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User Guide
October 2003
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Landmark
Contents
Mapping ............................................................................................................
Starting Z-MAP Plus from the Z-MAP Plus Command Menu .................
10
10
Getting Started
Overview ...........................................................................................................
11
12
13
14
14
15
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27
32
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34
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35
40
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How To
Overview ...........................................................................................................
151
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153
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How To continued
Edit a Data File .................................................................................................
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186
188
191
191
194
Summary .....................................................................................................
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How To continued
Print a Picture ..................................................................................................
209
212
216
219
Recommendations .....................................................................................
219
220
Appendix A. Glossary
Z-MAP Plus Glossary ......................................................................................
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cd Command ....................................................................................................
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cp Command ....................................................................................................
260
df Command .....................................................................................................
261
ls Command .....................................................................................................
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263
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265
rm Command ...................................................................................................
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Index ....................................................................................................................
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Introduction
Overview
This section contains the following topics:
User Guide Overview
A summary of the contents of the guide.
Data Access Modes
A description of running Z-MAP Plus in standalone mode or with
OpenWorks.
Modeling and Mapping Capabilities
A comprehensive list of the available features.
Mapping
A high-level introduction to the types of maps you can make and
the steps each map type requires.
Starting Z-MAP Plus
How to start a Z-MAP Plus session in both modes: standalone and
connected to OpenWorks.
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Introduction
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More About Grids on page 87 has more detail about the way the
program produces grids and how to adjust grids by using
parameters.
Two other valuable resources for new users are Landmark training
classes and the online documentation supplied with Z-MAP Plus. Once
you have a good understanding of the basics, these tools can help you
harness the enormous power of the program.
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Standalone Mode
If you run Z-MAP Plus in standalone mode, you have access to data
stored on your local computer or network, but not to data managed
through OpenWorks. To share information with others, you must save
the data so the files are accessible to other users.
OpenWorks Mode
Landmarks data management system is called OpenWorks. If you run
Z-MAP Plus as an OpenWorks application, you can share data
generated in other Landmark applications, such as SeisWorks,
StratWorks, or PetroWorks. OpenWorks also enables you to share files
you create in Z-MAP Plus with other applications.
OpenWorks contains hundreds of tables of information. You can save
much of your Z-MAP Plus work to OpenWorks, such as grid, contour,
fault, and data files. This connection is described in more detail in
Z-MAP Plus and OpenWorks on page 58.
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Modeling Features
Modeling features include:
Mapping Features
Mapping features include the following elements:
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map borders with x,y or lat/long coordinates, labels, and grid tics
English or metric units
extensive selection of map projections
posting of vertical and deviated wells
posting of seismic data with trackline, line name, shotpoint
number, and Z value
map annotation for title block, north arrow, scale, and color bars
utilities to overlay maps, assemble maps into a single display, and
copy maps
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Mapping
You can use Z-MAP Plus to create many types of maps. This overview
covers the basic steps for creating a map. In this context, maps can be
divided into two categories: Basemaps and Grid-based maps.
Creating a Basemap
Basemaps display geographic and cultural features (culture) and other
posted information, such as seismic lines, well names and locations,
and color-filled leases. You typically use basemaps as background
maps to define the project area scope and provide geographic
orientation. You can use the basemap as a backdrop for adding other
specialized items, such as color-filled contours of grids, well top picks,
and other geological information. In Z-MAP Plus, basemaps are
displayed and stored as pictures.
Creating a basemap involves three basic steps, although each step can
have many parts. The basic steps are:
1.
2.
Create a blank basemap. As you crete the basemap, you also define
the maps area of interest (AOI) and scale type.
3.
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Introduction: Mapping
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Import the source data for gridding. Data can be stored in master
files (MFDs) as data type files (DATA), other grid files (GRID
files), or contour files (CNTR files).
2.
3.
4.
5.
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For information about refining and editing grids, see the section
More About Grids, starting on page 87.
For detailed descriptions of all the options, see the Z-MAP Plus
Reference Guide.
Introduction: Mapping
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Name of the
OpenWorks database
Name of the
OpenWorks project
Current
interpreter
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You can now display the Z-MAP Plus Command Menu by entering:
ZMAPPlus
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Getting Started
Overview
This section overviews the interface elements you use in Z-MAP Plus.
Z-MAP Plus Command Menu outlines the major menu options on
the Z-MAP Plus Command Menu.
X Windows Manager introduces the X Windows window manager
that provides the shell and icons for Z-MAP Plus windows and dialog
boxes on a Sun or SGI system.
Z-MAP Plus Windows describes the function of all three
Z-MAP Plus windows: the xterm window, the Z-MAP Plus System
Window, and the Z-MAP Plus window.
Z-MAP Plus Menu Map presents a graphic map of the options in the
Z-MAP Plus menus.
Z-MAP Plus Dialog Boxes shows you how to select options and use
the parameter dialog boxes to customize commands.
Conventions Used in This Guide illustrates the text highlighting
conventions you will see as you work with this guide.
Although this is basic information, it saves you time to become familiar
with the tools.
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The Z-MAP Plus Command Menu remains open until you select
Applications Exit to close it.
Importance of Exiting Properly
Always close applications by using the File Exit option. If you close application
windows by using the X-Windows Close option, serious problems can occur.
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X Windows Manager
Z-MAP Plus runs in an X Windows environment on Sun and SGI
workstations. X Windows provides the outer shell for Z-MAP Plus
windows and dialog boxes.You can resize and move windows. To learn
how to change the shape, size and placement of the window, move the
cursor around the window and observe the changes in the cursor.
Menu button
Minimize button
Maximize button
X Windows Buttons
The X Windows shell has three buttons (Menu, Maximize, and
Minimize), which you can use to perform some common window
operations.
Menu button
Use the Menu button to control the X Windows shell that surrounds
Z-MAP Plus windows and dialog boxes on Sun and SGI workstations.
This menu typically contains the following options: Restore, Move,
Size, Maximize, Minimize, Lower, Occupy Workspace, Occupy All
Workspaces, Unoccupy Workspace, and Close.
Never Use the X Windows Close Command to End a Session
The most important thing to remember about X Windows menu controls is never to
use the X Windows Close option to end a Z-MAP Plus session. If you use the
X Windows Close option, the Z-MAP Plus session continues to run, but you cannot
access it. Leaving a Z-MAP Plus session running prevents you from accessing
common files used each time you start Z-MAP Plus.
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If you have a dual monitor system, prompts appear and ask you to
select a monitor for displaying the Z-MAP Plus window and
Z-MAP Plus System Window.
== Z-MAP Plus Main Window ==
Move the cursor to the desired screen
and press button 1 to select it.
Press button 2 to cancel
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Menu Bar
Workflow
Icons
Shortcut
Icons
Display Area
Status Area
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Shortcut Icons
The left side of the Z-MAP Plus window has a number of shortcut
icons for commonly used functions. The shortcut icons are briefly
described here.
Zoom In
Window
Zoom Out
Full Display
Re-display
Display List
Pan
Color Table
Color Indices
Raise System
Window
Toggle Bkgrnd
Color
Process
Interrupt
Undo Last
Feature
Redo Last
Feature
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Workflow Icons
The icons in the workflow toolbar are shortcuts to some frequently used
functions. The icons are organized from left to right to roughly
approximate the order of use in a typical Z-MAP Plus workflow.
Attach ZGFs
View Zoom In
Attach
MFDs
View Window
Picture Open
Basemap
Features
File Manager
Point
Gridding Plus
Contouring
Calculator
Save to
SeisWorks
Open SeisWorks
Data
Attach MFDs
Attach ZGFs
View Pan
Picture Open
File Manager
File Manager
Basemap Features
Features Basemap
Contouring
Calculator
Operations Calculator
Save to SeisWorks
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menu options
parameter
list
ordered selection
Read this topic carefully to understand how the interface works.
Tabbed Dialog Boxes
As of the release of Z-MAP Plus 2001, the most frequently used dialog
boxes were redesigned to make it easier to use some of the most
complex features. Directory Paths is an example of a tabbed dialog
box:
Tabbed dialog boxes enable you to control how a process is carried out
by grouping the parameters that control the process on different pages
with tab titles across the top. To use a tabbed dialog, click the name of a
tab and that group of parameters jumps to the foreground. Required
field labels appear in red, italic font on Tabbed dialog boxes:
Red denotes
required field
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If you display a parameter dialog box, but do not want to execute the
command:
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To save parameter settings, click the Save button. This closes the
parameter dialog box and saves your settings without applying
them.
If you changed settings, but do not want to save them, click the
Unlock Parameters button (if available) to reset the values to
their original settings. Next, use the Save button to close the
parameter dialog box.
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If you make a Single List dialog box selection in error, simply re-select
the option that brings up the list and choose again. With Multiple List
dialog boxes, either click the incorrectly highlighted item to clear it or
click the Cancel button to abort the action and close the dialog box.
Appearance of Selected Items
Selected options appear in list dialog boxes in reverse color. Sometimes, list dialog
boxes appear with options selected by default. In this case, you do not click them to
select them, but rather to clear them.
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Step 3:
Select the insert item in the Source List.
New Item appears in
the Destination List.
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arrow icons
check boxes
radio buttons
option menus
scroll bars
action buttons
Arrow Icons
Arrow icons appear on drop-down menus and in some dialog boxes.
These icons indicate that submenus or dialog boxes will appear if you
click the icon.
Check Boxes
Check boxes indicate options you use to make multiple choices. You
can toggle on as many check box options as you like. The example
below is a detail from the Data Selection Operation parameter dialog
box, which contains arrow buttons and check boxes.
Arrow
Button
ON
Check
Boxes
OFF
Radio Buttons
Radio buttons (diamonds) indicate an either/or choice. Click a radio
button to select that item and release all others.
ON
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OFF
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Option Lists
Option lists are indicated by raised rectangles with a label and a flip
switch. These drop-down lists typically contain multiple options you
can select.
Use option lists in either of these ways:
Press Mouse Button 1 (MB1) with the cursor located on the option
menu rectangle, drag the cursor to an option, and release the
mouse button
Click the option button once. The drop-down list remains open.
Click an option to select it.
Option Menu
before clicking
Option Menu
after clicking
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Number
Editor Field
Text Editor
Field
You can triple-click a field or drag the cursor across the entire
entry to highlight everything in the field. As you enter a word or
number, it overwrites the entire field.
Triple-Clicking
If you triple-click, all characters in the field are selected. Triple-click to be sure you
select and overwrite the entire entry in a text entry field. In some cases, the default
values in a number editor field are preceded by spaces. It may be important to
remove the preceding spaces if you enter a value that is longer than the original
value, or else some characters may not be visible in the fields display area.
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Scroll Bars
Occasionally, the data displayed in a window or dialog box exceeds the
window boundaries. When this happens, you use scroll bars located
along the side or bottom of the window to shift the focus of the display.
You can use scroll bars in several ways:
Place the cursor on the scroll bar, press MB1, and slide the scroll
bar up or down, right or left. This method moves the display in a
smooth motion.
Place the cursor in the scroll bar and click MB1to move the display
in small increments.
Place the cursor beside the scroll bar and click MB2 to jump-scroll
the display in greater increments.
If arrows are located above or below the scroll bar, click an arrow
to move the list one item at a time or press MB1 on an arrow to
scroll continuously.
Scroll
Bar
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Action Buttons
The following table describes common buttons used in Z-MAP Plus.
Button
Function
Apply
Accepts your selections and performs the process, but leaves the dialog
box open. This option enables you to see the results of the process
before the dialog box closes.
Cancel
Discards your selections, reverts to the original settings, and closes the
dialog box.
Delete
Help
Offers either a link to the Table of Contents of the reference guide that
covers the topic or a browser HELP system with information about a
specific process or dialog.
OK
Reset
Discards your selections and reverts to the original settings, but leaves
the dialog box open.
Save
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enter:
redfault
enter:
filename
<key>
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Overview
This section describes the files and data the program uses to create
maps and explains how to manage them. This section contains the
following topics:
MFDs and ZGFs Describes the Master File Directories (MFDs)
and Z-MAP Graphics Files (ZGFs) unique to Z-MAP Plus. All the files
you create in Z-MAP Plus are stored in these two directories. It
explains what these special files contain, how to name the files, create
them and delete them.
Directory Paths Explains how to designate the paths where the
computer accesses and stores your files.
Input File Formats Describes the basic format of the flat ASCII
files used to import data, such as well or seismic data. Also included is
an introduction to the Format Group headers used to define the
structure of your data files to Z-MAP Plus.
Managing Data Offers tips to help you manage the many files
associated with any Z-MAP Plus session and the fields within those
files.
Project Organization Explains the project directory and offers
two models for organizing projects.
Z-MAP Plus and OpenWorks Explores the relationship of
Z-MAP Plus to OpenWorks in more detail.
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Click the Picture Open icon. In the dialog box that appears, view
a list of pictures in the attached ZGF.
Select File Manager or click the File Manager icon, and use
the File Manager dialog box to view the contents of MFDs and
ZGFs. (For more information, see page 51.)
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MFD Internal
File Type
Contour data
CNTR
Contour Set
Control points
(well picks,
seismic lines, etc.)
DATA
Pointset
Deviated well
DWEL
Pointset
Grids
GRID
Grid
Faults
FALT
Selected line
name file
LSLT
Pointset
LPST
Pointset
Seismic section
SSEC
Pointset
Text
TEXT
Pointset
Line data
VERT
Pointset
WLOG
Pointset
XSEC
Pointset
As you can see, many of the files typically contained in an MFD can
also be stored in OpenWorks. OpenWorks stores the files generated in
Z-MAP Plus as pointsets, grids, or faults. MFDs cannot be stored in
OpenWorks.
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MFDs are external files, so you can use standard file access
commands to give other users read-only access to them. In this
case, other users can read the MFDs but cannot add files to them.
Lock files are not created for read-only MFDs. To create a
read-only MFD, use the chmod 444 mfd_name.MFD
command at an xterm prompt.
To familiarize yourself with common Unix commands, see Appendix
C. Unix Primer starting on page 255.
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2.
Click to select the names of the MFDs you want to attach. Select
no more than four MFDs.
3.
Click OK.
The selected MFD(s) are attached to the Z-MAP Plus session and
the dialog box closes. The names of attached MFDs appear in the
status area at the bottom of the window.
To detach an MFD, follow the same steps, but clear the highlighting
from the MFD names that you want to detach. Click OK to detach the
selected MFD(s) and close the dialog box.
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Creating MFDs
To create an MFD, follow these steps:
1.
2.
Enter a name for the MFD in the Enter New MASTER FILE Name
dialog box. If you do not include the .MFD extension at the end of
the file name, it is added automatically.
3.
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Deleting MFDs
To permanently remove an MFD from your file system, follow these
steps:
1.
To locate the directory that contains the MFD you want to delete,
enter the cd DirectoryName command from an xterm
prompt.
2.
3.
To see step-by-step instructions for using the File Manager, click the
Help button in the Z-MAP Plus File Manager dialog box.
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Basemaps
Cross sections
Presentation maps
Three-dimensional displays
Labels
1. Text
A. Text Font
B. Color
2. Line (Hash Marks)
A. Line Style
B. Color
Color Scale
1. Line
A. Line Style
B. Color
2. Text
A. Text Font
B. Color
3. Polygon
A. Line Style
B. Color
North Arrow
1. Line
A. Line Style
B. Color
2. Symbol
A. Color
Scale Bar
1. Line
A. Line Style
B. Color
2. Text
A. Text Font
B. Color
Title Block
1. Line
A. Color
B. Line Style
2. Text
A. Color
B. Text Font
Legend
Feature
1. Component/Primitive
A. Attribute
B. Attribute
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You can have only one ZGF attached to a Z-MAP Plus session at a
time.
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2.
Click the fully qualified name of the ZGF you want to attach.
(Since you can attach only one ZGF to the session at a time, the
selection you make replaces any previous selection.)
The highlighted ZGF (if any) is attached and the dialog box closes
immediately. The name of the attached ZGF appears in the status
area at the bottom of the window, as shown in the following
example.
status area
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Creating ZGFs
To create a ZGF, follow these steps:
1.
2.
Enter a name for the ZGF in the Enter New GRAPHICS FILE
Name box. If you do not include the .ZGF extension at the end of
the file name, the program adds it automatically.
3.
ZGF Access
OpenWorks does not store ZGFs. You can import ZGFs in several Landmark
applications, such as SeisWorks and StratWorks.
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Deleting ZGFs
To permanently delete a ZGF from your file system, follow these steps:
1.
To locate the directory that contains the ZGF you want to delete,
enter the cd DirectoryName command at an xterm prompt.
2.
3.
For step-by-step instructions about using the File Manager, click the
Help button in the Z-MAP Plus File Manager dialog box.
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External Files
MFDs
ZGFs
INTERNAL
FILES
GRID
DATA
INTERNAL
FILES
CNTR
FALT VERT
PICTURE1
PICTURE2
FIELDS
LINE NAME
PICTUREn
PICTURE
FEATURES
SHOT #
BORDERS
LABELS
CONTOURS ...
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Directory Paths
The directory you use to start Z-MAP Plus or OpenWorks is the
working directory (by entering the ZMAPPlus or startow
command). The program saves files to the working directory by default.
To specify paths to other frequently used directories, use the File
Directory Paths option. The files in these paths are included in the
dialog box lists that you use to specify input data. Directory Paths
values also determine the default location for output files you create.
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One field
To create a map from a data file, the file must contain x (easting), y
(northing), and Z field data. The x,y coordinates provide the areal data
used to locate the point; the Z-field(s) can be used to provide many
other types of measurements, such as depth, thickness, and oil/water
contact. Essentially, Z-fields contain any quantifiable information you
choose.
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All numeric values must contain a decimal value or be rightjustified in their column position.
one field
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Format Groups
Format definitions for ASCII data file are known as format groups. To
import an ASCII file into Z-MAP Plus, you must specify an existing
format group that describes the type of data in the file. If an appropriate
format group does not exist, you must build one.
Overview of Format Groups
Format groups describe file structures rather than specific files, so you
can use them to import more than one input ASCII disk file.
Each format group supplies information including the following
information types:
ZNON values
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In a format file
Format files are ASCII disk files that can contain one or more format
groups. You can build or edit format files with a standard system text
editor (such as vi, or emacs). They are useful when multiple users access
different standardized format groups repeatedly, or when you re-use the
same format groups many times for different input ASCII disk files.
Following is an example of a format file containing two format groups.
Format group
describing
fault data
Format group
describing
seismic data
For more information about format groups and how to work with them,
see the Z-MAP Plus Reference Guide section File.
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Managing Data
You can quickly generate a surprising number of data files (each with
multiple fields) in Z-MAP Plus. It is important to know how to manage
large volumes of data. Some of the files may have been useful as
intermediate steps toward a final output, but then become obsolete.
Other files may be mistakes. This topic briefly describes some utilities
you can use to manage files and the fields they contain.
File Manager
Select File Manager or click the File Manager icon to display the
Z-MAP Plus File Manager dialog box. You can use the File Manager to
cut, copy, move, delete, and rename virtually every type of file or
picture you use in Z-MAP Plus, whether it is stored in an MFD, ZGF,
or in OpenWorks. You can also compress and rename MFDs and ZGFs
on-the-fly. The File Manager dialog box does not completely replace
the functionality of the File menu options described in the following
topics, but it greatly simplifies many common file management tasks.
Step-by-step instructions for using File Manager are accessible by
clicking the Help button in the Z-MAP Plus File Manager dialog box.
File Utilities
The File menu contains the following options for managing internal
files on attached MFDs, the attached ZGF, the scratch MFD, and on
OpenWorks: files
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Field Utilities
To manage file fields, use the utilities accessible by selecting
Operations Data Operations Fields in the Z-MAP Plus
window-. The four most commonly used utilities are:
Rename Fields
Enables you to rename an existing field in a file.
Delete Fields
Deletes fields from an existing file.
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Project Organization
Proper project organization can make it easier for you to find and access
project data and easier for others to maneuver through the project.
However, before looking at project organization, you must understand
the concept of a project directory. This topic familiarizes you with the
concept of a project directory, includes a review of two models for
project organization, and discusses project files in more detail.
Project Directory
Every project has a base directory called the project directory. The
project directory is the directory on your system you used to start
Z-MAP Plus or OpenWorks. The project directory is also known as the
working directory.
All of the disk files for a project do not have to exist in the project
directory, but the parameter files for the project (most notably
LASPRM.ZCL) must exist in this directory. When you start Z-MAP Plus
from this directory, the LASPRM.ZCL file and other parameter files are
used to ensure that Z-MAP Plus is configured to match your most recent
session. If no LASPRM.ZCL file exists in the project directory, the
program copies a blank LASPRM.ZCL file into the directory.
Session or Parameter Files
Most commands enable you to set variables that define or control the way the
command is executed. These variables are also called parameters. To make working
with the program easier, the program automatically stores your parameter settings
for each Z-MAP Plus session in the LASPRM.ZCL file, located in your project
directory. Next time you start a Z-MAP Plus session, the settings in this file are
restored.
Some users save special parameter files to define settings for a project. This can be
an easy way to keep consistency across the entire project. The following options can
be used to manage parameter or session files:
File New Session Creates a session file with the specified name.
File Open Session Opens a session file you previously saved.
File Save Session As Saves the current settings to a new session file.
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all external disk files related to the project are collected in the
project directory
the project uses a single MFD for data and a single ZGF for
pictures, possibly with an OpenWorks connection, if desired
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You may have more than one ZGF. For example, you may wish to
have one ZGF for working pictures and one for final pictures.
You may only have read access to many of the data files you need
for your project. These files can be stored in common disk
locations and be accessed by other Z-MAP Plus users. When
external disk files are spread across different directories, use the
options in the Directory Paths dialog box to specify the directory
locations.
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This topic offers suggestions for managing both of these file types.
Managing External Project Disk Files
The following table lists and describes the files associated with a
Z-MAP Plus project:
File Name
Purpose
<filename>.MFD
<filename>.ZGF
<filename>.FMT
<filename>.DAT
<filename>.TBL
<filename>.ZCLPARM
S
LASPRM.ZCL
POSMEM4_0
VOLUMES.OUT
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Name these files with standard Unix file naming conventions, such
as no spaces in the file name, case-sensitive titles, long file names.
Use descriptive file names, so that others can tell what these files
contain.
Flowchart your project ahead of time, and plan all file names,
including external and internal files.
Do not change MFD, ZGF, ZCLPARMS, ZCLMAC, DAT, FMT,
or TBL file extensions on disk files. These are standard file
extensions that enable the system to display proper lists in dialog
boxes.
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The program never destroys old internal files unless you instruct it
to do so. You should regularly delete files (perhaps daily during an
intense project) by selecting File Delete or by using the
Z-MAP Plus File Manager dialog box.
The newest files always appear at the bottom of list dialog boxes.
You can tell the order in which files were generated their position
in the list.
As you add and delete features from ZGF pictures or you delete
entire pictures, the disk space occupied by the deleted data is not
reclaimed until you compress the graphics file. For this reason,
ZGFs can become quite large. To reclaim unused disk space from
ZGFs, select File Compress (or click the File Manager
Compress MFD/ZGF icon).
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Overview of OpenWorks
OpenWorks manages project data in tables, and includes utilities for
importing, exporting, managing, and displaying the data.
An Oracle relational data structure is the foundation of OpenWorks. The
Oracle database is composed of tables that group related information.
You can join tables by common fields, extending the number of
relationships you can establish between datasets.
PDEN_HEADER
PDEN_HEADER - Associates production with
with object production
that reportedrecord
volume
Associates
with producer.
COLUMN NULL
DATA
PDEN_ID
NUM
CHAR
PDEN_TYPE
REFERENCE
VC_ZONE
VC_ZONE
PDEN_GAS_ANALYSIS
PDEN_VOL_REC
Production volume record over a
specific time.
COLUMN
NULL
DATA
REFERENCE
PDEN_ID
NUM
PDN_HEADER
PERIOD_
TYPE
CHAR
VOL_END_
DATE
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OpenWorks stores four kinds of data that you can use in Z-MAP Plus:
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Z-MAP Plus
file listing
OpenWorks
file listing
The upper list contains data files stored in an MFD. The lower list
contains the available data in the current OpenWorks project. The
OpenWorks data is in a table with the key field name at the top of the
columns. Here is an explanation of some OpenWorks key field terms:
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Once you select OpenWorks to store the output, the OW button next to
the Output File Name option becomes active. When you click the OW
button, an OpenWorks Output Specification dialog box appears:
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With this dialog box, you can fill out the information that OpenWorks
requires to properly store the grid, pointset, contour or fault data in the
database. Defaults are based on the input data. For example, the Map
Data Set Name defaults to a letter that represents the type of data output,
a time stamp, and the first part of the input data set name. Once stored
in the database, you have immediate access to the data. The previous
dialog box showed an example of storing a pointset in the OpenWorks
database. As you can see from the following picture, the pointset
becomes immediately available as potential input for another
Z-MAP Plus operation.
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Workflow Steps
1. Start Z-MAP Plus
You can run Z-MAP Plus in standalone mode (without running
OpenWorks) or in conjunction with OpenWorks:
Standalone
OpenWorks
If you run Z-MAP Plus with OpenWorks, dialog boxes appear and
prompt you to specify a project and interpreter (if you do not already
have these settings specified). Once these settings are made,
Z-MAP Plus opens. In each dialog box, highlight your choice, then
click OK:
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To set directory paths for the various types of Z-MAP Plus files, select
File Directory Paths in the Z-MAP Plus window.
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2.
3.
4.
Detaching MFDs
To detach an MFD, use the same steps, but click the highlighted file
name to detach it; then click OK to close the dialog box.
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5. Create a Grid
This example uses Point Gridding Plus to create a grid. Select
Modeling Point Gridding Plus or click the Point Gridding Plus
icon to display the Point Gridding Plus dialog box.
You must grid x,y,z data to accomplish these tasks:
Compute volumes
Select the input file. We will use a data file as our source, but Point
Gridding Plus can also use a control grid as an input grid.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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D. Name output
grid and MFD to
store new file.
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Click the Control Point File: Select button in the Basic tab of the
Point Gridding Plus dialog box. The Select Input File dialog box
appears.
2.
Select the name of a pointset file (DATA file) to use. You can select
one of the pointsets in the attached MFDs (from the top list) or an
available pointset from the OpenWorks project (from the bottom
list).
The dialog box closes automatically, and you return to the POINT
GRIDDING PLUS dialog box, which shows the name of the
selected file in the Control Point File box.
Using Control Grids
Control grids are used to filter node values for existing grids. To learn more
about them, see Control Grids on page 137.
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2.
In the Select Input File dialog box, select the name of a fault file to
use. You can select a fault from from one of the attached MFDs
(top list) or a fault file from the OpenWorks project (bottom list).
The dialog box disappears immediately. You return to the Point
Gridding Plus dialog box, which display the specified fault file
name appears in the Fault File Name box.
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Select the location for storing the new grid by clicking the Output
Location button and selecting an option from the drop-down list.
2.
Enter a name for the grid in the Output Grid Name box.
Other Outputs
You can use Point Gridding Plus to generate two other types of faulted
grids:
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2.
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Name the map, select the Area of Interest type (AOI type), and
scale type.
2.
3.
All of the three basic steps are parameters to the NEW MAP Creation
dialog box. Notice that the first field is red, indicating that you must
supply values for this parameter.
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In the NEW MAP Creation dialog box, click the Picture Name, AOI
Types and Scale Types button.
The Picture NAME, AOI & Scale Type dialog box appears.
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Offset is the area surrounding the map where you would normally
put mapping marginalia, such as the map title and the North arrow.
The AOI and map scale values combine to define the size of your map.
These two values combine with the offset values to determine the total
plot size of the picture.
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AOI
Left
Offset = 1"
Right
Offset = 1"
X Minimum, Y Minimum
Cut-line
Bottom
Offset = 4"
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There are two ways to define these AOI parameters for your picture:
To set the AOI from an existing source, click AOI from GRID,
DATA, PICTURE or CONTOURS in the NEW MAP Creation
dialog box.
2.
In the Select AOI Source TYPE dialog box that appears, click the
following buttons.
GRID Choose an existing GRID file from a list.
DATA Choose an existing DATA, FALT or VERT file from a
list.
PICTURE Choose a picture from an existing ZGF.
CONTOUR Choose an existing CNTR file from a list.
The dialog box closes automatically. To change the settings, repeat
the process and select another AOI Source Type before you click
OK to close the NEW MAP Creation dialog box.
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If you also choose to set AOI from an existing source, the source file must
contain latitude and longitude fields.
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The LIMITS, Offsets, and Scale dialog box asks you to specify the AOI
Minimums and Maximums in longitude and latitude, rather than x, y.
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AOI Type = XY
Scale Type = UNITSPERINCH
AOI Type = XY
Scale Type =
MAPTOGROUND
AOI Type = XY
Scale Type = ABSOLUTE
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The following table describes each of the scaling parameters that might
appear on the LIMITS, Offsets, and Scales dialog box.
Parameter
Description
Absolute Scale
X Scale
Y Scale
Data Units
Ratio 1 map: n
Ground Units
Ground Units
In the equation 1 map unit = n ground units, this defines what the
ground unit is (i.e. inches, feet, meters, etc.). This parameter is
only used with an AOI Type of MAPTOGROUND.
Map Units
In the equation 1 map unit = n ground units, this defines what the
map unit is (i.e. inches, feet, meters, etc.). This parameter is only
used with an AOI Type of MAPTOGROUND.
The next table shows AOI Type on the left, Scale Type on the right, and
resulting scaling parameters that appear in the LIMITS, Offsets, and
Scale dialog box.
Scale Type
AOI Type
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ABSOLUTE
UNITSPERINCH
MAPTOGROUND
XY
Absolute Scale
Data Units
X Scale
Y Scale
Data Units
Ratio 1 Map: n Ground Units
Ground Units
Map Units
XYPROJECTED
Absolute Scale
X Scale
Y Scale
LATLONGPROJECTED
Absolute Scale
X Scale
Y Scale
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In the Basemap Features dialog box, select the tab for the feature type
you want to add. The tab appears in front of the dialog box. To edit
feature settings, select the Post check box. The settings are activated so
you can make changes.
As you edit each feature type, an asterisk appears beside the feature
name on the tab label. If you click OK or Apply All at the bottom of
the dialog box, all features with asterisks are drawn on the map.
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9. Display Data
To see well locations on the map, use one of the following menu
options.
Features XYZ Point Data
To view seismic lines on the map, use one of these menu options:
Features 2D Seismic
Features 3D Seismic
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Contents
Z-MAP Plus
Installation and
Configuration Guide
Macro Reference
Manual for
Z-MAP Plus / ZCL
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Overview
Gridding, or surface modeling, is the most widely used interpretive
function in Z-MAP Plus. Grids are generated, refined, and edited in
Z-MAP Plus. Grids are produced in order to achieve even distribution
of points which makes it possible for the computer to model data in a
variety of ways.
This section contains these topics:
Gridding Overview explains what grids are, basic grid terminology,
how the program uses grids, and gives you a brief introduction to the
gridding methods.
Gridding Basics describes the three steps the software uses to
calculate grid node values.
Point Gridding Plus Workflow is a step-by-step procedure to put the
concepts you learned in Gridding Overview and Gridding Basics into
a practical context.
More Gridding Parameters defines the different settings you can
make to control the creation of a grid.
Gridding Normal Faults explains the process of gridding opaque and
non-opaque faults within your map.
Control Grids shows how to use an existing grid to set up or control
an aspect of a new grid. For example, to ensure two grids share an
identical area of interest (AOI), you could use a control grid.
Using Data Hulls describes how to control the way nodes appear at
the grid edge. Edges are often far from the data points, and the
extrapolation used to assign values to those nodes is often useless. Data
hulls help eliminate extrapolated edge nodes.
Summary of Gridding Parameters brings together all the Point
Gridding Plus parameter definitions in a quick reference table format.
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Gridding Overview
A grid is a set of points that are regularly distributed and are estimates
of some attribute over an area.
Grids are usually generated from a control point data set. Control points
are a set of points that are randomly distributed and are samples of some
attribute over an area. Some examples of control point datasets include:
bathymetry data
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Grid Terminology
The following terms are commonly used to describe grids:
Grid Row 2
Grid Cell
y-inc
x-inc
Grid Column 3
Grid Terminology
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Gridding Methods
Z-MAP Plus has 13 different gridding methods, and gives you the ability
to create a custom grid for filtering existing grids. Each gridding method
has its strengths. The following topics offer a brief introduction to the
gridding methods. All gridding methods are accessible from the
Modeling menu.
Point Gridding Plus
Point Gridding Plus is a powerful gridding method for creating grids
from point data (x,y,z data). Point Gridding Plus offers enhanced
geologic accuracy of structure models while it honors your input fault
geometry to create more accurate horizon models. Used in combination
with Profile Contouring, Point Gridding Plus provides high quality maps
of faulted surfaces.
You can use Point Gridding Plus to perform these tasks:
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seismic surveys
depth soundings
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model the fault faces cutting a horizon, given fault geometry data
Line Gridding
Line gridding builds a grid using data in line format such as seismic,
magnetic, bathymetric surveys. Line Gridding uses the knowledge that
adjacent points in the file, if they have the same line name, represent a
continuous profile along the surface. Faults can be used as barriers.
Trend Fit Gridding
Produces a grid of the regional components of a surface such as the
general dip or the major highs and lows. A trend grid can be built using
either data or another grid as the source file.
Trend Surface
Produces a pair of grids: a trend grid and a residual grid. Typically, you
would examine the map of the residuals and a map of the surface input
grid on which contours from the trend grid have been overlaid.
Alternatively, you can display the residuals as colorfill and overlay the
contours of the input surface grid and trend grids. Using either of these
methods, localized high or low residual features, which are geologically
regarded as anomalies, can be easily identified.
An example scenario would be to generate residuals and a trend surface
from a velocity grid. Upon examining the residuals, you could then
identify high velocity, pull-up areas.
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Boolean Grid
Boolean grids are designed to enable you to create a grid in which each
node value is either 1.0 or 0.0 to indicate where a formation lies in
relation to each node. For example, you can use a Boolean grid to map
the location of each node is relative to the Oil Water Contact (OWC)
level (above, below, or equal to).
Constant Grid
Constant grids assign user-defined values to each grid node. They are
often used in Volumetric and Grid Operations to adjust existing grids.
Polynomial Grid
A polynomial grid evaluates a polynomial function over a user-defined
area and creates a grid based on these calculations. Polynomial trends of
p to the 2nd order can be handled with the Polynomial Grid option. You
can control the AOI (area of interest) of the grid, as well as the x and y
grid increments. You can also input the coefficient for each of the
corresponding terms in the polynomial.
User-Defined Filter
You can change the values for the nodes on an existing grid using a filter
that you define.
Flexing
Flexing is sometimes called Filtering or Relaxation. Flexing enables you
to smooth small (high frequency) features on a grid. This smoothing
process can at the same time tie the surface to data points. You can
control which nodes are flexed, how much the data is honored, how
much smoothing is done, upper and lower limits for the output grid, and
whether a constraint band (limit surface) above or below the grid is used.
This section deals with point gridding, which is one method used to
create surface models. Other methods, such as line gridding, trend
gridding, and contour gridding are covered in more detail in the
Z-MAP Plus Reference Guide section titled Modeling.
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Gridding Basics
Before learning about the various parameters you use to control the
gridding process in the next topic, you need to understand the process
itself in more detail. This topic looks at the three phases involved in
creating a grid:
1.
2.
Grid Initialization
When you create a grid, an initial set of nodes are created and
assigned values. This process is called Grid Initialization.
3.
Post Processing
Post Processing brings the node values into closer alignment with
the data values and smooths the grid. These two steps are also
called filtering and flexing.
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2. Grid Initialization
Once you apply point gridding, the program calculates an initial
estimate for the node values to model your surface. This grid is intended
to preserve the overall trend of the data but not necessarily to honor
every single data point.
Initial Grid Increment (GINCI)
In order to preserve trends, the initial grid is typically created at a larger
grid node spacing, called the initial grid increment (GINCI). During grid
post-processing (the next step), the grid increment is reduced to the final
grid increment (GINCF). This finer grid node spacing is better able to
honor individual data points. Grid increments are measured in map
units.
The following illustration shows an initial grid (GINCI = 200.0). Notice
that the initial grid preserves trend but does not honor data.
Initial Grid output from
Grid Initialization at
GINCI = 200.0.
Contours (and
grid) do not honor
the data.
GINCI = 200.0
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Compare this initial grid to a final grid (GINCF = 50.0) of the same
data set:
GINCF = 50.0
Because the surface model contains more grid nodes, it is able to retain
higher frequency detail inherent in the data samples; the grid honors the
data points.
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You can control all aspects of the data collection process by adjusting
the value of the gridding parameters. These parameters are covered in
detail in Summary of Gridding Parameters on page 146.
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Is there a data
point within
.01*GINCF of
the node?
YES
Set node to
data point
value
NO
Have the
minimum
number of
points been
collected?
NO
NO
YES
At least
one data point
in each of the
minimum number
of sectors?
YES
Set node to
ZNON
Set node to
ZNON
NO
Calculate node
using gridding
algorithm
Is there a data
point within
extrapolation
distance?
YES
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3. Post Processing
Once the initial grid is calculated, it is passed to the post processing
phase. The post processing phase of gridding is designed to serve
two purposes:
bring the grid into alignment with data values (honor the data)
Filter
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Refinements
Refining a grid is the process of dividing the grid increment in half,
introducing new grid nodes at the smaller grid increment, and
calculating new values at the nodes. Refinements increase the density of
nodes. The following picture shows a grid with an initial grid increment
of 200 (GINCI = 200.0) that was refined once to a final grid increment
of 100 (GINCF = 100.0).
200
Refinement Divides the Grid Increment in Half
New node values are calculated using a process called back
interpolation where previously existing grid node values are used to
interpolate values at the new grid node locations.
The original control points are not used during the grid refinement
process. This is why a refinement step is followed by a filter step: it
enables the newly calculated node values to be adjusted to fit the control
points.
Refinements are explored in more detail in the workflow on page 112.
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Filter Steps
In general, filter steps alter the node values to simultaneously smooth
the grid and adjust it to honor the data. They occur after refinements
because the grid can then be adjusted to include more surface detail (it
has a denser grid node spacing).
Each filter step is composed of a number of iterations, called flexing
passes. During each flexing pass, two new values for each grid node are
calculated:
a smoothing value
REFINEMENT
FILTER
Flexing Pass
Honor Data
Smoothing
Post-processing
A weighted average is then performed on the two new values to form a
single new grid node value. The weighting assigned to the two
calculated node values prior to averaging them depends on the level of
smoothness you set in the Smoothing Modulus parameter field.
After each flexing pass, a rate of change is calculated for the modified
grid. By default, the filter step terminates when the rate of change gets
very small.
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1. Create a Basemap
A basemap covers the AOI of the grid you plan to create and contains
the posted control points and faults that you want to model.
The basemap helps you determine the following types of information:
You use this knowledge to help determine and set various gridding
parameters later in the process.
To create a basemap, begin by selecting File New Basemap in the
Z-MAP Plus window. Use the NEW MAP Creation dialog box that
appears for specifying the map name, AOI, scale, and projection values
(as described on page 73). Add features to the map (as described on
page 84).
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The Point Gridding Plus dialog box appears with the Basic tab displayed
in front.
Specify the control point input file, Z-field name, fault file name, and
fault file fields in the Point Gridding Plus dialog box Basic tab. This step
is identical to the procedure you follow for default point gridding,
described on page 69.
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Set the final grid increment in the Xinc and Yinc boxes in the Point
Gridding Plus dialog box Basic tab.
GINCF = 200
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This grid
has the default grid
increment for this
data set
honors individual
data points
preserves trend
GINCF = 50
This grid
honors individual
data points very well
loses trend in void
data areas
forms artificial
closures around
data points
GINCF = 25
A paradoxical situation exists: a large grid spacing preserves trend, but
does not honor the data; a small spacing honors the data, but does not
preserve the trend. This means that, if you wish to honor the data and
preserve the trend, you must carefully select a final grid increment that
is based on the distribution and density of the data points.
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When the range between the MIN or MAX for X or Y gets large with
respect to the number of data points, the grid increment becomes larger.
In contrast, if the number of data points becomes large, and the X- and
Y-RANGE gets smaller, the final grid increment becomes smaller.
This method for calculating a default final grid increment works well
with evenly distributed data points. If the data is clustered or faulted, it
is best to determine the final grid increment yourself and replace the
default value with a custom value.
Making Measurements in the Basemap
See Measure Distances on a Map on page 153. This feature helps you determine
many parameter settings.
Half distance
between closest
points
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This method does not necessarily honor all data points. If the grid
increment is large (relative to the data point density), data point values
are averaged.
Preserving All Detail Inherent in the Data Samples
If you are not sure what size feature you are interested in, or if you want
to resolve all individual data points, choose an increment half the
distance between the closest points to be resolved
For seismic data, since the data is usually clustered heavily along lines,
a spacing slightly smaller than the average shotpoint spacing works
well.
Special Consideration with Faults
If you are modeling faulted data, make sure that your final grid increment is small
enough to fit into fault blocks where you have data and wish to have the grid
defined.
Half distance
between the
fault segments
Setting GINCF
To specify the GINCF value in the X and Y directions independently,
enter values in the Xinc and Yinc boxes.
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Default Search
Radius
When it calculates the center node in the grid, the default data collection
circle covers the entire grid and every data point in the data set.
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For evenly distributed data, the search radius should be no more than
four or five times the average data point spacing.
When the data are evenly distributed, you do not have to worry about
extrapolation across void data areas. Your concern is speed. A search
radius of 4 or 5 times the average point spacing provides plenty of
control at every node to properly initialize it.
A good example is evenly distributed 3D seismic data. When you leave
the search radius to default, the grid may take a very long time to
initialize. However, if you reduce the search radius to 4 times the sample
point spacing, the grid will initialize very quickly, and it will be of good
quality.
Set the Search Radius
To specify a custom search radius, enter a value in the Search Radius
box (located in the Point Gridding Plus dialog box Basic tab).
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( REF )
GINC I
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( REF )
GINC I
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This process returns a Z-value at the grid node based on the control points. This
node value is averaged with the node value returned from the Flexing process. The
Smoothness Modulus controls how the two values are averaged. The smoothness
Modulus is used to get a weighting value from a lookup table. That value is then
used in the following equation:
Z = ( Zf + W Zc ) ( 1 + W )
Where:
Z = final node value
Zf = modified node value from flexing
Zc = modified node value from control points
W = weight from lookup table and Smoothness Modulus
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Extrapolation Distance
Extrapolation Distance is the distance beyond the perimeter of your
data within which grid node values are calculated. The default for
Extrapolation Distance is equal to the default Search Radius. Set
Extrapolation Distance on the Basic tab of the Point Gridding Plus
dialog box.
If Search Radius, Minimum Number of Points, Number of Sectors,
or any other parameter restricts node calculation to less than the distance
set for Extrapolation Distance, those parameters are overridden by this
setting. Overridden means that node values will be calculated even if
those other parameters would normally prevent this from happening. To
prevent this override, set the Extrapolation Distance to zero.
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Cut Off
Control of Passes
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Smoothing Parameters
Flexing Type
Point Gridding Plus has four types of flexing:
Each type uses a template to calculate new node values during the
flexing pass.
Biharmonic
Biharmonic filtering causes the gridded surface to behave in the
following ways:
continue trends beyond the data and into void data areas
Biharmonic is the most commonly used filtering algorithm in the
geosciences because of its smoothly varying nature and its ability to
extrapolate trends.
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The following example shows a profile through a flat grid filtered to five
data points by using a biharmonic filter:
Laplacian
Laplacian filtering causes the gridded surface to behave in the following
ways:
flatten out to a regional average beyond the data and in void data
areas
Laplacian filtering is often used when modeling data that varies
logarithmically near data values or that peaks near data points. For
example, this filter might be used when modeling a pinnacle reef trend.
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The following example shows a profile through a flat grid filtered to five
data points by using the Laplacian algorithm.
Combination
The Combination filter is a compromise between the Biharmonic and
Laplacian algorithms. During the filter step, filtering (flexing) passes
use the Biharmonic and Laplacian algorithms alternately.
Combination filtering does not overshoot the data as much as
Biharmonic filtering, and it does not exhibit as much sharp peaking near
data points as Laplacian filtering. However, the results of Combination
filtering are somewhat unpredictable, since the final character of the
grid depends heavily on the algorithm used in the last flexing pass.
None
If you specify NONE as the Type of Flexing value, no filtering occurs
after grid initialization or after each refinement.
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The two types of Flexing templates and their assigned weights are
shown below surrounding the grid node whose value is being calculated.
TEMPLATES AND WEIGHTS
BIHARMONIC
LAPLACIAN
(1)
o
(1)
o
(2)
o
(-8)
o
(2)
o
(-8)
o
(20)x
(-8)
o
(2)
o
(-8)
o
(2)
o
(-.25)
o
(1)
o
(-.25)
o
(1)
x
(-.25)
o
(-.25)
o
(1)
o
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Flexing
Flexing, sometimes called Filtering or Relaxation, enables you to smooth small
(high frequency) features on a grid. This smoothing process can at the same time
tie the surface to data points. Controls are provided for which nodes are flexed, how
much the data is honored, and how much smoothing is done, upper and lower limits
for the output grid, and whether a constraint band (limit surface) above and below
the flexed grid is used.
How Flexing Works
Flexing moves a template over the grid and calculates a new value for the node at
the center of this template based on values of that node and the other nodes covered
by the template. Two standard templates are used: Biharmonic and Laplacian.
The template is moved over the grid, stopping at each node and adjusting it. At each
template position, all nodes under the template are multiplied by the weight at that
location of the template. The results are summed. If that sum equals zero then the
surface perfectly fits the Biharmonic or Laplacian equation, and no modifications
are needed. If not zero in error, then the center value is adjusted up or down to
reduce this error. This method for reduction is called Successive Over Relaxation
(Young, 1973). This is a mathematical procedure that trivially adjusts the center
value until it acceptably satisfies the equations.
When part of the template covers ZNONs, or is outside the grid, then the weights
of the template must be adjusted. This adjustment process is done at the start of the
flexing with the adjusted weights stored temporarily until needed. If the grid is
large, and the ZNON areas complex, this weight adjustment process may take a
considerable amount of time.
The grid that results from one pass of the template will not perfectly satisfy the
Biharmonic or Laplacian equation. This is because, even though the center point of
the template is adjusted to an optimum value, the other nodes that were used to
adjust that one were also adjusted. More passes of the filter are required to
progressively bring the entire surface closer to desirable form. How close the
surface gets to this form before it stops is controlled by you.
Effect of Flexing on Surface Form
Biharmonic flexing creates a surface that resembles a rigid surface, like a hand-saw
(metal plate), which bends slowly and smoothly from one inflection point to
another. This is sometimes called a minimum curvature or minimum tension
surface.
Laplacian flexing creates a surface that resembles a balloon or soap bubble which
comes quickly back to the average surface position away from inflection points.
Sticking your finger into a balloon would cause the surface to peak at your finger
and quickly return to its original form away from your finger. This is sometimes
called a high tension surface.
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Cut Off
After each flexing pass within a filter step, a rate of change is calculated.
The Cut Off parameter is set so that when the rate of change for a
flexing pass falls below this value, the filter step is terminated. The
purpose of the Cut Off is to accomplish the appropriate number of
flexing passes while preventing unnecessary ones that would slow down
the gridding process.
Cut Off defaults to 0.25. When the rate of change is this small, it means
that the grid is honoring the data fairly well. When you increase the
Cut Off, you may speed up the gridding process, but you also give the
filter steps more freedom to smooth through the data.
Number of Flex Passes
Like Cut Off, Number of Flex Passes lets you control (more directly)
how many iterations of the filter occur in a filter step. The program
defaults to 10.
During the filter step, grids usually approach their lowest rate of change
within the first 5 or 6 flexing passes. One way to speed up the gridding
process without compromising the quality of the surface model is to
reduce Number of Flex Passes to either 5 or 6.
Control of Passes
You can set Control of Passes so that the Cut Off parameter is either
used or not used. The options are
When the setting is FLEX <= NUMPASS, the Cut Off parameter is
used. Flexing stops as soon as the rate of change drops below the
Cut Off value, or when the number of iterations reaches Number of
Flex Passes, whichever occurs first.
When the setting is FLEX = NUMPASS, the Cut Off parameter is not
used. Flexing iterations continue until the defined Number of Flex
Passes is reached.
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Using a FALT file, Point Gridding Plus can create three types of fault
grids:
Centerline Grid
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Point Gridding Plus also generates FALT file(s) for you if you designate
an output file name for either Expanded Fault or Fault Filled grids.
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Fault Terminology
For the purposes of computer mapping, normal faults are simple lines,
digitized in map view, which represent the intersection of a fault plane
and the surface you are modeling. On a mapped surface, normal faults
are accurately represented as a polygon, and are generally referred to as
expanded faults.
-3000
-3050
-2950
-2900
-2900
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-2900
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Normal Fault
Throw
Faulted Horizon
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A line connecting the grid node and the data point is established.
An intersection point between the line and the fault is located.
Vertical separation at the intersection is calculated.
The data value is adjusted by the vertical separation value.
The grid node is initialized.
-2950
70
0
60
0
V. Sep. = 63
-2900(-2963)
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Once the expanded fault file is generated, the original centerline grid is
blanked inside the fault polygons, forming the traditional blanked grid.
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The fault filled grid is similar to the expanded fault grid, except that grid
nodes lying within the expanded fault polygons are re-initialized to lie
within the plane of the fault.
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After expanded faults and the expanded fault grid have been created, the
fault filled grid is created in the following fashion:
Because fault-filled grids do not contain ZNONs in the area of the fault
polygons, they can be used to generate more accurate isochore maps in
areas around faults, and can also be used to more accurately generate
volumetrics results.
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Control Grids
You can use control grids to streamline the building of several surface
models over the same project area. This topic defines a control grid,
discusses the various ways you can use them, and shows you how to
select one.
None
Flex Only
Grid Non-Znons
Grid Znons
Faults Only
Default AOI
Designate the control grid method and the grid file with the Control
grid usage field on the Basic tab.
Flex Only
If you select FLEX ONLY, the control grid is simply passed directly to
the post-processing phase of the gridding process as if it were the initial
grid. This allows you to accomplish the following aims:
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Grid Non-Znons
If you use the Grid Non-Znons option, the output grid maintains all the
ZNON grid nodes from the control grid. Nodes in the output grid are
initialized only if the same node in the control grid is defined. Consider
the following control grid (generated from dataset A) and output grid
(generated from dataset B).
Control Grid
Output Grid
In the control grid, nodes A have defined values and nodes Z are
ZNONs. If you use this grid as a control grid to grid a dataset B by using
Grid Non-Znons, ZNONs exist in identical areas.
You typically use this form of control gridding to pass the same blanked
area from one surface model to one or more other grids.
Grid Znons
If you set control grid use to Grid Znons, grid nodes are initialized only
where the control grid contains ZNONs. Defined grid nodes from the
control grid pass through to the new grid. Consider the following control
grid, generated from dataset A, and output grid, generated from
dataset B:
Control Grid
Output Grid
You typically use this type of control grid to update an area that contains
ZNONs with data added to the original dataset.
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Faults Only
You learned in a previous topic that Point Gridding Plus enables you to
generate additional grid and fault files if your input data structures can
support it (see page 125).
Faults Only control gridding enables you to input a centerline fault grid
file (as the control grid) and a fault file, and produces additional Point
Gridding Plus output, including:
When you perform Faults Only control gridding, a new centerline grid
is not generated. Thus, any Z-value field selected for gridding is not
used, and neither are any of the primary, secondary, and flexing gridding
parameters.
Default AOI
Default AOI is the most common form of control grid usage. When you
set a control grid to Default AOI, the following primary parameters from
the control grid are passed to the output grid:
X Minimum, X Maximum
Y Minimum, Y Maximum
X Increment, Y Increment
Search Radius
Secondary and Flexing parameters are not taken from the control grid.
Usage of Default AOI is particularly useful when you need to maintain
the same AOI over a project area, so that output from grid operations
maintain the same areal extent.
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1.
Select a Control grid usage method from the drop-down list. The
Select CONTROL Grid file selection dialog box appears.
2.
In the dialog box, highlight the name of the grid to use as the
control grid. The dialog box closes immediately, and the selected
usage method appears in the Control grid usage box.
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CONCAVE
CONVEX
A third option, DATA DISTRIBUTION, is the default value, which sets
the program to not use a data hull.
Convex Hulls
A convex hull is analogous to a rubber band stretched around all of
your data points, as shown in the following example:
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Concave Hulls
Concave hulls are essentially convex hulls modified so the line around
the data is allowed to make concavities into the data. With this type of
hull, it is actually possible to exclude some data points from the gridding
process by placing them outside the hull.
You can choose from two different algorithms to build concave hulls:
CONCAVE HULLI and CONCAVE HULLII. Although results are
similar, type II concave hulls are generally more severe.
Concave Hull II
Concave Hull I
A data hull can also be saved to a VERT internal file. There are many
ways you can use this VERT polygon file. Some examples include
using it
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The option DATA DISTRIBUTION means that you do not want to use
a data hull. It is the default setting.
Setting a Radius for Concave Hulls
Concave hulls are generated by starting with the convex hull, and rolling
a circle of a specified radius around the perimeter of the data. In
general, when the circle can fit between two data points, a concavity
is made into the convex hull. You can control the severity of the
concavities by increasing or decreasing the radius of the circle.
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Set a Radius (in mapping units) here. Remember, the smaller the radius,
the more severe the concavities.
Saving the Output Data Hull
You do not have to save your data hull in order to use it in the gridding
process. However, if you wish to use it in future tasks (grid blanking, for
example), you will need to fill in the Output Data Hull File Name field
and select an Output Data Hull File (MFD) before clicking OK in the
Data Hull Parameters dialog box.
Setting Extrapolation Distance
Extrapolation Distance is a secondary gridding parameter, which is
typically not used during the default gridding process. If you choose to
construct a data hull, however, you can push the hull away from the
data by setting an Extrapolation Distance value. This setting enables the
gridding process to extrapolate away from the data at the specified
distance.
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300 Ft.
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Default
Algorithm
LEAST SQUARES
NONE
ZNON Value
1.000000e+30
Search Radius
Refinements
0 or 1, depending on
gridding algorithm
Extrapolation Distance
Search Radius
Smoothness Modulus
0.2
Z Min, Z Max
Calculated to data
z-range +/- 10%
Xinc,Yinc
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Default
Hint
Smoothing Parameters
BIHARMONIC
Control of Passes
10
Cut Off
0.25
Flexing Type
Other Controls
DATA
DISTRIBUTION
0.0
1.0
0.0
DEGREES
DEGREES
An interpretive decision
Weighting Function
SHARP
Report Type
COMPLETE
Data Hull
X Expand and Y Expand
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Refinements
This operation adds in grid nodes half way between existing grid nodes.
The newly added grid nodes are assigned values based on
back-interpolation of the existing grid. Control points are not referenced
in refinements. (That is done in the Flexing operation.) You seldom use
more than three refinements, and a typical setting is one refinement.
(With opaque faults, the application sets refinements at zero
automatically.)
Smoothness Modulus
A setting close to zero (0) honors the data precisely. A setting of one (1)
allows for a smoother contour map.
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How To
Overview
This section how to perform the following frequently used tasks:
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2.
3.
Click
Here
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Here
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Change the color within the cell assigned to the component with
the Edit Color Table dialog box
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To learn more about the Color Indices option, see the Edit section in
the Z-MAP Plus Reference Guide or see the browser-based help
system.
Status &
Prompt
Actions
Click the Color Table icon or select Edit Color Table from the
menu. The Color Table display and the Edit Color Table dialog
box appear.
Color Mode
Sliders
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2.
In the Edit Color Table dialog box, you can edit, display, copy,
interpolate, read or write a color table. Each aspect is covered in
detail in the Edit section of the Z-MAP Plus Reference Guide.
The Status field at the top of the dialog box gives a brief
description of the action you have chosen.
The Prompt field points you to the steps you need to take.
3.
4.
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5.
Move the red, green and blue sliders until the sample color box
shows the color you want.
Originally, contours are green.
After the edit, they are red.
Notice that the tiny labels on the contours are still green on the
edited map. This is because the labels are tied to cell 9 on the color
table you havent changed.
6.
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Click OK to close the Color Table display and Edit Color Table
dialog box.
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2.
3.
Click OK.
The cell color assignments for cells 0 switch to either black or
white. This may help you remember why the option is in the
System Switches dialog box rather than the Edit Color Table
dialog box.
White Background Always Used for Printing
Regardless of the background setting used for display purposes, Z-MAP Plus
always uses a white background for printing maps.
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2.
3.
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As with most Z-MAP Plus dialog boxes, the settings in this dialog
box are organized to be completed from top to bottom. The only
required setting is the Input File value.
2.
Click the Input File button. A dialog box appears that lists the
names of all files in the attached MFDs.
Highlight the name of the file whose fields you want to display.
The dialog box closes immediately.
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3.
Click the Fields to List button to designate the fields you want to
see.The Ordered Selection dialog box appears:
4.
To display all fields, click OK. To display selected fields, move the
field names you want to view into the Destination List:
Highlight the Append radio button.
Click each field name you want to see. The field names appear
in the Destination List area as you click them.
To reorder the fields, delete incorrectly ordered items from the
Destination List and reinsert them, as described below.
Click the Delete radio button.
Highlight an item in the Destination List. It disappears from the
list.
Select the Insert radio button.
Highlight the field name below the target location for the new
entry.
Click the name of the new field in the Source List. The field is
inserted above the field name you selected in the Destination
List.
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5.
Once the Destination List contains all the fields you want to check,
click OK.
The list of fields in the file and values for each well name appear in
the system window.
The File Listing option displays no more than 100 words that match the input
criteria. If more than 100 words are available, an error message in the system
window informs you of the number of words left out.
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Edit Fields
Binary (MFD) Data Files
The Edit Data Editor Points View Edit option enables you
to click a visible point on a map and edit the values for that point. The
illustration show the dialog for editing a seismic shot point, which
eliminates the need to scroll through rows of numbers to find the exact
data record you want to change.
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Edit Fields
You can copy, rename, and delete entire fields by using the features
accessible by selecting the Operations Data Operations Fields
option. You can also create a new field by performing a mathematical
operation that involves one or two fields in a file by using the
Operations Calculator option.
Rename a Field
To illustrate how the Fields options work, the following example
renames a field.
1.
2.
3.
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Optional: To save the data file under a new name, use the Output
File Name and MASTER FILE parameter. Otherwise the
program saves a version of the file by using the original file name
with a new version number.
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4.
This dialog box lists all field names found inside the data file you
attached with the Input File parameter. The RENAME FIELD
dialog is a multiple list dialog. Highlight the names of the fields
you want to rename, and click OK.
5.
Use the Output Field Names parameter to assign new names to the
fields you designated in the previous step.
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Click Apply to rename the field and leave the dialog box open, or
click Save to rename the field and close the dialog box.
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7.
To view the renamed files, select File Info File Listing. The
system window displays the fields in the file.
To learn more about File Listing, see View the Contents of a Data
File on page 160.
Input File
(Grid or Data)
Input
Panel
Equations
Panel
Operations
Output
Move Buttons
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2.
Beside the first field under Input Files and Grids, click the
Select File button to display a list of all the files in the attached
MFDs. The Select INPUT File single list dialog appears. Highlight
the name of the file that contains the field to be changed.
The dialog disappears when you make your choice, and the name
of the file appears in the file name field on the Calculator. Also
notice that the names of the fields within the file have activated the
Field A and Field B options. The Calculator knows you want to
perform a data operation because of the type of file you chose.
3.
4.
In the Operations area of the Input panel, select ADD from the
drop-down list under Single. The panel reconfigures each time it
receives more information. Thus you are only presented with
appropriate choices. The Input panel now looks like this:
50
5.
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Enter the value of the constant that you want to add to each entry
in the P_ASPER_TOP field. For our example, we place 50 in the
Constant field.
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6.
Optional: Enter a new name for the field in Output Field Name
box. NEW FIELD is the default name. The drop-down list
contains all the existing field names. To overwrite an existing field,
select an existing field name.
7.
8.
The Calculator defaults to save the new file into the Scratch MFD.
If you want to save the file to another MFD, select the name of an
attached MFD from the drop-down menu in the Location field.
Scratch MFD Discarded on Exit from Z-MAP Plus
Remember that the Scratch MFD is erased whenever you exit Z-MAP Plus or
attach or detach other MFD(s). The scratch file is the default MFD used in the
Calculator because many results from Calculator operations are intermediary
steps that do not need to be saved permanently.
9.
Use the highlighted right arrow button to move your equation onto
the Equations panel.
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2.
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TRIANGLE MAP
features
BORDER
POSTED WELLS
FAULT LINES
CONTOURED GRID
NEW-TRIANGLE.MFD
member files
TRIANGLE WELLS
TRIANGLE FAULTS
TRIANGLE GRID
EDITORS BUFFER
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Edit a Picture
1.
2.
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Notice that two labels appear on the contour line because it is cut
in two pieces. The Add To Line dialog box has appeared along
with a new prompt to add points. The program is now in extend
mode.
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Add points along the line until it looks about like the following
picture. Be careful not too add too many points. The editor
smooths the line for you, so add as few points as needed to
establish the shape of the contour.
You want to end the line, break the existing -7900 contour, and
attach the edited line to one of the broken pieces. To do this, click
Break/Connect in the Add To Line dialog box. The edited line
is connected automatically to the correct segment of the existing
-7900 contour, and the line is smoothed.
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3.
5.
6.
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7.
Now that the TRIANGLE GRID contours are edited, update the
grid with your interpretation. The Edit/Create Data dialog box
should still be open.
Click Regrid in the Edit/Create Data dialog box. The Regrid
dialog box appears.
8.
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change, click Set Limits. The Set Limits dialog box appears.
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Review the status area, which should look like the following
example.
If you regrid at this time, the files listed in the status area are used
in the regridding process. Notice that the editor is aware that you
want to use CNTRS OF TRIANGLE GRID (EDITED) to regrid.
Also, the limits are indicated AS DRAWN, which means the editor
recognizes the polygon you just displayed. The output grid is listed
as TRIANGLE GRID, the same name as the input grid. This
indicates that the regridding process will use the original grid name
with a version number unless you specify a different output name.
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9.
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11. To check the quality of the regridding process, click Contour Edit
Area. The Contour Edit Area dialog box appears.
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12. Update the picture. Click Contour Grid Area, then click the
Replace Picture option. Contours of EDITED TRIANGLE
GRID are drawn on the reference picture. Click OK in the Contour
Grid Area dialog box to close it.
13. To exit the editor, click OK in the Regrid dialog box, and OK in
the Edit/Create Data dialog box.
14. To refresh the graphics display, click the Full Display icon. The
picture is updated with your interpretation, and so is the grid.
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15. Optional: To recheck the edits, display a list of the updated files:
Select File Info Master File Directory.
This is one of the most common uses of the editing functions, but
editing in Z-MAP Plus is a complex process. Editing copies parts
of files during the time the editing is taking place and creates a set
of temporary files to contain the features to be edited. These
temporary files are erased when you click OK and leave the Edit/
Create menu. As we have seen, it also creates a series of new files.
The new files created in the example steps include:
CNTRS OF TRIANGLE GRID The digitized and edited
contours that you used in the regridding process
REGRIDDED AREA GRID The area grid that was patched
into the original grid to generate EDITED TRIANGLE GRID
EDITED TRIANGLE GRID The final edited grid output
from the regridding process
CREATED VERTICES SET 1 A VERT file that contains
the polygon you digitized as an area limit for the regridding
process
To learn more, see the Editing section in the Z-MAP Plus Reference
Guide.
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View the x,y location of the cursor in the picture (page 184).
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Zoom Out Zooms out, with the selected point as the new
display center. Click the icon, then click a point in the map.
Stop Stops the program from drawing the picture. This is useful
for a amount of data that takes a long time to display.
Loading ZGFs
To switch ZGFs or load additional ZGFs, use the Load ZGF dialog box.
You cannot view more than one map in the ZGF Picture Viewer, but
you can have several ZGF Picture Viewer windows open that display a
series of maps.
To load a picture from a ZGF into the ZGF Picture Viewer window.
follow these steps:
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2.
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3.
4.
Select a picture from the Pictures On This Graphics File list and
click OK. The picture loads into the ZGF Picture Viewer window.
Load ZGF Mode
To see a series of pictures, select Actions Load ZGF Mode. The OK
button is replaced by an Apply button. If you click Apply, the ZGF Picture
Viewer loads the selected picture but leaves the Load A ZGF dialog box open
so you can load another picture.
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Select Input
Picture button
Features To
Overlay button
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2.
3.
4.
Specify whether you want the features divided: Click the Division
Of Features On Overlay button and select one of the following
options:
Click the Use Cutline button to specify whether you want a cutline
around the picture.
The cutline represents the edge of the plotter paper and appears as
a dotted line in the display. The default offsets between the cutline
and the map AOI equal one inch on the top, right, and left, and four
inches on the bottom.
5.
6.
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These
buttons
correspond
to each of
the options.
By default, the Picture Name box displays the name of the current
picture.
Resetting the Create CGM Dialog Box
To restore the original settings in the Create CGM File dialog box, click the
Reset button at any time. The original Picture Name, Feature To Output To
CGM File, and CGM Output File values are restored.
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2.
If you want to save another picture as a CGM file, click the ellipsis
(. . .) button next to the Picture Name box.
In the Picture Name dialog box that appears, complete these
actions:
2a. Navigate to the directory that contains the ZGF with the
needed picture.
2b. Use the Filter feature to display all the directorys ZGFs. in the
Graphics Files list.
2c. Select a ZGF from the Graphics File list. All pictures stored in
the selected ZGF appear in the Pictures On This Graphics File
list.
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3.
By default, all features in the picture are included in the CGM file.
To include only selected features, click the LGB Types button.
(An LGB is a logical graphics block, or group of features available
for inclusion. An LGB may contain several different types of
features.)
In the LGB Types dialog box that appears, complete these actions:
3a. Select the features you want to include from the Items list.
The selected features appear in the list area at the bottom of the
dialog box.
3b. When you finish, click OK.
4.
5.
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2.
3.
In the NEW MAP Creation dialog box, select the Picture Name,
AOI Types and Scale Types button.
4.
Name the picture you are about to create. You can also set the type
of AOI and Scale you want to use, but this is not required.
5.
Click OK to close the Picture Name, AOI Types and Scale Types
dialog box.
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6.
Choose the AOI for user input, Offsets and Scale button. The
LIMITS, Offsets, and Scale dialog box appears:
Enter the
values you
copied from the
existing picture.
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7.
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9.
To view the new map, select File Open Picture Open in the
Z-MAP Plus window or click the Picture Open icon. Highlight
the new map name, and it appears in the display area. The new
picture has a different AOI than the original picture.
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1.
Attach the MFD that contains the grid to be subset (as described
on page 72).
2.
3.
Click the Input Grid button to display the Select INPUT GRID
dialog box, which you use to specify an existing input grid. The
dialog box closes immediately when select a grid name.
4.
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5.
6.
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To see the results of the new grid, create a new basemap and
contour the grid.
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Summary
Lets compare the results of the different methods for changing the
area of interest:
The New AOI
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2.
On the Input Files and Grids panel, use the Select File button to
designate the data file that contains both Z-fields for the top and
bottom of the surface.
3.
Select field that represents the formation top from the Select Field
A drop-down menu. This drop-down displays all named fields
within your input file.
4.
Select the field that represents the bottom of the formation from
the Select Field B drop-down menu.
5.
6.
Name the new field with the Output Field Name drop-down list
or highlight the default name (NEW FIELD) and enter another
name.
7.
Name the new data file in the Output File Name box, and select a
location for storing the file from the Location drop-down menu.
8.
Move the equation into the Equation Display list by clicking the
Move button.
9.
Click Apply to process the equation, create the new Z-field, and
create the new data file that contains the Z-field that represents the
structure depth.
10. Use the new data file to create a grid based on the values found in
the new Z-field. When you contour this grid, you have a contour
map showing the thicknesses of the formation.
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2.
Under Input Files and Grids on the Calculator dialog box, select
the name of a grid file that represents the formation top in the
Select File field. This becomes GRIDIN1 (the first grid).
Calculator Automatically Displays only Relevant Fields
When a grid file is chosen, the Input Files and Grids fields automatically
reconfigure with only the fields you need to perform calculations on grids.
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In the Select Grid field, designate the name of the second grid
(GRINDIN2) that represents the formation base.
4.
5.
In the Grid AOI Source field, designate which grids AOI to use
for the new grid. The default AOI is GRINDIN1. To change this
value, use the drop-down list.
6.
Name the grid in the Output File Name box and specify the
location for storing the grid file by making a selection in the
Location list.
7.
8.
9.
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In the Import From SeisWorks dialog box, you must specify the input
horizons, the types of output you want to create, and the target location
for saving the data. Several optional parameters are also available.
For more information about this operation, see the SeisWorks topic in the Z-MAP
Plus Reference Guide, or click the Help button in one of these locations: the
Seismic Project Selection dialog box or the Import From SeisWorks dialog box.
In the Transfer Grid to Seismic dialog box, you must specify the input
grid and output horizon file name, at a minimum. You also have the
option to specify a fault file to include in the horizon, change the
reference datum value, and flip the Z values.
For more information about this operation, see the SeisWorks File topic in the
Z-MAP Plus Reference Guide, or click the Help button in the Seismic Project
Selection dialog box or Transfer Grid to Seismic dialog box.
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For more infromation about this operation, see the StratWorks Mapping
guide.
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2.
3.
In the Edit/Create Data dialog box, click the Create Data button.
The Type of Data to create dialog box appears.
4.
Click the Fault button. The Create Data dialog box appears.
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5.
In the Create Data dialog box, click the Filename, mfd Name, #
of Fields button. The Create New Fault File - Select File Name
dialog box appears.
6.
Set the File name parameter to name the new FALT file.
7.
Set the MFD for new file value to specify the target MFD for
storing the FALT file.
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8.
9.
Click OK to close the Create New Fault File - Select File Name
dialog box.
10. In the Create Data dialog box, specify names and types for any
extended fields you indicated previously in the value for the
Number of fields in addition to x,y and segment id box. (In this
example, you digitize a simple new fault file, so you do not specify
any extended field names and types.)
11. Click OK to close the Create Data dialog box.
The Create Lines dialog box appears. You can begin to use the
cursor for digitizing.
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Use Mouse Button 1 (MB1) to select the points to define the fault
in the basemap. The digitizing line extends as you drag and click,
as shown in the following illustration.
Thenclick
End from the
Dragthe
&
dialog
Then choose END
from the dialog
12. When you finish drawing the fault, click End in the Create Line
dialog box to stop digitizing and create a centerline fault.
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The Smooth Line dialog box asks whether you want to smooth the
line. It is generally a good idea to use the smoothing function.
Creating Fault Polygons
To create a fault polygon, click the End and Close button. This joins the
beginning point to the last point you drew.
13. Click OK to close each dialog box. When you click OK to close
the final dialog box, the new FALT file is created.
14. Select File Info File Listing to see the new file added to the
list of files in the system window.
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Print a Picture
Use the File Print CGM option to display the Plot a Picture
dialog box. You can use this dialog box to save the current picture as a
.cgm file, which you can send to a plotter at any time. You can also use
the CGM option to print multiple copies of a picture.
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Click the Graphics File Name button. In the Input List dialog box
that appears, specify the ZGF that contains the picture you want to
print. The dialog box closes automatically.
2.
3.
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4.
You cannot change the values for Original Size of the picture, but
you can change the Offsets and size of the plotted image.
Red Outlines Tie Fields Together
As you move your cursor over the Plot Width, Plot Height, and Offset fields,
red boxes appear. Red boxes indicate a relationship exists between the values
of highlighted fields. For example, when you move over the Scale Factor field,
red boxes appear around Plot Width, Plot Height, and Scale Factor. This
indicates that if you change the value in any of these fields, the program
calculates the values for the related fields automatically.
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Select the plotter you want to use from the drop-down menu in the
Plotter Name field (if you have plotters set up through
OpenWorks).
6.
Set the dimensions for your printout in the Plot Width and Plot
Height fields.
7.
To save this file to disk and make printing future copies of this
picture easier, name the file and select the radio button beside
Create cgm disk file.
8.
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If your system is set up properly, you can click Queue Plotter to send
the picture directly to a plotter. Select a plotter from the list of options or
click Create a cgm disk file and specify a file name.
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Overlay Maps
You can compare two maps by merging one map into another. To
accomplish this task, you can use the Overlay Pictures option or
perform one of the following actions:
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1.
Check the status area to insure that the correct ZGF is attached.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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6.
7.
8.
Click Save to save the composite picture and close the OVERLAY
PICTURES dialog box.
9.
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Tabbed parameter
panels.
Ellipsis
produce
a popup
dialog to
choose
from.
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Now designate the file that contains the shape of the new
trendform grid. Click the selection button to the right of the Form
Grid (Shape) parameter. Highlight the name of your shape grid.
3.
If the form grid is associated with a fault file, select the name of
the fault file in the Form Grid Faults field.
4.
Follow the same procedure to select the input Control Point file.
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5.
Choose the Z field you wish to grid from the Z Field drop-down
list this list of Z-fields comes from the control point file you
designated in the previous step. Because this is a s single select
list, simply highlight the name of the Z-field. The name
automatically appears in the Z Field parameter. To change this
value, choose another field from the same drop-down list.
6.
Your data file may contain one or more data confidence fields.
Where multiple confidence fields exist, you must interactively
target which field you want to use.
Creating Confidence Fields
When you create a confidence field, always use positive numbers (including
zero) for confidence factors. You can apply a confidence factor to each of the
z-values in the data file.
Optional: Select the fault file associated with the control point
file.
8.
Specify the location for storing the new grid from the Output
Location list.
9.
10. Select a gridding method in the Algorithm field. The default value
is LEAST SQUARES.
You can apply the same logic used for ordinary gridding. For a
description of the algorithms, see the Modeling section in the
Z-MAP Plus Reference Guide or use the browser-based help
system.
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11. Enter the gridding bias. This parameter controls how closely the
output grid follows the form grid. The default is 50. The bias has
meaning only with respect to the units used for the x, y and z
coordinates in your data and your form grid. You probably need to
do some experimenting to determine the best value. Start with the
default, then iterate until you get what you would consider to be
the most accurate results. If you set this parameter to 0 (or the
form grid is flat), the program reverts to ordinary gridding
independent of the shape of the form grid.
12. If the file has multiple X or Y fields. you must indicate which
fields you want to use to create the grid. On the Other Outputs
and Controls tab, select the field name for both X and Y from the
drop-down menus in the Select From Multiple X and Y Fields
panel.
13. You can also choose to generate fault throw grids on the Other
Outputs and Controls tab. These additional files are
automatically generated when you enter a name in the field beside
each type of file. For a complete explanation of these files, see
Output When Performing Throw Gridding on page 133.
14. Click OK to execute Trendform Gridding.
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2.
3.
4.
5.
setting
Recommendations
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At the other extreme, results will suffer when too little data is used.
Do not expect good results when you use a complex form grid
together with a dataset that contains three wells.
A very fine row and column spacing in the form grid may be
required to impose an interpretation on closely spaced data.
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As you can see from the many types of parameters, this dialog
gives you a lot of control over seismic posting. For our purposes,
we are concentrating on the number of shotpoints to post. For
complete descriptions of all the parameters, see the Features
section in the Z-MAP Plus Reference Guide.
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2.
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3.
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5.
Click OK to post the shotpoint and line parameters you have set
up.
6.
Click Save to close the Post Seismic Data (New) dialog box.
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Appendix A. Glossary
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Digits 1-2: State code. Numbers 1-49 are alphabetical for states including the District of
Columbia. Alaska and Hawaii are 50 and 51 respectively.
Digits 3-5: County, parish, or offshore code.
Digits 6-10: Specific well code.
Digits 11-12: Codes for sidetracks, etc.
apparent dip
Any dip not measured at a right angle to the strike. It is always less than the true dip. Cross
sections, which cut a surface at any angle other than 90 degrees to the strike of the surface, will
reveal the apparent dip.
area of interest (AOI)
The area in a map's border specified in rectangular coordinates (x and y values). In
Z-MAP Plus, the AOI may also be defined in latitude and longitude. AOI is also used for
discussing grid limits since grids typically have the same spatial dimensions as the map they
are intended to produce.
array
An arrangement of elements in one or more dimensions. Contrast with scalar.
ASCII
American National Standard Code for Information Interchange. The standard code, using a
coded character set consisting of seven-bit coded characters (eight bits including parity
check), used for information interchange among data processing systems, data
communications systems, and associated equipment. The ASCII set consists of control
characters and graphic characters including some which are not represented on the keyboard
keys.
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back interpolation
An operation that is somewhat like the reverse of gridding in that Z-values can be interpolated
from a grid at irregularly spaced x,y locations. A local interpolation scheme is used to compute
the Z-value from grid values surrounding the x,y location and the resulting Z-value is added to
the data location to yield x,y,z for each of the input x,y points.
basemap
A map that shows the names and locations of map data, such as seismic lines, shotpoints, well,
culture, and other basic geographic data.
binary data
A way of encoding numeric data to make best use of the computational and storage facilities
of computers. Numeric data are converted into binary data as they are loaded into the
computer. Most numeric data are converted to binary data unless they are strictly for display
purposes on a map or other type of graphics. Then they would be retained in alphanumeric
form.
blanking
The operation of changing valid Z-values within a designated area into null values so that it
appears there are no data within the area. Data blanking nulls a specified field of all x,y,z data
points within an area. Grid blanking nulls all the grid values of a specified grid within an area.
border ticks
Short lines drawn perpendicular to map border and used to divide the border into distance
intervals. Longer ticks are used to indicate major intervals while shorter ticks are used to
subdivide major intervals. Major ticks are usually labeled with their respective coordinates.
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boundary
A line or closed curve that delineates one area from another. The line or curve is usually
represented by a series of x,y points at its vertices. Boundaries between private properties are
called property lines or lease lines.
boundary polygon
An enclosed multi-sided area that limits data processing, such as regridding, to either inside or
outside the marked area.
centered symbol
See symbol.
CGM
Acronym for Computer Graphics Metafile. CGM files are a standard way of storing graphics
information. You can use the File Print CGM option in the Z-MAP Plus window to
save pictures as CGM files. You can use CGM files in graphics applications outside of
Z-MAP Plus.
clipping
The operation of limiting or truncating data which is beyond specified limits. Grid clipping is
performed to truncate grid values that exceed or fall below specified thresholds; values above
or below the threshold are set to the threshold. Data clipping of Z-values is similar. Map
clipping cuts off all graphic information that would otherwise be drawn beyond a clipping
boundary, typically the map border.
closure
The property of a structure, which means it is enclosed by a closed contour. In a structural trap,
vertical closure is the vertical distance between the lowest contour that closes and the highest
point on the feature. Areal closure is the area contained within the lowest closing contour.
color index
A number assigned to a color in the Z-MAP Plus Color Table.
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concatenate
To link two or more datasets into a single dataset, generally so the data from one precedes the
data from the next in the combined dataset.
contour interval
The difference in value between two adjacent contour lines. Generally, the contour interval is
constant across a map; however, the interval may be decreased in flat areas or increased in
high-slope areas to maintain a fairly uniform density of contours across a map.
contour line
A line separating all points that are higher than the contour value from points of lower value.
Alternatively, the contour line is the locus of all points on the surface having the same value as
the contour value. Computer drawn contours are approximations of true contours. They are
produced by computing closely spaced points along the true contour and connecting them by
line segments.
control grid
An existing grid that is used to control how a grid is generated. In gridding, the most frequent
uses of control grids are to:
1) default the gridding control parameters for the new grid to match those of the control grid,
2) limit gridding to locations where the control grid is null, or
3) limit gridding to locations where the control grid is not null. Control grids also provide the
second and third functions during filtering.
control points
Known points on a surface that are used to control the interpretation of the surface. Control
points minimally contain x,y,z information, where x,y is the horizontal location of some
measured information represented by z such as depth or time values. Control point files can
also contain other Z values, textual descriptions about the data, symbol codes, and other types
of measured information. Control point files are used to store well data, seismic data, and other
types of data that are recorded at discrete locations. A typical control point file may be of the
form X, Y, symbol, API, top 1, top 2 where symbol denotes the symbol used to spot the well on
a basemap, API is a text string, and top 1 and top 2 are subsea elevations.
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conversion factors
Scale factors that are used to convert one set of units to another. The following is a table of
useful scale factors for mapping work.
Table 1: Units Conversion
Starting Units
Scale Factor
Converted Units
meters
39.37
inches
meters
3.280833
feet
feet
0.3048006
meters
kilometers
0.6213699
statute miles
statute miles
1.609347
kilometers
nautical miles
6076.103
feet
nautical miles
1.851999
kilometers
square feet
2.295684E-5
acres
square miles
640
acres
square miles
2.589998
sq. kilometers
hectare
2.471
acres
square kilometers
100
hectares
cubic feet
7.4805
U.S. gallons
cubic feet
2.295684E-5
acre feet
cubic feet
5.61
barrels
barrels
0.15899
cubic meters
barrels
42
U.S. gallons
acre feet
7758
barrels
acre feet
1233.5
cubic meters
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culture data
The term used to refer to man-made map data such as roads, property lines, cities, pipelines,
etc. It sometimes includes geographic land grids.
cursor
A movable marker used to indicate a position on the display screen.
curvature
The rate of change in the slope of a surface. The curvature at any grid location can be
estimated using a finite difference formula which relates the grid value to 12 symmetrically
surrounding grid values. The total squared curvature is the sum of the squared curvature at all
grid locations.
curve identification
The names used to designate log curve types. These names are usually the same as those
commonly used to identify log curves.
data field
A portion of a data record that is allocated to store numeric or textual data. Data fields are
qualified by the type of information in the field, the position of the field within the data record,
the range of values for information stored in the field, and the null value for the data in the
field. The position of a specific data field must be the same for all records in a dataset.
data record
The grouping of all data fields for each independent item (control point, vertex, fault trace
point, etc.) in a specified order. The format (contents and order) of the data record is defined
by the specifications for each data field in the record.
data reduction
The process of removing unnecessary or redundant data from the dataset.
dataset
A collection of data records. Typical mapping datasets include x,y,z control point data, grids,
polygons, profiles, fault traces, and map text.
datum (datum level)
A reference from which other measurements are made, such as an elevation, typically sea
level, used as a reference for determining elevations in a dataset.
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decimation
A controlled deletion of data entities or posted attributes. For example, the Post Seismic Data
(New) process under Add Features, Post Data/Grids allows for decimation of shotpoints,
shotpoint labels, and Z-Attribute labels. Seismic lines can be selectively eliminated from 3D
seismic surveys.
default value
An automatically assigned value. Default values are appropriate for many standard mapping
tasks. Static default values are the same from session to session. Dynamic default values
depend on other parameter values, processing steps, process results, or combinations of these
elements.
detach
To remove an attached MFD or ZGF from the Z-MAP Plus session, thereby making its data
inaccessible.
digitize
The process of converting maps or graphs into datasets for use in mapping and modeling tasks.
To digitize contours, for example, a map is taped on a digitizer and registered, then each curve
is manually followed using a special stylus or a cross hair device. The path followed by the
stylus is automatically converted into a string of x,y locations. Additional information is
entered from the keyboard, such as Z values or text.
display area
The part of the window used for displaying the picture.
dual grid operations
Mathematical operations (such as addition or multiplication), which you can perform on two
grids in the Calculator utility to produce a new grid.
dynamic
Occurring at the time of execution.
editor
A Z-MAP Plus task used to edit data or text.
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engineering units
The units in which the source data were measured, such as feet, meters, miles, seconds, etc., as
opposed to plotter units or other special units used by a computer program.
extrapolate
A mathematical procedure to estimate surface values in areas beyond the spatial limits of the
data. How the data are extrapolated is dependent on the specific algorithm chosen to model the
data.
extension
The part of a file name that follows the last period, which the program uses to identify the file
type.
FALT file
The extension used within an MFD to identify data files that describe fault geometry.
fault
A displacement of rocks along a shear surface. The surface along which the displacement
occurs is the fault face or fault plane. The dip of the fault face is the angle it makes with the
horizontal. The fault throw is the vertical displacement of a surface across the fault face. The
heave is the horizontal separation of a surface across the fault. The trace of the fault is the
curve formed by the intersection of the fault face and the surface which is faulted. The fault
zone on any surface is the area enclosed by the fault trace. See merge operations.
fault data
A data file type, signified with the FALT extension, that graphically represents a fault.
filtering
A mathematical process to remove certain types of surface information from a gridded
surface. In many applications, filters are used to smooth a surface, which is equivalent to
removing rough character. Filters can also be designed to remove trends and leave the local
variation. In general, grid filters are implemented by convolving the grid with a set of weights.
flexing
A special type of grid filter that is used to remove unwarranted surface variation between data
locations while retaining a precise fit at the data locations. One type of grid flexing uses a
biharmonic filter to produce a grid that is smooth between data locations while honoring the
data.
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flexing pass
Grid flexing generally must be performed several times to achieve the desired smoothness and
accuracy. This term is used to indicate how many times the input grid has been flexed.
foreground
1) The part of the display area that is the character itself. 2) Evident on screen, e.g, foreground
processing. Contrast with background. See also interactive mode.
format
The way and order in which data are arranged within data records; or a Fortran control
statement telling the computer how data are arranged. The format precisely defines where
each field is positioned within the data record, the number of characters in the field, and the
type of information (integer, decimal, or text). The A, F, E and G formats are used most
frequently.
formatted dataset
A dataset that has been prepared for input into a specific application program. It is in
alphanumeric format; therefore, it can be displayed and edited at a computer terminal
independently of the mapping program.
GINCI
Represents the initial grid increment.
graphics file
A disk file that contains individual picture files. Also referred to as a ZGF (the graphics file
extension) and as a Z-MAP Graphics File.
grid
A set of surface values which are located at the intersections of grid lines which span a
rectangular area and which run parallel to the sides of the rectangle. The grid line spacing is
called the grid increment. Usually the increment is constant across the entire grid. The grid
line intersections are called grid nodes. The smallest areas enclosed by grid lines are called
grid cells. The surface values of a grid are called grid values. Since the grid covers a rectangle,
the grid limits are given by the coordinates of the lower left and upper right corners of the area.
gridding
The mathematical process used to estimate values at the grid nodes from control points,
digitized contours, shotpoints, etc. The result of gridding is a grid.
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hachured line
A line or curve such as a contour formed by drawing short and equally spaced line segments
perpendicular to the curve. The line segments are typically about 0.1 inch long and 0.5 inch
apart. Hachured contours are used to indicate the dip direction, closed low areas, elevated
areas, or steep slopes depending on the conventions established for the map.
hardcopy
A paper or other tangible media copy of a map or other types of graphic products as opposed
to an image of the map on a graphics screen.
header
Information that is inserted at the beginning of a dataset to identify the data and assist in
loading the data into the computer program.
horizon
The surface at the intersection of two different rock layers or a surface associated with a
seismic reflection when the reflector covers a large area.
inclination
The angle between a surface and the horizontal. See dip.
index map
A reference map, usually of a large scale, showing the location of another small-scale map. An
index map is frequently drawn in the margin of a small-scale map near the map title block.
interpolation
A mathematical process for estimating surface values at locations where the surface values are
not known. The estimates are made from known data, such as control point datasets. Grids are
produced by interpolating control points. The interpolation procedure employed to grid a
dataset should be selected to best fit the characteristics of the data and the specific application.
isochore
1) The vertical thickness of a rock unit.
2) A contour map of vertical thickness for a rock unit.
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isopach
1) The stratigraphic thickness of a rock unit (measured perpendicular to the top and base of a
unit). Isopach thickness is less than or equal to isochore thickness.
2) A contour map of stratigraphic thickness for a rock unit.
least squares fit
An approximation of a set of data such that the sum of the squared deviations between the
approximation and the data is minimized.
line of section
A map line indicating the location of a profile or cross section.
line resampling
1) Creates points at regular intervals along the lines in a dataset.
2) Through attribute propagation, finds the value for a given field of an intermediate point by
using the known values of the points on either side.
map projection
A mathematical procedure for mapping latitude and longitude grid lines on the surface of the
earth onto a plane surface such as a map which enables the systematic transformation of
spherical coordinates into planar coordinates and vice versa.
map scale
The ratio of the distance between any two points on the map to the distance between the same
two points on the earth. Map scales are expressed as 1:2000, 1:10000, an so on.
masking grid
See control grid.
master file
A disk file which contains a collection of datasets, often expressed as MFD. Master files are
used by Landmark geological mapping systems and often have the extension .MFD.
mean value
The average of all data values. Null values are not included in the mean.
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merge operations
A general class of dual grid operations which act to combine intersecting and sometimes
unrelated surfaces, such as unconformities, onlap, faults, etc. The hybrid surface resulting
from such a combination usually serves to define a geologically distinct body of rock. The
operations involved are MIN, MAX, CMIN, CMAX, MERGE LOW and MERGE HIGH. See
the Operations section in the Z-MAP Plus Reference Manual to determine which operation
best fits the specific circumstances.
missing value
See null value and ZNON.
mis-tie
The difference of values at identical points on intersecting seismic lines.
null area
The part of the gridded area in which valid grid values were not computed, generally because
of insufficient data.
null value
A special number that is encoded in the place of Z-values to indicate that the Z-values are
missing or unknown. The null value must be different than any possible Z-value which it
replaces. Typical null values are 999, 9999, 1.0E+30, etc. Null values are used to indicate
areas where grid values cannot be determined and when Z-values in a control point dataset are
missing. Landmark geological products call the null value ZNON.
overlay
The process of taking a set of graphics, such as contours, and superimposing them onto
another set, such as a basemap.
picture
A generic term for a map, cross section, or other type of display that can be produced by a
mapping system. A picture is a named collection of graphic features. It can be recalled by its
name, displayed and edited.
plotter units
Units of distance used to specify plotting locations as opposed to actual data units. Most
plotters manufactured in the United States use inches, while most foreign plotters use
centimeters. The plotter units are given relative to the lower left corner of the picture and
include space for map margins.
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polygon
A closed planar figure with three or more sides. Polygons are used to specify property
ownership boundaries, areas where special grid operations such as grid blanking are to be
performed, the horizontal limits for volume calculations, and other map data.
posting data
Placing data on a map on its correct geographic position. In some programs, posting data is
referred to as spotting data.
process window
A computer terminal screen display which is used to list process control parameters and their
current values or processing options. The Z-MAP Plus process window is known as the
system window.
refinement passes
Recalculation passes on a grid which have the effect of smoothing contours. The calculation
interval becomes smaller and smaller with an increasing number of passes and the processing
time increases.
residual
The small scale regional variation of a surface. The residual is used to locate important surface
detail that might be obscured by large scale surface trends. See trend analysis.
scalar
A quantity characterized by a single number.
scaling factor
A multiplicative factor used to change the values of a specific curve.
scratch file
A disk file that is automatically attached to each Z-MAP Plus session. All intermediate files
created during the session are stored on the scratch file and deleted when you terminate the
session, unless you specify otherwise.
search radius
The radius of the data collection circle that is constructed around each grid node during
gridding. The circle defines the area from which data can be collected to be used to interpolate
the grid value. Data outside the circle are not used to interpolate the grid value.
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x-coordinate
1) The horizontal (left-right or east-west) component of a rectangular cartesian coordinate
system used in mapping. The x coordinate increases to the right or the east. 2) The first
component of a 3-dimensional rectangular system.
x-field
A portion of a data record that is allocated to store the x coordinate. See data field.
y-coordinate
1) The vertical (up-down or north-south) component of a 2-dimensional rectangular cartesian
coordinate system. The y coordinate increases to the north. 2) The second component of a
3-dimensional rectangular system.
y-field
A portion of a data record that is allocated to store the y coordinate. See data field.
Z-field
A portion of a data record that is allocated to store a Z-value. See data field.
ZGF
Z-MAP Graphics File. See graphics file
ZNON
Null value. See null value.
zoom
The process of displaying a small area of a picture so that small features are visible. See
window and unwindow one level.
Z-value
1) The third component of a 3-dimensional coordinate system of x,y,z points.
2) A measured or computed value for a surface at a corresponding x,y location. Z value is used
to refer to grid values or the numeric data components in control point datasets. Measured or
computed values of elevation, thickness, porosity, pressure, and seismic time are typical Z
values.
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Appendix B:
Using Color in the ZGF Picture Viewer
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241
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Sliders appear if a
color is selected.
To identify a colors index value, add the row and column numbers for
the color cell (the numbers at the left and top):
To identify a color index
number, add the row
and column number. In
this example, the cursor
is pointing to color
index number 57.
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Color Modes
The Edit Color Table dialog box has two modes for identifying and
editing colors:
RGB (Red-Green-Blue)
HLS (Hue-Lightness-Saturation)
You can use either or both systems to edit a maximum of 256 different
colors to display in pictures. Since both methods can yield the same
colors, the system you choose is a matter of personal choice.
RGB Color Mode
The RGB color system defines colors by mixing varying percentages of
the primary colors: red, green, and blue. Red, for example, is produced
by mixing 100 percent red with zero percent green and blue.
The following table shows the percentages of red, green, and blue that
create some common colors. These numbers are useful to know if you
mix colors. (See Editing Colors on page 246.)
RGB System
Color
Red
Blue
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Green
Blue
100
Magenta
100
100
Red
100
Orange
100
50
Yellow
100
100
Green
100
Cyan
100
100
Gray
50
50
50
Black
White
100
100
100
Appendix B: Using Color in the ZGF Picture Viewer: Using the Color Editor
243
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The following table shows the levels of hue, lightness, and saturation
that create some common colors. This information is useful for editing
colors. (See Editing Colors on page 246.)
HLS System
Color
Hue
Blue
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Lightness
Saturation
0 or 360
50
100
Magenta
60
50
100
Red
120
50
100
Orange
150
50
100
Yellow
180
50
100
Green
240
50
100
Cyan
300
50
100
Gray
--
50
Black
--
--
White
--
100
--
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Editing Colors
To edit the colors assigned to specific color indexes, follow these steps:
1.
If the Edit Color Table dialog box is not already displayed, display
it by selecting Edit Edit Colors in the ZGF Picture Viewer
window.
2.
Select the Edit option in the Edit Color Table dialog box, if it is
not already selected.
3.
4.
In the Color Table palette, click the color cell of the color index
you want to edit. The Status field at the top of the Edit Color Table
dialog box reports the color number. The dialog box also displays
the selected color and slider bars that show the percentage of RGB
or HLS for the color.
Color index
Selected color
Slider bars indicating
the percentages of
RGB (or HLS) for the
selected color.
5.
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Copying Colors
Use the Copy option to copy a color from one index to another index in
the current color table.
1.
If the Edit Color Table dialog box is not already displayed, display
it by selecting Edit Edit Colors in the ZGF Picture Viewer
window.
2.
Select the Copy option in the Edit Color Table dialog box.
The Prompt field instructs you: Identify the first color.
3.
Click the source cellthe color cell that contains the color you
want to copy.
The Status field reports the selected color index value, and the
Prompt field instructs you to select the second color.
Status and
Prompt fields
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4.
Click the target color cellthe color cell to which you want to
copy the color.
The color is copied to the target index immediately. The Status
field reports the numbers of the source and target color indexes.
Any map features that are assigned the target color index appear in
the new color.
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Yellowish Blue
Bluish Yellow
Yellow
Red
14
29
43
57
71
86
100
Green
14
29
43
57
71
86
100
Blue
100
86
71
57
43
29
14
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Red 120
Yellow 180
Blue 0 or 360
Green 240
Cyan 300
Magenta
Red
Yellow
Hue
26
51
77
103
129
154
180
Lightness
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
Saturation
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
You can also set an intermediate color between blue and yellow
and interpolate twice to force the interpolation to progress in a
clockwise direction, producing a gradation from:
blue cyan green yellow
If the Edit Color Table dialog box is not already displayed, display
it by selecting Edit Edit Colors in the ZGF Picture Viewer
window.
2.
Select the Interpolate option in the Edit Color Table dialog box.
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3.
4.
5.
Select the Interpolate option in the Edit Color Table dialog box.
The Status field reads Interpolate from.
6.
Click the color cell at the start of the range, then click the color cell
at the end of the range.
The Edit Color Table dialog box interpolates and displays the
gradations of color between the selected indexes.
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If the Edit Color Table dialog box is not already open, display it by
selecting Edit Edit Colors in the ZGF Picture Viewer window.
2.
Select the Read option in the Edit Color Table dialog box. The
Color Table File To Read From dialog box appears.
3.
4.
To display all the color tables in the Color Table Files list, click
the Filter button. (Color table files have the extension TBL or tbl.)
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5.
Select a color table from the Color Table Files list and click OK.
The colors defined by the retrieved color table are applied
automatically to the current picture. You can edit the color table
and save changes to it by using the Write option, as described in
the next topic.
If the Edit Color Table dialog box is not already displayed, display
it by selecting Edit Edit Colors in the ZGF Picture Viewer
window.
2.
Select the Write option in the Edit Color Table dialog box. The
Color Table File To Write To dialog box appears. The program
searches for files that have a .tbl or .TBL extension.
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3.
4.
5.
Click OK.
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Overview
The operating system you use to run Z-MAP Plus enables the
application to manage processes and files. Occasionally, you need to
use an xterm window to execute commands that facilitate the smooth
operation of Z-MAP Plus. Here are a few common commands used in
Unix and Linux.
cd change directory
rm remove files
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cat Command
Definition
You can use the cat (concatenate files) command to append one file
onto the end of another file or to display a files contents. This
command is useful for displaying the contents of data files before you
import them into Z-MAP Plus. Use it to check for irregularities or
mistakes in the .DAT files.
Usage
cat File1 [File2 > File3]
1.
To append one file onto the end of another, then to save it to a new
file name, enter a command like the following one:
cat LowerBalmei UpperBalmei > Balmei
0.57560E+07
1.0000
0.62906E+06
0.57561E+07
1.0000
0.62782E+06
0.57564E+07
1.0000 ...
Warnings
MFDs and ZGFs are binary, so you cannot use the cat command to
view their component files. To view the contents of MFDs and ZGFs in
Z-MAP Plus, use the File Info File Listing option (for an MFD)
or the File Info File/Picture Information option (for a ZGF).
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cd Command
Definition
The cd (change directory) command enables you to navigate through
your directory structure. The cd command is also known as current
directory because as you use cd to navigate the directory structure you
are also changing the present working directory. Use this command to
maneuver to the directory closest to the files you want to work with.
Usage
cd DirectoryPath|..
1.
2.
To reverse back through the directory structure, you can use the
double dot (..) command in place of a directory name. For
example, to move from the /home/ajax2/new directory to the
/home/ajax2 directory, enter:
/home/ajax2/new> cd ..
The prompt now reads:
/home/ajax2>
Related Commands
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chmod Command
Definition
You can use the chmod (change mode) command to set file and
directory access permissions. You can set read (r), write (w), or execute
(x) permissions for three classes of users: user (u), group (g), or other
(o). System administrators determine who is in your group. Other
represents all other users in the network.
Usage
chmod [([u|g|o][(+|-) r|w|x]...)|###]
Filename|DirectoryName
You can specify permissions in either of these ways:
Alphabetically
Numerically
To take away write permissions from all classes of users on the file
named TestFile, enter:
chmod -w TestFile
2.
To add write permissions for all classes of users for TestFile, enter:
chmod +w TestFile
Notice that - or + symbols do not affect permissions of the others
class of user unless specified.
3.
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For more detail about the output from the ls command, see page 262.
Numerical Permissions Flags
An alternative method to set permissions uses numerical values in
specific positions to determine who gets read, write, and execute
permissions. The following example gives read, write and execute
permissions to everyone.
User Permissions
Group Permissions
Others Permissions
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User
Group
Others
Read
Write
Execute
1.
2.
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cp Command
Definition
Use the cp command to copy or rename files. You can copy a file to
another directory or add a file copy to the the files original location.
Usage
cp Filename1 Filename2
2.
Notice this path ends with a directory name and the / symbol. In
this case, a copy of the file PressureTests is added to the Tests
directory and the name remains the same.
3.
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df Command
Definition
Use the df (disk file) command to display the amount of available and
occupied disk space in a mounted file system.
Usage
df -kl
The k flag instructs the command to print space in kilobytes. The l flag
reports on local file systems only, as opposed to the entire network.
1.
To see how much space is left on your local disk space, enter:
df -kl
KBytes
Used
/dev/dsk/c0t3d0s0
1240727
449146
Avail
729545
Capacity
Mounted on
39%
/proc
0%
/proc
fd
0%
/dev/fd
/dev/dsk/c0t2d0s6
3002924
1552720
1149912
58%
/export/home/spl2
/dev/dsk/c0t2d0s7
3002924
1301287
1401345
49%
/export/home/
/export/home/splin
3002924
1552720
1149912
58%
/home/
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ls Command
Definition
Use the ls command to list the files that are contained in a directory.
You can use many flags with the ls command, but this discussion
describes only the -l (long list) flag.
Usage
ls [-l]
1.
Creator
Group
File Size
File Name
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mkdir Command
Definition
Use the mkdir command to create an empty directory.
Usage
mkdir NewDirectoryName | /AbsolutePath/NewDirectoryName
1.
2.
Related Commands
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more Command
Definition
Use the more command to view the contents of a file. Use the spacebar
to advance through the text of the file.
Usage
more FileName
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pwd Command
Definition
Use the pwd command to keep track of your location in the system
directory structure by displaying the fully qualified name of the present
working directory. The present working directory is the directory in
which you are located and from which you issue commands to the
system.
Usage
pwd
This command prints the full path of the present working directory to
the monitor. For example, pwd from a home directory displays the
following text string:
/home/splinter1/judyt/test
Related Commands
cd Change the directory (page 257)
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rm Command
Definition
Use the rm command to delete files or empty directories.
Usage
rm [-r ] Filename|DirectoryName
1.
2.
Warning!
Once you have used the rm command, you cannot undo it! The files are
gone unless you have access to a backup tape or you created a copy of
the file before you deleted it.
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Location
Purpose
LASPARM.ZCL
project
directory
LASPARM.ZCL2
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POSMEM4_0
project
directory
MappingLauncher.da
t
home
directory
TEMPMACRO.ZCL
project
directory
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Log Files
Log records for the Z-MAP Plus xterm window are stored in .zlog files
in the project directory. Each application and utility you start from the
Z-MAP Plus Command Menu creates a separate .zlog file. Check the
.zlog files for errors and other messages.
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pset.zlog
Pointset Builder
zmapplus.zlog
hardcopy.zlog
zcl.zlog
MappingLauncher.zlog
zgfviewer.zlog
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Appendix E.
Applications and Utilities Menu Options
When you start Z-MAP Plus, the Z-MAP Plus Command Menu
appears, as shown in the following example.
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Applications Menu
The Applications menu gives you access to software applications in the
Z-MAP Plus suite:
Application
Description
Z-MAP Plus
PowerView
ZCL
ZGF Picture Viewer Viewer for maps created in Z-MAP Plus. Documentation on
ZGF Picture Viewer starts on page 182.
3D Viewer
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Utilities Menu
Use the Utilities menu options to set up or enhance your environment
for working in Z-MAP Plus applications.
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Utility
Purpose
Pointset Builder
Flowlines/Orthogonal
Contouring
Overpost Resolution
(New)
Source Priority
Hardcopy
Hardcopy Batch
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System Menu
The Systems menu contains a single option: Unix Window. Use the
Unix Window option to display an xterm window, which you can use to
determine which directory you used to start Z-MAP Plus or
OpenWorks. This directory is known as the working directory or
project directory. You can also use the xterm window to execute system
commands.
Help Menu
Use the Help menu options to display the online guides, release notes,
and HTML-based help.
The Z-MAP Plus Command Menu remains open until you select
Applications Exit to close it.
Importance of Exiting Properly
Always close applications by using the File Exit option. If you close application
windows by using the X-Windows Close option, serious problems can occur.
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Index
Z-MAP Plus User Guide
Numerics
2D seismic
determine best grid increment 114
gridding suggestions 148
posting specified lines and points 220
3D seismic
determine best grid increment 114
gridding suggestions 148
posting specified lines/shot points 220
3D Viewer
brief description/menu option 270
A
ABSOLUTE scale type 76
adding
features to maps 84
item to list end (ordered selection dialog) 25
items to list by insertion (ordered selection) 26
algorithms
brief description of 90
least squares example 212
select with parameter 104
weighted average example 212
alias
briefly defined 225
start-up command 10
American Petroleum Institute: see API
annotating
annotation briefly defined 225
AOI
adjusted: overlaid pictures (ZGF Viewer) 186
briefly defined 226
changing (Resample Grid option) 194
changing for existing picture/map 191
create nodes outside of 117
defining manually 80
overlaid pictures: requirement for AOI 213
selecting for new basemap 73
set from existing source 79
set type 74
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AOI continued
setting with control grid 139
specifying AOI type for new map 75
API well number
briefly defined 226
apparent dip
briefly defined 226
Apply button described 31
arrow icons 27
ASCII
editing flat files 163
file format example 47
format groups for 49
importing data file 66
logical records/physical lines described 48
attaching
MFDs with icon/option 65
ZGF 37
attributes
Attribute key field briefly described 61
picture attributes: example of 40
AutoCAD
Convert ZGF to DXF menu option 271
B
back interpolation 100
background
changing color 158
Toggle Background Color icon 18
basemaps
creating new blank 73
defined 5
New Map Creation dialog box 73
bathymetric data
gridding w/ Line Gridding Plus 92
biharmonic filtering
described 119
binary files
editing 163
Index
273
Landmark
blanking
blanked (expanded) grids described 133
briefly defined 227
Boolean grids
described 93
borders
adding to map 84
offset surrounding map 77
boundaries
tolerances in data hull 145
buffers
editor buffers 170
buttons
additional buttons in tabbed dialog boxes 32
also see icons
common buttons described 31
C
Calculator
Calculator dialog box described 166
creating isopach map with 198
data operations 163
how to use 166
Cancel button described 31
CARM menu
illustrated 20
Cartesian coordinate system
using for new map AOI type 75
cat Unix command 256
cd Unix command 257
cells
grid cells described 89
centerline faults
in Point Gridding Plus 70
centerline grids
creating in Point Gridding Plus 71
CGMs
briefly defined 228
creating 188-190
printing pictures 209
chmod Unix command 258
clipping
briefly defined 228
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color ranges
displaying colors for (ZGF Viewer) 245
interpolating (HLS mode: ZGF Viewer) 250
interpolating (RGB mode: ZGF Viewer) 249
color tables
Color Table icon 155
copying colors between cells 247-248
default color table file 252
displaying index colors (ZGF Viewer) 245
editing (ZGF Picture Viewer) 241-254
editing colors 154-158
effect: overlaying pictures (ZGF Viewer) 186
HLS color mode (ZGF Picture Viewer) 244
index defined 241
interpolating colors (ZGF Viewer) 250-251
loading 252
overview of 154
resetting palette to current colors 245
RGB color mode (ZGF Picture Viewer) 243
saving (ZGF Picture Viewer) 253
setting directory paths 46
setting directory paths to 65
colors
changing background color 158
Color Table/Indices/Toggle Background icons
18
editing feature color 155
editing in pictures 154-158
columns
grid columns described 89
combination filtering
described 121
compressing
MFDs 36
ZGFs 41
concave hulls
described 142
constant grids
gridding method described 93
contouring
creating maps 63
editing contour lines 172
files stored in OpenWorks 59
Flowlines/Ortogonal Contouring option 271
generating/viewing contours 85
gridding method briefly described 91
interval/lines briefly defined 229
Index
274
Landmark
D
data
Calculator operations 166
collection circle: search radius 109
collection circle: setting points required 118
displaying wells on map 85
eliminating extrapolation/edge effects 141
fault profile 134
field management utilities 52
gridding beyond data edge 117
importing ASCII file 66
maintain consistent range 79
management 51-52
search radius: clustered 110
search radius: evenly distributed 111
R2003.12.0
data continued
set smoothing for seismic 116
setting grid increments for data types 114
viewing fields in a file 52
data access modes
standalone/OpenWorks 3
data collection circle 97
data files
editing 163
renaming fields in 164
setting directory paths 65
viewing fields in data files 160
data hull 141-145
extrapolation distance parameter 144
radius 143
data reduction
briefly defined 231
Data Set Name key field
briefly described 60
datasets
link with common fields in OpenWorks 58
datum (datum level)
briefly defined 231
defaults
map offsets 81
Point Gridding Plus parameters 146
search radius 109
to calculate node values 97
X and Y expand 117
deleting
Delete button described 31
files 51
internal files 57
item from list (ordered selection dialog) 26
detaching
ZGF 37
detail
to grid geologic 107
deviated well display 85
df (Unix) command 261
dialog boxes
closing without executing process 23
common features 27
Directory Paths 46
Edit Color Table (ZGF Picture Viewer) 242
editing text in 29
File Listing 160
Load ZGF (ZGF Picture Viewer) 184
Overlay Picture (ZGF Viewer) 186-187
Index
275
Landmark
R2003.12.0
E
edge effects
eliminating with data hulls 141
Edit Color Table dialog box 155
ZGF Picture Viewer 242
Edit menu
illustrated 20
editing
AOI of existing picture/grid 191
ASCII files 163
binary (MFD) files 163
buffers 170
color table (ZGF Picture Viewer) 241-254
colors in color table 154-158
data files in an MFD 163
field in data file 163
fields of data 164
files created during editing 181
picture/grid with regrid 169
elevation corrections 166
engineering units
briefly defined 233
errors
in list dialog selections 24
exiting
warning not to use X Windows Close option 13
Z-MAP Plus 12, 85
expanded fault grids
creating in Point Gridding Plus 125-136
expanded faults
grid/file described 133
extensions for external files 56
external files
introduction to 34
related to a project 56
summary table 56
table of extensions 56
extrapolation distance 117
parameter summary 146
with data hulls 144
Index
276
Landmark
F
FALT files
briefly defined 233
fields described 125
fault filled grid 134
fault filled grids
creating in Point Gridding Plus 125-136
faults
adding values for new extra fields 207
centerline (in Point Gridding Plus) 70
create 204
defined in Z-MAP 127
digitizing new segment 207
gridding normal 125-136
gridding reverse 126
gridding w/ Line Gridding Plus 92
non-opaque barriers 71
opaque 127
opaque barrier 71
setting grid increment for 108
stored in OpenWorks 59
features
adding to map 84
contouring 85
deviated wells 85
editing color 155
elements of a graphics 41
overlaying 213
seismic lines 85
shot points 85
smoothing high frequency 93
XYZ data points 85
fields
changing values with Calculator 166
creating/copying/editing/merging 163
example of 47
listing fields in data files 160
management utilities 52
naming limits in MFD 36
renaming 164-166
File Manager option/icon
briefly described 51
File menu
Exit option 85
illustrated 20
File: Info menu
File Listing option 160
R2003.12.0
files
.LCK 36
.zlog type 268
appending with cat command 256
changing permissions in Unix 258
compressing 51
control grid as input to Point Gridding Plus 140
copy files: Unix command 260
copying 51
deleting 51
expanded fault 133
extensions for external 56
fault profile data 134
File Listing option 52
format group example 50
input formats 47-50
list directory files command (Unix) 262
listing information about 160
managing project 56
naming limits in MFD 36
remove (rm) command: Unix 266
renaming 51
saving to OpenWorks 61
show contents command (more): Unix 264
table of MFD types 35
Unix naming conventions 36
filtering 93
biharmonic flexing described 119
briefly defined 233
combination filtering described 121
cut off value 124
Flexing gridding described 93
how template used in filtering 123
Laplacian filtering described 120
more parameters that control 118-124
steps 101
templates and weights illustrated 121
final grid increment 114
setting 104
flexing
see filtering
Flowlines/Orthogonal Contouring option (Utilities)
briefly described 271
format files
example 50
setting directory paths 46, 65
Index
277
Landmark
format groups
described 49
formats
example of ASCII data file format 47
Full Display icon 18
G
geologic constraints 91
GeoName key field
briefly described 60
GeoType key field
briefly described 60
GINCf
default setting: equation for calculating 107
setting final grid increment 104
GINCi 99
calculation described 95
grid increments
calculating default GINCf setting 107
setting GINCf 108
setting to retain detail 107
setting with faults 108
grid nodes
described 89
gridding
Boolean grid described 93
collection circle: used in grid creation 97
computational steps 94-101
constant grids described 93
contour method briefly described 91
expediting gridding time 142
filter steps 101
Flexing gridding described 93
increment settings compared 113
Line Gridding method 92
Line Gridding Plus method 92
multiple surfaces with control grids 137
normal faults 125-136
number of refinements 112-115
opaque barriers 127
overview 87
pinnacle reef 120
Point Gridding method 91
Point Gridding Plus method 90
polynomial grids described 93
post processing: honoring data/smoothing 99
rate of change 101
reverse faults 126
set search radius 109
R2003.12.0
gridding continued
setting final grid increment 104
setting the search radius 111
suggestions for non-default gridding 148
terms illustrated 89
throw gridding described 132
Trend Fit Gridding method described 92
trend form grids 216
Trend Surface Gridding described 92
Trendform Gridding method 91
user-defined filter grids briefly described 93
using data hulls 141
using Point Gridding Plus 67
grids
add ZNONs 138
calculating node values 98
changing AOI of 191
creating grids 63
creating with default values 67
effect of search radius 109
expanded fault grid 133
fault filled 134
fault profile data 134
importance of refinements 112
imposing geologic constraints on 91
in OpenWorks 59
increment: calculating initial 95
initializing nodes 95
refinements illustrated 100
selecting control grid (Point Gridding Plus) 69
smoothing 116
smoothing modulus 101
trend form grids 216
weighted average function 101
H
hachured lines
briefly defined 235
hardcopy
brief description of Hardcopy/Hardcopy Batch
271
heaves
field (FALT file) 125
illustrated diagram 131
help
displaying browser-based help 12
Help button described 31
Help menu illustrated 20
high frequency noise reduction 116
Index
278
Landmark
HLS mode
Edit Color Table dialog (ZGF Viewer) 244
HOR files 201
horizons
briefly defined 235
I
icons
arrow 27
Attach MFDs 65
Attach ZGFs 37
color indices 154
Color Table 155
File Manager 51
Master File Directory 34
Measure Distance (ZGF Picture Viewer) 184
Minimize, Maximize (X Windows) 13
overview of main window icons 18
Picture Open 34
Point Gridding Plus 67
Point Zoom (ZGF Picture Viewer) 183
Rectangular Zoom (ZGF Picture Viewer) 183
Redraw (ZGF Picture Viewer) 184
Stop (ZGF Picture Viewer) 184
Toggle Background Color 158
Unzoom (ZGF Picture Viewer) 184
workflow icons overview 19
ZGF Picture Viewer icons 183
Zoom Out (ZGF Picture Viewer) 184
importing
ASCII data file 66
using data format group 49
increments
calculating default GINCf setting 107
calculating initial grid 99
grid increment described 89
setting final 99
index maps
adding 84
briefly defined 235
indexes
color index defined 241
displaying assigned colors (ZGF Viewer) 245
initial grid increment 114
described 95
initial grid nodes
how values calculated 97
initializing
grid nodes 95
R2003.12.0
K
key fields 58
OpenWorks key fields briefly described 60
L
labels
adding (northing/easting, latitude/longitude) 84
Laplacian filtering
described 120
LASPRM.ZCL
located in project directory 53
saving settings to 31
Unix file briefly described 267
LASPRM.ZCL2 file
Unix file briefly described 267
latitude
using to define new map AOI 75
LATLONGPROJECTED AOI type
special notes 80
specifying for new map 75
launcher.dat file
required entry for Z-MAP Plus 7
LCK file 36
least squares
map example 212
least squares fit
briefly defined 236
Line Gridding 92
Line Gridding Plus
described 92
Index
279
Landmark
lines
displaying 2D/3D lines 85
editing 172
editing color (ZGF Picture Viewer) 241-254
posting specified 220
lines of section
briefly defined 236
list (ls) Unix command 262
list dialog boxes 24
lists
adding item to end (ordered selection dialog) 25
creating in ordered selection dialog box 25
deleting item (ordered selection dialog) 26
inserting item (ordered selection dialog) 26
loading
color tables 252
ZGF (ZGF Picture Viewer) 184
logical records
described 48
longitude
using to define new map AOI 75
M
macros
reference guide 86
setting directory paths 46
Macros menu
illustrated 20
magnetic data
gridding w/ Line Gridding Plus 92
main menu options
overview of 20
make directory (mkdir) command: Unix 263
Map View (StratWorks) 203
MappingLauncher.dat file
described 267
maps
adding features to 84
automatically displaying 159
changing background color 158
creating new basemap 73
display coordinates 152
display seismic information 85
distinction from basemaps 5
editing colors 154-158
features: color (ZGF Picture Viewer) 241-254
in ZGFs 72
loading in ZGF Picture Viewer 184-185
R2003.12.0
maps continued
make a grid-based map 5
making a basemap 5
marginalia 77
Measure Distance icon (ZGF Viewer) 184
measure distances on 153
naming new 74
New Map Creation dialog box 73
offsets 77
overlaying features (ZGF Viewer) 186-187
overlaying maps 212
Overpost Resolution option described 271
rotating to print 211
saving to OpenWorks 61
set AOI type 74
set scale type 74
viewing contours 85
viewing x,y location (ZGF Viewer) 184
MAPTOGROUND scale type 76
marginalia 77
Master File Directory icon/option
briefly described 34
Master File Directory: see MFDs
maximizing
windows 13
Measure Distance icon (ZGF Viewer) 184
menu option dialog boxes 22
menus
drop-down described 27
overview of 20
symbols described 16
merge operations
briefly defined 237
merging
maps/pictures 212
methods, gridding algorithms 90
MFDs
access permissions 36
attaching with icon/option 65
briefly defined 236
compressing 36
create a new 38
deleting 39
editing binary data files 163
file and field naming limits 36
file types 35
introduction to 34
not stored in OpenWorks 203
overview 35
scratch MFD described 36
Index
280
Landmark
MFDs continued
setting directory paths 46, 65
view files within 52
minimizing
windows 13
mis-ties
briefly defined 237
modeling
see gridding
Modeling menu
illustrated 20
more command: Unix 264
multiple list dialog boxes 24
N
New Map Creation dialog box 73
nodes
creating during grid initialization 95
grid nodes described 89
how values calculated for initial grid node 97
initial values assigned in gridding 95
initializing beyond data perimeter 117
setting points required for initialization 118
value calculation process 98
non-opaque fault barriers 71
north arrows
adding 84
northing/easting
using for new map AOI type 75
nulls
blanking briefly defined 227
briefly defined 237
ZNON value 49
O
offsets 77
default values 81
set up 80, 81
oil-water contact grid (Boolean) 93
OK button described 31
opaque faults 71, 127
R2003.12.0
OpenWorks
links tables with key fields 58
MFDs not stored 203
moving data in and out of 58-62
running Z-MAP Plus from 64
selecting input files from 60
starting Z-MAP Plus from 7
Operations menu
illustrated 20
ordered selection dialog box: described 25
overlaying
maps/pictures 212
picture features 213
picture features (ZGF Viewer) 186-187
Overpost Resolution option (Utilities)
briefly described 271
P
Pan icon 18
parameters
session/LASPRM.ZCL files 53
summary of gridding settings 146
physical lines, described 48
Picture Open icon
briefly described 34
pictures
adding features to 84
as project files 56
automatically displaying 159
briefly defined 237
changing background color 158
display seismic information 85
display wells 85
editing 172
editing colors in 154-158
editing/regridding 169
in ZGFs 72
loading in ZGF Picture Viewer 184-185
naming new 74
New Map Creation dialog box 73
offsets 77
overlaying 212
overlaying features 213
overlaying features (ZGF Viewer) 186-187
printing 209
Index
281
Landmark
pictures continued
saving to OpenWorks 61
set AOI type 74
set scale type 74
viewing contour map 85
viewing x,y location (ZGF Viewer) 184
pinnacle reef trend model 120
Plot a Picture dialog box 209
plots
calculating plot width and height 78
plotters
determining image size 77
Hardcopy/Hardcopy Batch menu options 271
plotter units briefly defined 237
Point Gridding 91
Point Gridding Plus
basic gridding steps listed 67
building grids with default values 63
extrapolation distance 117
gridding method described 90
input a control grid 140
using the defaults 67-72
workflow 102-116
Point Mode option
Options menu (ZGF Viewer) 184
Point Zoom icon (ZGF Picture Viewer) 183
points
displaying on map 85
Pointset Builder option (Utilities)
briefly described 271
pointsets
in OpenWorks 59
polygons
blanking fault 134
briefly defined 238
Create Polygon option (Edit/Create dialog) 177
editing color (ZGF Picture Viewer) 241-254
graphic component example 40
polynomial grids
described 93
posting
2D seismic 220
specific seismic lines or shots 220
primitives
example of 40
R2003.12.0
printing
creating CGMs (ZGF Viewer) 188-190
determining image size 77
pictures 209
rotated map 211
summary of dialog options 211
procedure
creating contour maps 63
list of most common 151
Process Interrupt icon 18
project
checking working directory in xterm 12
organization tips 53
two organization models 55
project directories
described 53, 54
project directory
finding from Z-MAP 54
projected map
LATLONGPROJECTED AOI type 80
projections
specifying AOI to store projection data 75
pwd command: Unix 265
R
radius for concave data hull 143
Raise System Window icon 18
records
example of 47
logical records described 48
Rectangular Zoom icon (ZGF Viewer) 183
Re-display icon 18
Re-display option
disabling automatic redisplay 159
Redo Last Feature icon 18
Redraw icon (ZGF Picture Viewer) 184
refinements
grid refinement illustrated 100
guidelines for setting parameter 115
parameter summary 146
refining
importance of grid refinements 112
regridding
as you edit 176
how to regrid 169
Index
282
Landmark
S
saving
color table (ZGF Picture Viewer) 253
pictures as CGMs (ZGF Viewer) 188-190
Save button described 31
settings to default session file 31
scale
adjusted for overlays (ZGF Viewer) 186
parameters summary table 83
set type 74
setting type for new basemap 73
types described 76
use a ratio 76
scale bars
adding 84
scratch MFD/file
described 36
scroll bars 30
search radius 109-111
effect of 109
parameter summary 146
setting: hints 110
using with control grid to set AOI 139
Seg ID field (FALT file) 125
seismic
set smoothing for 116
R2003.12.0
seismic data
gridding w/ Line Gridding Plus 92
posting lines/shot points 220
smoothing seismic data 116
SeisWorks integration 201
Select Point mode
showing x,y location (ZGF Viewer) 184
selecting
all characters by triple-clicking 29
appearance of selected item in reverse color 24
session files
setting directory paths 65
sessions
attaching MFDs to 36
parameter/LASPRM.ZCL files 53
Save Session As/Open options 54
saving settings to default session file 31
settings saved 23
shot points
briefly defined for mapping purposes 239
displaying 85
posting specified 220
single list dialog box 24
smoothing
controlling with weighting 117
in the filter process 101
range of values explained 116
reduce high frequency features 93
smoothness modulus 116, 146
Source Priority option (Utilities)
briefly described 271
standalone mode
data accessible in standalone mode 3
for running Z-MAP Plus 64
starting
MappingLauncher.dat file described 267
troubleshooting Z-MAP Plus startup 10
ZGF Picture Viewer 183
Z-MAP Plus 7, 64
Z-MAP Plus from Command Menu 10
Z-MAP Plus from OpenWorks 7
status area
attached MFDs listed 37
for new basemap 84
information in 193
stopping
Process Interrupt icon 18
Stop icon (ZGF Picture Viewer) 184
StratWorks integration 203
Index
283
Landmark
T
tabbed dialog boxes
example 21
tables
in OpenWorks 58
link with key fields in OpenWorks 58
tbl files
default color tables 252
loading color table files 252
templates
how template used in filtering 123
TEMPMACRO.ZCL 267
text
editing color (ZGF Picture Viewer) 241-254
throw
illustrated diagram 131
throw values field (FALT file) 125
title blocks
adding 84
Toggle Background Color icon 18
Tools menu
illustrated 20
R2003.12.0
trend analysis
briefly defined 239
trend form grids
creating 216
trend surface maps
briefly defined 239
trends
extrapolated by biharmonic filtering 119
pinnacle reef model 120
preserved by initial grid increment 95
Trend Fit Gridding described 92
Trend Surface Gridding described 92
Trendform Gridding 91
triple-click 29
triple-clicking
to clear contents 29
troubleshooting
.zlog files with error messages 268
effect of overlaying pictures: color 186
eliminating edge effects w/ data hulls 141
expediting gridding time 142
grid increments for data orientations 114
gridding suggestions 148
hints on grid increment settings 107
improving performance (deleting LASPARM)
267
Point Gridding Plus settings 146
problems from improper exit 85
starting Z-MAP Plus 10
using control grid to set project AOI 139
using gridding default values 94
warning about X Windows Close option 13
Type key field
OpenWorks Type field briefly described 61
Index
284
Landmark
U
Undo Last Feature icon 18
units of measure
conversion table 230
units of measure (English or Metric) 76
UNITSPERINCH scale type 76
Unix
cat command 256
cd command 257
chmod command 258
cp Unix command 260
df command 261
displaying an xterm window 272
file name conventions 36
file naming conventions 56
ls command 262
mkdir command 263
more command 264
pwd command 265
rm command 266
X Windows shell described 13
unlock parameters button 23
Unzoom icon (ZGF Picture Viewer) 184
utilities
reference guide 86
V
vertical separation 131
View menu
illustrated 20
viewing
contours 85
W
weighted average
function in grid filtering process 101
map example 212
wells
determine correct grid increment 114
display deviated 85
displaying on map 85
gridding suggestions 148
R2003.12.0
Window icon 18
windows
closing without executing process 23
Z-MAP Plus xterm/main/system 14
workflow icons 19
working directory 53
checking in xterm window 12
described 46
X
x (easting) values
required for gridding 47
X expand 117
X Windows
warning about Close option 13
X Windows Manger
described 13
x, y location
viewing w/ Select Point (in ZGF picture) 184
x-coordinates
briefly defined 240
displaying on map 152
x-inc 89, 114, 139
x-maximum 79
x-minimum 79
x-term window
introduction to 14
xterm windows
used to start Z-MAP Plus 54
zlog files 268
XY AOI type
specifying for new map 75
XYPROJECTED AOI type
specifying for new map 75
Y
y (northing) values
required for gridding 47
Y expand 117
y-coordinates
briefly defined 240
displaying on map 152
y-inc 89, 114, 139
y-maximum 79
y-minimum 79
Index
285
Landmark
Z
ZCL
brief description/menu option 270
LASPRM.ZCL session file 23
macro reference guide 86
z-field values
required for gridding 47
z-fields
selecting a field to grid 70
ZGF Picture Viewer 182-190
color table: editing 241-254
color: working with 241-254
copying color table colors 247-248
creating pictures as CGM files 188-190
displaying color assigned to index 245
Edit Color Table dialog box 242, 246
icons 183
interpolating colors 250-251
loading a ZGF 184-185
loading color tables 252
overlaying picture features 186-187
saving color tables 253
Select Point mode 184
starting 183
ZGFs
attaching/detaching 37
brief overview of Picture Viewer 270
Convert ZGF to DXF menu option 271
create new 43
delete 44
heirarchical structure 41
import to other Landmark applications 43
introduction to 34
loading in ZGF Picture Viewer 184-185
maintenance and compression 41
Open/Close 72
overview 40
setting directory paths 46, 65
view files within 52
viewing x,y location in pictures 184
zlog files 268
R2003.12.0
269-272
starting Z-MAP Plus 10
Z-MAP Plus window
described 14
zmapplus_default.tbl file
location of default color table 252
ZNONs
adding during grid creation 118
blanking briefly defined 227
briefly defined 240
defined 49
used by control grid 138
zooming
briefly defined 240
icons in ZGF Picture Viewer 183
Zoom In/Out/Window icons 18
z-values
briefly defined 240
Index
286
Landmark
R2003.12.0
Index
287
Landmark
R2003.12.0
Index
288