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Lesson

All living organism's characteristic by Feeding, transport, respiration,

Excretion, motion, sensation, reproduction etc.
The structure of the living organism body:A living organism body is consists of a set (group) of systems.
Human Body Systems
- The System - Its Function
1
The digestive system
- Digests and absorbs food.
2
The respiratory system
- Carry out the process of breathing.
3
The circulatory system
- transport the digested food and
oxygen all over the body cells.
4
The urinary system
- help the body to get rid of harmful
substances.
5
The nervous system
- To feel, hear, see, smell, and taste.
6
The reproductive system
- Make us give birth for new
individuals who will look like us.
- The human body consist of :-

Which each cell has its own function and its the building unit of the livi
ng
organisms .

Unit one

The digestive system

1
Cells Tissue
s
Organs Systems
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Science

Living organism

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Digestive system
Digestive canal
(mouth pharynx esophagus stomach
small intestine large intestine )
Digestive canal associated
(Accessory glands)
Liver
Pancreas
Salivary glands
The human Digestive System
- The digestion Process:-Changing the food from a complex form into a simple one to let the bod
y
Get benefited.
The digestive System Structure:1- Digestive system in a human made up of a set of organs.
2- There are a long pipe knows as the digestive canal with length of 9
-10 m
this canal starts with the mouth and ends in the anus.
3- There are three types of glands are connected with this canal:
A- The salivary glands.
B- The liver gland.
C- The pancreas gland.

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The digestive canal consists of:(1) Mouth
The mouth is a cavity consists of:A- Teeth:-

- The teeth number in an adult are 32.

- Each jaw has 16 teeth.
- Each jaw divided into
(4 incisors, 2 canines and 10 molars).
- Incisors and canines cut and tear food into small pieces.
- Molars grind the food to be easy to swallow.
B- Tongue:- move the food inside the mouth cavity and mixes it up with sali
va to
help in swallowing and tasting the food.
C- Salivary glands:- They are three pairs of glands secrete a liquid known as the sal
iva.
- The saliva contains digestive substances called enzymes.
- The enzymes (saliva) digest starches, and change it into simple
substance
Called (sugar).
Give reasons:(1)After chewing a piece of bread in the mouth, we feel a sweetly taste.
(2)Digestion of food is started at the mouth.
Because mouth have saliva which converts
(3)Food should be chewed well in the mouth.
To be easy to swallow.
To convert (change) starch into simple
(2) Pharynx
Is a common cavity leads to the esophagus
Its function:- It permits food to pass from the mouth

starch into sugar.

sugar by saliva.
and trachea.
to the esophagus.

(3) Esophagus
It's a muscular tube connecting to the stomach.
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Its function:It allows food to pass from the pharynx to the stomach.
(4) Stomach
A muscular sac mix Food up by juices.
Digest protein partially by gastric juice
Then the food travels to the small intestine.
(5) Small intestine
Its length is about (7 meters)
It coils inside the abdominal cavity.
It starts with a part known as
Duodenum where the bile juice
(Secreted by liver) and pancreatic juice
(Produced by pancreas is poured in.
Duodenum is followed by a part of
The small intestine known as ileum.

What is the function of the small intestine?

To complete food digestion.
Absorption process:- Is the transfer the food from small intestine to blood.
Bile Juice Function
Experiment Observation Conclusion
1) Put some drops of food
oil into some water in
Test tube.

Oil separated from water

Bile juice
breaks down oil
into small
particles which
dissolves in
water.
2) Add some drops of bile
juice to the test tube and
Shake it well.
Oil and water are mixed
together to form emulsion.
Small intestine
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Bile juice:
- Helps to digest fats where it changes fats into soluble substance.
(6) Large Intestine
Starts from the end of small intestine
And end by anus.
The anus is located at the end of
The rectum.
The wastes are get outside the body
Through the anus.
It stores the indigested food till get outside the body through
Anus .
Rectum:- Absorbs water from the indigested food.
- How to keep the digestive system healthy?
1- Chew the food well.
2- Dont eat much food that contains large fats such as fast meals.
3- Dont eat food contain additive compounds.
4- Dont eat from street peddlers.
The Gland Its place
Its
secretions

Place of
secretion
Function
Salivary
glands
In the mouth Saliva mouth
Digest starch to sugar
The liver
Right side of
the abdomen
Bile juice
Small
intestine
Digests fats and oils
The
pancreas
Left side of
abdomen below
the stomach
Pancreatic
juice
Small
intestine
Complete food digestion
Rectum
Anus
Anus
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Dictionary
Word Meaning Word Meaning
Nervous system
Digestive system
Circulatory system
Respiratory system
Living organism
Structure
Function
/
Get ride of
System
Organ
Tissue
Building unit
Digestion process
Break down
Complicated food
Benefit
Digestive canal
Digestive canal
associated
Accessory gland
Liver
Pancreas
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine )
Large intestine
Anus
Types
Consist of
Main parts
Absorb
Jaw
Incisor
Canine
Molars
Tear
Grind
Swallow
Saliva
Easy
Enzyme

Salivary gland
(

Convert (change)
Chewed
Starch
Muscular tube
Muscular sac
Gastric juice
Abdominal cavity
Duodenum
Bile juice
Ileum
Fats
Mixed
Soluble substance
Pancreatic juice
Keep
Healthy
Fast meals

Additive compound

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Lesson

The respiration Process:It is the process in where the air rich in oxygen enters the lungs and
the air rich
in carbon dioxide released( comes out) from the lungs.
- What is the importance of respiration process ?
1) Give us energy to do vital activities (Example , Motion etc.
2) Take oxygen gas and get rid of harmful products (Carbon dioxide and
water
vapour.)
The structure of respiratory system:-

- The respiratory system consists of:-

(1) Nose
Mucous layer:- Moist the air before entering t
he lungs.
Hair:- Filter air from dust and microbes .
Blood capillaries:- Warm the air before entering
the lungs.
Lesson 2
The respiratory system
2
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(2) Pharynx
A common cavity leads to the esophagus and trachea.
Its function:Allows air to pass from the nose to the larynx.
(3) Trachea
Trachea is a tube

Larynx
Trachea

- supported with cartilaginous rings that make

it permanently open (Open all the time)
- Lined with cilia to eject up the strange objects.
Two bronchi
At the top of trachea are the larynx (voice box) and epiglottis which
Closes off the opening trachea during swallowing, this dont allo
w food
To enter the trachea.
At the bottom of the trachea branches
into two narrow tubes called bronchi enter the lungs.
(4) Lungs
Bronchus is divided into bronchioles
Inside each lung ending in alveoli.
The lungs contain the air sacs that
Called Alveoli.
The alveoli are surrounded by
Networks of capillaries in where gas
Exchange occurs.
The two lungs in the chest cavity and they
Surrounded by the ribs.
Diaphragm separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.
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Give reasons:(1) The alveoli surrounded by a network of blood capillaries.
To allow gas exchange between the air sacs and the blood.
1Activity: -

(To show times of respiration ) :

experiment Observation Conclusion

1)Find how many times of
respiration of students
during a minute by
Using a stop watch in each
of the following cases :
A- While sitting.
B- While walking.
C- During running.
2) Record how many times
they respire per a minute
in each case.
The motion of chest :1) Decrease during sitting.
2) Increase during walking.
3) More increasing during
running.

When we make
more active,
our respiration
times increases.
Activity:-

( To show the mechanism of respiration ) :

Experiment observation
1- Cut off the bottom of a plastic bottle and
replace it by a piece of rubber.
2- Close the opening of the bottle by stopper
made of rubber or cork through which a
plastic tube is passed and a small balloon is
fixed at its end inside the bottle.
3- Pull the
wards.
The inner
expands
4- Let the
The inner
shrinks.

rubber sheet membrane down

balloon
rubber sheet to be free.
balloon

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Mechanism of respiration
During inhalation During exhalation

1- The diaphragm muscle contracts

and moves down.
2- Chest cavity volume increase.
3- Air rich with oxygen enter lung
through the nasal passage.

1- The diaphragm muscle relaxes

and moves up.
2- Chest cavity volume decrease.
3- Air rich with carbon dioxide and
water vapour moves outside the
lungs through the nasal passage.
Exchange of gases
Exchange of gases occurs between the air existed in alveoli and the blood
flows in the capillaries .
The blood leaves carbon dioxide and carries the oxygen and distributes i
t all
over the body cells.
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Components of exhaled air
Activity:( To detect carbon dioxide in exhaled air ) :
Experiment observation Conclusion
1- Put some clear lime water
in a test tube.
2- Blow by your mouth
exhaled air through a tube.
The clear lime
water
becomes
milky.
The exhaled air contains
carbon dioxide gas.
Activity:-

( To detect water vapor in exhaled air ) :

Experiment observation Conclusion

Bring a mirror or a
glass sheet and place it
in front of your mouth
then exhale on its
surface.
Water droplets are
formed on the glass
sheet
Exhaled air contains water
vapour.
How to keep The respiratory system healthy?
1- Dont being in crowded places .
2- Smoking destroys the respiratory system.
3- Keeping off the severe cold.
4- Breathe by nose not by mouth.
5- Having fruits rich in vitamin (C) such as oranges, guava to protec
t us
from diseases.

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Dictionary
Word Meaning Word Meaning
Respiration process
Rich in
Lungs
Importance
Vital activities
Harmful products
Nasal cavity
Trachea
Bronchus
Alveoli Or Air sac
Diaphragm
Chest cavity

Abdominal cavity
Exist
Moisten
Hair
Filter
Dust and microbes
Blood capillary
Warm
Larynx
Cilia )
(
Eject up
Strange object
Voice box
Epiglottis
Gas exchange
Ribs
Separate
Contract
Relax
Expand
Shrink
Inhalation
Exhalation
Enlarge
A muscle
Lime water
Crowded places
Smoking
Sever cold
Disease

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-

Lesson

The Cell: - "It is the building unit of the living organism"

"The unit of structure in the living organisms"
Cells can be seen only by a microscope not by the naked eye.
So, we have plant cell and animal cell
Plant cell: - The building unit in the plant.
Animal cell: - The building unit in the animal.
1- The plant cell
- We use compound microscope to examine the plant cell (G.R)
Because the plant cell very tiny so we can t see by naked eye
- Examining the plant cell
1- Remove the thin membrane from the inner base of the onion leave
2- Put the epidermal layer on a clean slide then put a drop of water (G.R)
to prevent the formation of air bubbles
3- Examine the slide under the microscope you get this
Figure.
-Important Note

-The plant body is made of systems (Shoot system and root system) .
- These system are made of organs as (roots, stem and leaves) .
2- The animal Cell
- Examine the animal cell.
When we examine a prepared slide of the membrane of the
man s cheek under microscope we get the opposite figure.
Living organisms classified into
Animals Plants
The Cell
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Comparison between the animal and the plant cells
plasma membrane
Plasma memebrane
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
`
Nucleus
Cell wall
Green plasties
(Chloroplast)
Similarities between the plant and the animal cells
The organelle Description
In plant
cell
In
animal
cell
1- The nucleus
It organisne the process
and make cell divsion
( ) ( )
2- Cytoplasm
Its the fluid that all
operation occurs in it .
( ) ( )
3- Plasma
membrane
Surrounds the cytoplasm
and control the substnce
that enter or leave the
cell .
( ) ( )
Differences between the plant and the animal cells
The organelle Description
In animal

Nucleus

cell
In pant
cell
1- Cell Wall
Support the plant cell and
give it a definite shape
( ) ( )
2- Green Plastids
It make food by
photosynthesis process
( ) ( )
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Give reson :- plant cell has a definit shape .
Because it has a cell wall .
The structural order of the living organisms

The
on.
The
The
The

tissue :- A group of cells which has the same shape, structure and functi
organ :- A group of different tissues which work togetther.
system:- A group of different organs which work together.
human body :- A group of different system which work together

- Unicellular Organisms:- They has the ability to do the all the biological function .
" They cannot be seen by the naked eye such as bacteria and yeast "
- Yeast fungus :- It is a unicellular living organisms that made up of nucleus ,
cytoplasm and a wall (Give reason ) .
Because it has the ability to do all its biological functions .
- Economic importance of the yeast fungus:- Used in industries of: 1- Making bread.
2- Making alcohol.
Vacuole
Nucleus
Cell wall

Cytoplasm

(Structure of yeast fungus)

Cells Tissue
s
Organs Systems Living organism
Unicellular organisms
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- Lesson
- Human and animals depends on plants to get their food to get the requir
ed
energy for surfival .

- Plants absorb light energy from the sun , water and salts from the so
il , and
carbon dioxide from the air This is called " photosynthesis process "
So we conclude from this that

- Plant needs :- 1- Chloroplasts

( The green coloure ) 2- Light energy

3- Water and salts

4-Carbon dioxide
To make their own food.
So ,
Photosynthesis process :- Its the process which the plants make their own food .
Producer organisms :- Are the living organisms that can make their own food by them
selves through photosynthesis .
For example,
- Green plants algae types of bacteria
The importance of sunlight to living organisms
4
How plants make their own food ?
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Give reason:- Plants are called autotrophic living organisms?
Because, it make their own food by photosynthesis process.
Activity (1)
- To test the presence of starch in the green leaves .
Procedure:1- Get a plant leave after exposing to sun for several hours.
2- Put the plant leave in a boiling water (G.R) to kill the cell.
3- Put the plant leave in alcohol (G.R) to remove the green coloure.
4- Wash the leave with water and add iodine solution to test the presence
of starch.
Observation :- The leaves turn into blue.
Conclusion :- Plants make starch through the photosynthesis process .
Activity (2)
- To prove the importance of sunlight for green plants .
Producer:1- Get two potted plant and cove one of them by a paper sack with a
hole to air comes in .
2- Leave the two flower pots for two days and watering them .
Observation:- The covered plant becomes yellowish and weak this is due to the
absence of sun light.
Conclusion:- Light energy is necessary for plants to make their own food .
- Activity (3) :- To prove that oxygen released from photosynthesis
process.
Procedure:1- Bring water tank contain dissolved sodium bicarbonate.
2- Bring an aquatic plant (elodea) with a funnel on it.
3- Expose the apparatus to sunlight for a few hours.
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- Gas bubble evolved and gas collected above the test tube When we tes
t
it with a splint it glows more so, its oxygen.
Conclusion:- Oxygen is released during the process of photosynthesis.
1- Consumers: -

- They are the living organisms depending on producers to get their

food directly or directly.
Examples:- Cows, sheep and chicken
they feed on producers.
- Lions, snake, and hawk
they feed on consumers that
feds on producers.

2- Decomposers:- They are living organisms

dont have chloroplasts are
- Decomposer get their food
as dead bodies.
Examples of decomposers :1- Some types of bacteria.
2- Some fungi such as bread

cannot make their food by themselves they

not existed in their cells.
through decomposing the organic wastes such

fungus.

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Types of living things according to
their feeding
Importance of decomposers :1- Help us to get rid of dead living organisms and the plant remains.
2- Increase the soil fertility.
3- Used in a lot of industries.
Example:Oxygen
Sunlight
Water and minerals
Sugars and starches

Carbon dioxide

Green plants
Producers
- Green plants
Consumers
- Animals
Decomposers
- Some fungi
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Lesson

- The animals are classified according the way of feeding into :1- Producer 2- Consumer
3- Decomposer
1- Producers: - They are the living organisms that can make their own foo
d by
Photosynthesis process Examples, Green plant , Gree
n algae
2- Consumers: - They are the living organisms that feeds on producers or
Consumer
Examples, Animals and Human
3- Decomposer: - They are the living organisms that feeds by decomposing
the
Dead organisms
Examples, Bacteria and yeast f
ungus.
Food chain :- It is the path of energy that transmit in the form of
food living
organism to another one .
Food web :- Its a group of food chain represent the flow of energy
through

living organisms .
- Food chain start with producer and end with Decomposer .
- In photosynthesis process :- The solar energy changes into chemical
energy .

Energy paths through

Living organisms
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Lesson

The force :
- It is an effect that changes the state of the object.
Force measuring unit :
- Newton. Related the scientist " Isaac Newton "
- There are two state of object :1- Rest state
2- Motion state
Examples:
1- Motion of a car toy and its rest.

2- Motion of a bicycle and its rest.

3- pulling of the rope game.

4- Balloon and rocket.

5- Moving of heavy objects and their rising.

[

What is the effect of force on an object ?

Force causes the motion of objects and their rising.
The motion of the car and hand pushing force.
its stopping needs hand stopping force
The motion of the bicycle need leg pushing force
and its stopping needs an brakes stopping force .
Balloon moves upwards by the effect of air pushing force .
Ancient Egyptians depending on the effect of force in transferring
heavy stones from south of Egypt (Aswan) to Giza and rising of
them for building pyramids although there were no modern
technology as these days.
Force and its effect
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Lever:- Is a simple method that rise an object by the effect of force .
Pulleys:- That makes the motion easy.
Gears:- That transfers the motion.
Technological applications
For example :1- Car , Crane , Trains , pulleys , Mixer and electric fan .

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Lesson

Energy :- Its the ability to do work

Forms of energy :1- Potential energy .
6- Chemical energy
2- Kinetic energy .
7- Heat energy .
3- Sound energy .
4- Light energy .
5- Electric energy
Equipment Used
Energy
Produced
Energy
Equipment Used
Energy
Produced
Energy
Electric
fan
Electric Kinetic Electric motor Electric Kinetic
Electric
lamp
Electric Light Violin Kinetic Sound
Electric
heater
Electric Heat Solar cell Light Electric
Radio Electric Sound Solar heater Light Heat
Dynamo Kinetic Electric Battery (Dry
cell )
Chemical Electric
When you
stretch the
spring of
toy car
Kinetic Potential When you let
the string of
toy car
Potential Kinetic
When you
rubbing

you hand
Kinetic Heat Photosynthesis
Lens in the
sun
Light Heat

Light Chemical

Forms of energy and

Their changes
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Lesson (3)
Sun

- Is the main source of energy on earth.

Importance of solar energy:1- It provides us by heat to warm our bodies.

(Solar heater changes solar energy into heat energy that is used
for
Warming and heating of water).
2- It provides us by light for vision and working.
(Plants need light energy to make photosynthesis process and it
s own
Food).
3- It is the Main source of generating wind helping us in getting of
Electricity.
a- Sun generate winds which moves wind miles to
Get electric energy.
b- Solar cell changes light energy into electric
Energy directly.
4- It helps in the formation of fuel to produce
Heat energy.
indmills)

(W

a- Sun is the main reason in the formation of petroleum and coal.

Sources of energy
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Such as

Such as

1- Renewable resources of energy

They are the sources that continually renew themselves :
It is used in rotating windmills for generating electricity.

The rotation of the moon ebb and tide which is used to generated
Electric energy.

Falling the water from the water fall generate energy that moves tu
rbine
For getting electric energy.
Sources of energy
Renewable Non- Renewable
Wind
Rising
and ebb
tides
Water
falls
Coal Petroleum Natural
gas
1- Wind
2- Rising and ebb tides
3- Water falls energy
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2- Non - renewable resources of energy
They are the sources that dont renew themselves like :
1- Coal.
2- Petroleum.
3- Natural gas.
Machines and non- renewable resources of energy :
- A lot of machines and means of transport depends on the non- renew

able
Resources of energy:1- Cars that work by benzene or natural gas.
2- Aero planes that work by benzene.
3- Irrigation machine that work by kerosene.

- Natural gas is the cleanest forms of energy that help in decreasing

The air pollution.
N.B
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Lesson (4)
The electricity
Static electricity:
It is the formation of electric charge that remain on an object (doesn't
Flow in wires).
Some phenomena related to static electricity such as :
(lightning): the vision of light in the sky.
Standing of your hair when you combing it by a plastic comb.
Hearing a sound when you putting off your clothes in some days or vis
ion
a flash .

- Is formation of electric charges (static electricity ).

The reason of
These phenomena
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Balloon and generation of electricity :

Blow a balloon and tie its opening by a thread.

Rub the balloon by the piece of wool.

Close the balloon to sugar.

Observation and explanation :
- On rubbing a balloon by a piece of wool ,electric charges are form
ed on its
surface and attract sugar to them.
Small bits of paper and the charged ruler :

Close the ruler to the small bits of paper.

Notice the movement of the bits of paper.
Rub the ruler by your hair several times.
Close the ruler to the small bits of paper.
Observation and explanation:
- Before rubbing the ruler there no electric charge on the ruler, whi
le after
The rubbing electric charges are formed on ruler that attracted
the small
Bits of paper to them.
Static electricity generation
Activity (1)
Activity (2)
Rubbing of objects generates static electricity
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Current electricity :
It is the electric charges that follow through connecting wires.
Formation of an electric circuit:
- Set up an electric circuit as shown in the figure

1- The battery: It is the source of electric current.

2- The switch: It is used to close and open the electric circuit.
3- The wires: They are used to transfer electric current from battery t
o
lamp.
4- The electric circuit: It is the path of electric current.
Current electricity