: Geological Map 3 Introduction To DATE : 23rd Feb 2016

True & Apparent Dip And Thickness

Of Bed
LEVEL OF OPENNESS
: Level 0
CLASS
: EC110 4J
NO.
NAME
STUDENT NO.
SIGNATURE REMARK
1.
Nurin Adlina Binti Mohd Roslan
2014686014
ASSESSMENT OF THE LAB ACTIVITIES
NO. ELEMENT TO ASSESS
STUDENT
1
INDIVIDUAL IN-LAB ACTIVITIES
1
PUNCTUALITIY
2
DISCIPLINE
(DRESS
CODE,SAFETY
SHOES,SAFETY
REGULATIONS)
3
KNOWLEDGE ON OPEN ENDED LABORATORY
GROUP IN-LAB ACTIVITIES
4
LEADERSHIP SKILL
5
COMMUNICATION
6
ORGANISATION/TEAMWORK
LAB REPORT
7
INTRODUCTION
8
BASIC CONCEPTS
9
SUMMARY OF PROCEDURES/ METHODS
10
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
11
DISCUSSION OF RESULT
12
CONCLUSION
LAB
NO.

: 7

LECTURERS
SIGNATURE:

LAB
TITLE

REMARKS:

UiTM Pahang
Faculty
ofREPORT
Civil MUST BE SUBMITTED 1 WEEK AFTER THE COMPLETION OF THE LAB.
THE
Engineering
ECS 253 - GEOLOGY

1.0 TITLE
Geological Map 3 Introduction To True & Apparent Dip And Thickness Of Bed
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The traditional methods of conducting laboratory activities (assigned as Level 0) will not be
able to provide the avenue for students to enhance independent learning activities and
inculcate creativity and innovation. The traditional method is fully prescriptive where the
three elements namely problem, ways & means and answers are provided/ fully given to the
students. However, it is still necessary to be implemented as part of the whole laboratory
course activity especially to first and second year students. In this laboratory activity student
will be exposed to the technique of producing the cross section profile together with the strike
line and dip direction according to the given outcrop.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the test are:
i. To plot the cross section profile to determine the rock strata by referring to the geological
map given.
ii. To draw the dip and strike of the rock strata
iii. To calculate the vertical and true thickness of the rock strata

1.3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Dip & Strike
Dip is the angle between a horizontal plane and an inclined plane. Dip is always measured
perpendicular to strike. Dip angles range from 0 for a horizontal bed to 90 for a vertical
bed. Strike is the compass direction of line formed by the intersection of a horizontal plane
and it usually expressed relative to the north.

Figure 7.1: Strike and dip direction of rock strata

On Map 3, the contour 1100 m for the geological boundary D-E coincides with the 1000 m
structure contour for boundary C-D. Thus, along this strike direction, the top of bed D is 100
m higher than its bed. This is the thickness of the bed that would be penetrated by a borehole
drilled at point X.
Vertical thickness (VT) and True thickness (T)
Vertical thickness of inclined bed is greater than the True thickness, since the True thickness
is measured perpendicular to the geological boundaries. The angle in between T and VT is
equal to the angle of dip.
Cosine = T/VT
Thus, T = VT cosine
This mean the T of a bed is equal to the VT multiplied by cosine of the angle of dip.

Figure 7.2: Section showing the relationship between the vertical thickness (VT) and true
thickness (T) of a dipping bed

2.0 APPARATUS
i. Geological map 3 (Appendix 6a)
ii. Graph paper
iii. Colour pencil
iv. Ruler
v. Pencil
2.1 PROCEDURES
1. All the outcrop were coloured based on the shading code given (Appendix 6a & 4b).
2. The cross-section was plotted with the horizontal and vertical scales accordingly to the
scale of the geological map on a piece of graph paper. The vertical scale was exaggerated to
improve visibility of the profile.
3. A line was drawn to join the line of cross-section on the map, says Y - Z.
4. On the geological map, the strike line was drawn and the points of intersection was marked
accordingly between the lines with the contours respective to its heights. The intersection line
was named.
5. The points to the cross-section profile was transferred respective to the heights of the
contours.
6. The points were joined to form the profile of the ground elevation.
7. The geological map 3 was folded to form the Y Z cross section. The X mark which the
borehole position was located.
8. The borehole cross section on the profile of ground elevation was drawn. The vertical
thickness and true thickness of each rock bed was determined.

3.0 DATA ACQUISITION

Table 1.0 Data Profiling
Point
Y

Contour
From

To

Distance

750
800
900
1000
1100
1100
1000
900
800
700
700
800

800
900
1000
1100
1100
1000
900
800
700
700
800
850

(cm)
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.9
1.4
1.0
1.0
1.4
1.4
0.9
1.0

Distance (m)

Cumulative

489.792
489.792
448.976
448.976
775.504
571.424
408.160
408.160
571.424
571.424
367.344
408.16

Distance (m)
489.792
979.584
1428.560
1877.536
2653.040
3224.464
3632.624
4040.784
4612.208
5183.632
5550.976
5959.136

Table 1.1 Data for Dip and Strike Value

Point

Boundary

Contour

AB

800
800
1100
1000
1000
1000
1000
1100
1200
1100
1000
1000
1100
1100
1000
1000
1100
1100
1100
1000
900
900
1000
1000
900
800
700
700
800
900
600
600
700
800

CD
BC

CD
EF
DE
CD
DE
CD
DE
EF
DE
CD
DE
EF
DE
CD
BC
CD
DE
BC
CD
DE

Distance
(cm)
2.4

Distance (m)
979.584

Cumulative
Distance (m)
979.584

1.3

530.608

1510.192

1.2
1.2

489.792
489.792

1999.984
2489.776

1.3

530.608

3020.384

1.2

489.792

3510.176

1.05
1.25

428.568
510.200

3938.744
4448.944

2.45

999.992

5448.936

4.0 DISCUSSION
After this experiment, we have achieve the objectives which are to plot the cross
section profile to determine the rock strata by referring to the geological map given, to draw
the dip and strike of the rock strata and to calculate the vertical and true thickness of the rock
strata. Table 1.0 is the data profiling where the distance of contour to contour is measured in
cm then times with the scale 1cm=408.16m. While table 1.1 is the data for dip and strike
value.
The intersection of contour line and boundary line was joined to form lines parallel to
each other. Then the graph of contour against cumulative distance was plotted. From the map,
we can measure the borehole position and hence, the borehole can be drawn on the graph.
The thickness of the borehole is 1 cm thick, which was already fixed. From the graph also,
we can find the angle dip which is 45 o. Therefore, by doing this experiment, we can plot the
cross section profile to determine the rock strata by referring to the geological map given,
draw the dip and strike of the rock strata and calculate the vertical and true thickness of the
rock strata.
5.0 CONCLUSION
As for the conclusion, by doing this experiment, we can plot the cross section profile to
determine the rock strata by referring to the geological map given, draw the dip and strike of
the rock strata and calculate the vertical and true thickness of the rock strata.
6.0 REFERENCE
1. http://www.southalabama.edu/geography/allison/GY403/LABMAN_chapt7.pdf
2. http://web.ncf.ca/aa456/sand/trueApparent/index.html
3. http://monmouth.monmoodle.co.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=1153
4. http://es.ucsc.edu/~crowe/ES109/labs/strike-dip-handout.pdf