable for replacement of fine aggregates with ESP.
D. Gowsika et. al. [5] in 2014 performed experimental investigation on partial replacement of
cement with egg shell powder. Egg shell powder obtained from industrial wastes is added in
various ratios for cement replacement and it was found that replacement of 5% Egg shell powder
+ 20 % Microsilica can be added without any reduction in compressive strength properties of
conventional cement. And replacement of 5% Egg shell powder + 10% Microsilica replacement
in cement yields similar flexural strength as in conventional concrete. And replacement of 5% Egg
shell powder + 10% Micro silica replacement in cement yields higher Split Tensile strength as
compared to other compositions.
Dr N Mahedran and M Sivakumar [6] in 2014 performed experiments to check the strength and
permeability properties of concrete containing egg shell powder, fly ash and rice husk ash. They
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use OPC 43 grade to form the concrete mix of M25 grade. They use a fixed proportion of 5% ESP
along with variation in the quantities of other SCMs. their results reveals that there was
improvement in the properties of concrete. The water permeability decreases by 56.8% and there
was increase in compressive strength. There was also improvement in the chlorine penetration.
R Jayasankar et. al.[7] in 2010 performed studies on concrete containing fly ash, rice husk ash
and egg shell powder. They conclude that the strength of M20 and M25 are similar to control mix.
And there was reduction in strength of M30 mix. So they proposed the study for higher grade
mixes.
Sudarsana Rao et. al. [8] in 2014 uses silica fume and superplasticizers to develop a mix design
for high performance concrete. He uses silica fume at proportion of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and
25% with constant proportion of Conplast SP430 as superplasticizer. He concluded that the
strength of concrete increases upto the 15% replacement of cement, above 15 % replacement the
compressive strength start decreasing. This effect is assumed due to pozzolanic reaction and filler
effect of silica fume.
Vishal S. Ghutke et. al. [9] in 2014 studied influence of silica fume on concrete. Their main
objective was to found the optimum replacement proportion of cement by silica fume in concrete.
They use OPC 53 grade and varying proportion of silica fume. They came to the conclusion that
the optimum proportion of silica fume that can be used varies between 10% to 15 %.
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Chapter 5
Equipment, Material and Setup
In this research work, initially the experiments have been done on various raw materials as per
Indian Standard codes specifications and procedures. Further some of the values are assumed
similar to that available in literature. Latterly experiments will be done on concrete mix.
Materials used in this research contains the basic as well as additive materials
1. Ordinary Portland Cement of 43 grade confirming to IS 8112-1995.
2. Fine Aggregates: Natural River Sand confirming to Zone II of IS 383-1970.
3. Coarse Aggregates: Natural crushed stone of size between 10-20mm confirming to IS 3831970.
4. Silica Fume confirming to IS 15388-2003.
5. Egg Shell waste finely grounded to the size similar to that of cement particle.
6. SIKKAMEN 2002 NS as plasticizer.
7. Water: normal tap water
The equipment and setups we will use are listed as under
1. Compression testing machine as per IS 516-1959.
2. Split Tensile Strength Testing Machine as per IS 5816-1999.
3. Flexural Strength Testing Machine as per IS 516-1959.
4. Slump testing apparatus.
5. Vicats apparatus.
6. Le Chattliers apparatus.
7. Molds for cubes, cylinders and beams.
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Chapter 6
Research Methodology
I started my work with basic tests on the raw materials of the concrete. The basic tests have been
performed on Ordinary Portland cement, sand and coarse aggregates and their results are compared
with the Indian standard codes.
Tests conducted on Ordinary Portland Cement of 43 Grade
a) Normal consistency
b) Initial and final setting time
c) Soundness
d) Compressive strength
e) Fineness
weight of water
weight of cement
= (120/400)X 100 = 30
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X 100
Fig.1: Vicats Apparatus for testing of Normal consistency and Initial and final setting time of
cement
Result: 30%
Permissible value as per IS 8112-1989: 26-33 %.
b) Initial and Final Setting Time
The apparatus used for the testing of initial and final setting time of cement is also Vicats
apparatus.
Initial setting time of cement is the period between the time when water is added to the
cement and the time at which the needle of 1mm2 falils to pierce the test block to a depth of 57mm from the bottom of vicats mould.
The final setting time is difference between the time of adding first water and when on the
surface of cement paste the annular attachment of 5mm diameter is unable to form any indentation
and again noting this time.
The results obtained were
Initial setting time = 30minutes
Final setting time = 10hrs
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c) Soundness of cement
This can be attributed to the volumetric stability of cement during hardening process. In cement
cracks are developed due to slaking of free lime and magnesia with water which is due to increase
in volume of set cement mass.
To check the soundness of cement we use Le Chatliers mould. In this we take a cement sample
of 100gms and add 0.78P by weight of water to it. Here P is the normal consistency of cement.
That is 23.4cc of water is added to our sample. Fill the mould with this cement paste and note the
readings on the indicator. Now place the mould in water bath for 24 hours and then boiling for 3
hours and cooling after that. Again the readings on the indicator noted down. The difference
between the readings is calculated which is coming as 6mm. the permissible value is 10mm.
d) Compressive strength of cement
The structural adequacy of any building may depend upon the compressive strength of cement.
Cement with low strength may results in weak concrete which in turn lay leads to the failureof
structure. The compressive strength of cement is obtained by preparing cement mortar cubes mix
of 1:3 of cement and sand.
Result: 223Kg/cm3 on 7th day
Allowable value 220 Kg/cm3
e) Fineness test.
The degree of fineness is measured by sieve analysis. To perform this test take 200gms of
cement and sieve it through sieve of IS 90. The retaining weight is cement is calculated and
expressed in terms of percentage.
The results obtained are 8% which is less than allowable value of 10 %
Tests on fine aggregates (sand)
a) Specific gravity
b) Sieve analysis
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Fig.2 pycnometer
b) Sieve analysis
We perform the sieve analysis to know the grading zone of the sand. Sieve used for this test
are 10mm,4.75mm,2.36mm,1.18mm,600micron, 300micron, 150micron, 75micron and pan.
During conduct of test different weights on different sieve are recorded and percentage passing
through each sieve is recorded and grading zone of sand is obtained while comparing with IS 383
1970.% retained on 10mm,4.75mm,1.18mm,2.36mm,600mic.,300mic.,150mic. divide by 100
gives fineness modulus.
The results were sand grading zone = Zone II
Fineness modulus = 2.8
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Chapter 7
Expected Outcomes
The new trends in construction industry demands the concrete to have enhanced properties
such as strength and durability but it should be cheaper and ecofriendly.
By ecofriendly, we mean that it should not adversely affect the environment and shows
positive impact on nature. The materials we are using are egg shell powder and silica fume are
waste materials that are thrown into the environment.
Talking about egg shell it have adverse effect on people health and disposal of egg shell is
a common problem. It produces smell and cause allergies. But studies reveals that it contains more
than 90% of CaCO3 and traces of some other elements. The CaCO3 breaks into CaO that is lime
and the main constituent of lime stone that is an important material in the manufacturing of cement.
So just like lime stone filler it can help in achieving higher compressive and split tensile strength
and also in achieving lower permeability and sorptivity.
Now talking about silica fume, a lot of research have already been done on it. It is a byproduct in the manufacturing of siliceous materials. It has many adverse effects on the environment
and to the human health also. But when added to concrete, due to its high silica content of about
95%, it helps in enhancing the properties of concrete like high strength, low permeability and
reduction in bleeding of concrete.
Hence in my research work, properties of concrete like bleeding and segregation in fresh
state and compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength in hardened state are
expected to get enhanced.
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Chapter 8
Proposed Work Plan and Time Line
The properties of concrete we have chosen for our study can be evaluated in the laboratories of
Department of Civil Engineering, Lovely Professional University.
The testing of basic properties of raw material already have been performed.
The future work plan and time line is as under
Table 6 : Proposed work plan and time line
S. No.
Work plan
Time line
Casting of concrete
Testing of permeability
Testing of sorptivity
The above time line will be followed for the proposed work plan. If possible then the initial
task will be started in December, 2015 and the time differences for testing will not get alter. The
testing will be on 7th, 28th and 56th day. After performing all these testing and collecting data, it
will be compiled into a report in mid-April.
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Chapter 9
Conclusion
By studying the available literature on these materials we conclude that individually these two
materials have different effects on the properties of concrete when used at different proportions.
Increasing their proportions above certain limits affecting the concrete adversely. But together
these two materials are providing the lime and silica content needed by concrete. So we can not
give any conclusion at this time by studying literature. We have to wait for result outcomes of the
experimental work to give any conclusion. But our expectations by studying the literature are that
there will be enhancement of properties like compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural
strength and permeability properties of concrete in its hardened state. The properties like
workability, bleeding and segregation will also get affected.
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References
[1]. Dhanlakshmi M, Dr Sowmya NJ and Dr Chandrashekar A, A Comparative study
on egg shell concrete with partial replacement of cement by fly ash, International
Journal of Engineering Research and Technology(IJERT) ISSN:2278-0181,
volume 4 Issue 05, May-2015, pp. 1532-1538.
[2]. DOH Shu Ing and CHIN Siew Choo, Egg shell powder: potential filler in
concrete, Malaysian Technical universities Conference on
Engineering and
[10].
Indian Standards
[12].
of Indian Standards.
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