Grammar notes for

() . ( 1)
Pattern: -() although it is (only the likes of) . . .; at least, anyway;
even.
Here: It was the time when, short though it was, I stayed at Hwanum
Temple.
( 1)
Pattern: - wanting to; ready / prepared / willing to; intending to, going to.
Here: I was intending to translate a book . . .
() ( 1)
Pattern: NOUN -() is no different from a NOUN.
Here: Hwanum temple, no different from a rundown temple . . .
. ( 1)
Pattern: ... -() - . This pattern is similar in effect to the
pattern + NEGATIVE (or implied negative) meaning very; not a
little, to no small extent, quite, extremely, terribly.
Here: It couldnt have pleased me more.
( 1)
Pattern: -() in as much as, in so far as, since.
Here: First of all, in so far as traffic was inconvenient . . .
() ( 1)
Pattern: Naked infinitive () .
Here:. . . the temples influence had waned . . .
( 1)
Pattern: - [] . NOUN = NOUN the only
NOUN [as topic] . . . usually followed by a negative (as here).
Here: . . . the [only] face of the monk that one had to confront . . .
( 1)
Pattern: - is [only] to the extent that. . .; is to the point that. .
Here: . . . was only to the point of [=nothing more than] the head monk of
the temple . . .
. ( 1)
Pattern: - . The best part of it was the fact that . . .
Here: . . . the best part of it was that I could live a carefree life.
( 1)
Pattern: -()() although the Korean spelling somewhat obscures the
origin, this is a substantive in -() + instrumental ()(), and
means with (as, etc.) the doing or being; since (because of) the doing
or being. Note also - - be incredibly / unbelievably . . .
Here:. . . because there was none second to its beauty . . .
. ( 1)

Pattern: Postmodifier : (followed by the copula or particle ): the

calculation, conjecture, supposition; accounting (for); (judgement
based
on) appearances, to all appearances / indications, that one
might call . .
Here: It seemed like the dreamy temple had it all.
( 1)
Pattern: Here and there, everywhere, all over. Reduplication for distribution
effect. Cf. also , . . .
( 1)
Pattern: Naked infinitive () .
Here: . . . significantly out of the way . . .
. ( 1)
Pattern: Postmodifier : (followed by the copula or particle ): the
calculation, conjecture, supposition; accounting (for); (judgement
based
on) appearances, to all appearances / indications, that one
might call . .
Here: The temple seemed to be concealed by mountains on all four sides.
( 2)
Pattern: -()() . Although the Korean spelling somewhat obscures the
origin, this is a substantive in -() + instrumental ()() , and
means with (as, etc.) the doing or being; since (because of) the doing
or being.
Here: . . . going around the mountain bend . . .
() ( 2)
Pattern: - (cause) for, because, since, from, on account of..
Here:. . . because of the flower fragrance drifting up from all directions . . .
. ( 2)
Pattern: -() , -() is the (rather pathetic or
undesirable) situation / condition / circumstance of . . . .
Here:. . . it was a situation in which ones head would hurt and ones
breathing obstructed.
() ( 2)
Pattern: Naked infinitive -() . Here () .
Here: . . . because it was such a cold temple bereft of visitors, . . .
. ( 2)
Pattern: NOUN . is not in the manner of NOUN, is a style
different from NOUN, is in a different league from NOUN.
Here: . . . itss manner was different from that of a fancy temple.
( 2)
Pattern: quasi-particle NOUN -() meaning and, or, and/or.
Here: . . . weeds and dilapidated frescos . . .
, ( 2)

Pattern: postnoun (semi-literal) etc., and the like, and so on; the above
several.
Here:. . . the cracking mud walls, the creaking wooden floors, etc. . . .
( 2)
Pattern: quasi-particle NOUN -() meaning and, or, and/or.
Here:. . . devotees and students preparing for the bar exams . . .
( 2)
Pattern: Naked infinitive () .
Here:. . . come right up to the courtyard of the temple, and . . .
. ( 2)
Pattern: - - like to VERB. . . . enjoy VERB ing . . .
Here:. . . enjoyed meandering.
( 2)
Pattern: -() for -()[]
Here: . . . the closest village was Pyengok village, and . . .
( 2)
Pattern: -() as / with . . . also / even / either
Here:. . . Even with my fast walking pace . . .
. ( 2)
Pattern: -() for -() while, at the same time, (doing)
simultaneously.
Here:. . . live, tilling and cultivating the rice paddies and steppes.
, ( 2)
Pattern: substantive -() the act (or fact) of having / being.
Here: . . . a kind of anxiety and frustration from Seoul . . .
. ( 2)
Pattern: Negative preemphasis in - - . The addition of to - is
thought to add emphasis, insistence or a hint of frustration to the
long negation pattern in - .
Here:. . . I did not feel it even once when I was up in the mountains.
( 2)
Pattern: NOUN -() the moment you VERB. . . no sooner than one
VERBs, that . . . ; as soon as one . . .
Here:. . . the moment you open the door . . .
( 2)
Pattern: -()/() -()/-() + - not only ... but in
addition (on top of that).
Here:. . . not only was it possible to see flowers, (but in addition . . . )
. ( 2)
Pattern: ... -() - . Similar in effect to + NEGATIVE
implied negative) meaning very; not a little, to no small extent, quite,

(or

extremely, terribly. Note also - - : besides meaning gets to be or

becomes with adjectives, this can have the effect of a "get-passive" in
English or of middles or reflexives in languages which have these. The
implication is that the subject/agent is either (sometimes adversely)
affected by the action, and/or has no control over the action of the
verb.
Here: . . . seemed extremely distant.
( 2)
Pattern: - - similar to - if one does something over a period of
time [and then steps back to reflect on it]...; if you do something for
a
while, then... This pattern uses the transferentive followed by the
verb to
see in the conditional form ( -() ) does and then realizes (or
considers or looks back on the matter).
Here: . . . once one immerses ones body in natures scenery . . .
( 3)
Pattern: -() although it is (only the likes of) . . .; at least, anyway;
even.
Here: . . . even for one time . . .
( 3)
Pattern: Tsk-tsk pattern in plain base + - to think that...!, just imagine!,
can you believe it?!, whooda thunk that?!
Here: To think that there are still such Utopias left on this earth . . .
( 3)
Pattern: BASE + is like, is as (if). -() - it feels like, as if
maybe; think to oneself that . . .
Here:. . . it feels as if it is, after all, blessedly lucky for us.
, ( 3)
Pattern: -()= -()() if it (be said to be) be. . ., if it were
(the
case) that. . . More putative/hypothetical than -.
Here:. . . if it is the tiger of my dreams, the mythological tiger . . .
() ( 3)
Pattern: () ...- no matter how (much one might). . .
Here: Now matter how high or deep the mountain, or how miraculous the
mountain spirit, . . .
( 3)
Pattern: NOUN - - be nothing but, be only, merely, be nothing
more than. Note also + Negative not VERB at all, not VERB
in
the least.
Here: . . . it is not any different from any old hill . . .
( 3)
Pattern: Substandard - for - is like, is worth being, is worthy of
the name, is becoming to, is every bit a.
Here:. . . as is becoming any mountain. . .

() ( 3)
Pattern: Intentive -() -()[ ] : [shape is - after vowels and
the of L-dropping bases] with the thought in mind to do, with the
intention of doing, with the desire to do; ready (prepared, willing)
to
do. In colloquial Korean, this is often rendered
-() .
Here:. . . In order to achieve a mountain character . . .
. ( 3)
Pattern: adverbial - like, as from - in a . . . manner. Note also
-() equivalent to .
Here:. . . it had to be a mountain that is secretly hiding a savage beast.
. ( 3)
Pattern: prospective assertive -() will probably be/do.
Here: . . . it might be that I am the only one with this empty dream, I
thought to myself.
( 3)
Pattern: Conditional in - , -/() , more hypothetical than plain
-() .
Here: If my fantasy runs deep . . .
( 3)
Pattern: -() [lit.] granted that, even though it is or does [often
followed by a rhetorical question].
Here: Granted there are beasts larger than the tiger, . . .
() ( 3)
Pattern: BASE + is like, is as (if). Martin treats this as an abbreviation of
the pattern where is used as a post-modifier, i.e. -() ,
-() , - ; but in any case you should keep them distinct.
Here: . . . just like/ just as a spiritual mountain monk, I . . .
( 3)
Pattern: -()() (prospective modifier + noun + particle) to the
extent that will do/be (= -() () ); enough to do, as much
as
necessary for doing.
Here:. . . to the extent that I couldnt be satisfied with only a dream . . .
( 4)
Pattern: Delimiter () : going to the extreme/limit of; (including) even;
including (even the extreme case of); also (on top of
everything/everyone else); with all the rest.
Here: . . . including even faint candle-light . . .
( 4)
Pattern: - - gradually (comes in doing); comes up (along); starts (has
started) becoming / doing; has/had been doing.
Here: . . . the [sounds] approaching from the forest . . .

 ( 4)
Pattern: -() - post-modifier adjectival noun is sufficient (to do), is
well worth (doing); is at the point (of doing), has reached the stage
(when it can do).
Here:. . . sounds eerie enough to instill fear . . .
. ( 4)
Pattern: each other. Nice example of + .
Here: . . . the call for and answer each other.
( 4)
Pattern: Naked infinitive () .
Here: The mountain beasts come out of the forest, and . . .
. ( 4)
Pattern: () . Postnoun from beyond, over, the other side (of
something tall / high); over = more than, in excess of; beyond.
Here: . . . cross over the walls and frolic in the empty field.
( 4)
Pattern: ... (modifier) + like, as, giving the appearance of ...;
appearing (to be), looking (like); seeming as if; as if/though. The of
is
optional. signals that a ( ) or is coming up.
Here:. . . just as if they were running around outside my window . . .

( 4)
Pattern: -() for -() while, at the same time, (doing)
simultaneously.
Here:. . . listening to the sounds of their pattering feet, I . . .
( 4)
Pattern: -() - it is / seems likely to be / do), it is possible /
acceptable to (do) , it is all right to (do); it is acceptably (rather /
somewhat / quite . . . ; it is worth doing = (-() -) .
Here: . . .the sounds of their rough, well-sized footsteps . . .
( 4)
Pattern: -() whenever. . . every time . . .
Here: . . . whenever I heard . . .
( 4)
Pattern: Delimiter () : going to the extreme/limit of; (including) even;
including (even the extreme case of); also (on top of
everything/everyone else); with all the rest. Adding reinforces the
even.
Here: Even the candle light on top of the formaica table in my room . . .
. ( 4)
Pattern: Naked infinitive () .

Here:. . . die out and flutter thinly.

( 4)
Pattern: adverbial - : (in a way) so that, so that it is or does; so that one
can; in a manner such that;-ly.
Here: . . . almost without exception . . .
( 4)
Pattern: particle meaning even, so far as (extent, emphasis); up to and
including.
Here:. . . went as far as taking Mr. Ha the drunkard along . . .
( 4)
Pattern: - for - in a manner unbecoming of / unfitting for . . .
Note also - () from particle + copula transferentive
-()() on top of, in addition to,
thrown into the bargain.
Here: . . . on top of a sturdy physique not typical for his age, . . .
( 4)
Pattern: Negative preemphasis with -() for descriptive verbs and
-() -, for progressives. Shows dissatisfaction with or
displeasure at the negated state or act.
Here: Mr. Ha, who couldnt budge a finger . . .
( 4)
Pattern: -()/ - given the circumstance that it is/does, even though,
though. This pattern can usually be taken as an abbreviation of
- in spite of the fact that.
Here: . . . despite of the fact that he was barely past forty . . .
( 4)
Pattern: substantive -() the act (or fact) of having / being.
Here:. . . a shyness beyond measure . . .
( 5)
Pattern: Naked infinitive () .
Here: . . . sat on the ridge between the paddies . . .
( 5)
Pattern: NOUN by way of, for, for the sake of, as NOUN. From to
make something of (a person or a thing)
Here: . . . came out to the fields in order to take a walk . . .
. ( 5)
Pattern: -() for -() while, at the same time, (doing)
simultaneously.
Here:. . . showing great joy, they called out to me.
( 5)
Pattern: for [ ] .
Here: Mr. Yang, who invited me along for a drink . . .

 ( 5)
Pattern: very much indeed, ever so (hard).
Here: . . . it had indeed been such a long time since . . .
( 5)
Pattern: Naked infinitive () .
Here: . . . because it was [such a long time since I had tasted] alcohol . . .
( 5)
Pattern: Naked infinitive () / ()- .
Here: I picked up a stone . . .
( 5)
Pattern: -() only of. . . only from . . . only to . . . , by means of only
..
Here:. . . a pure drink brewed only of corn . . .
( 5)
Pattern: Naked infinitive () .
Here: . . . filled up to the top, but . . .
( 5)
Pattern: - - gradually (goes on doing); keeps growing (getting to be,
becoming). Note also -() for -()[ ] = .
Here: . . . gradually emptying out . . .
. ( 5)
Pattern: -() - to explain about how . . .
Here: He explained to me how good corn brew is for ones health.
( 5)
Pattern: NOUN () in accordance with, in conformity to (with), according
to.
Here: . . . in conformity with his excited voice . . .
. ( 5)
Pattern: - - The pattern in infinitive - + , besides meaning gets
to be or becomes with adjectives, can have the effect of a
"get-passive" in English or of middles or reflexives in languages which
have these. The implication is that the subject/agent is either
(sometimes adversely) affected by the action, and/or has no control
over
the action of the verb.
Here: . . . were fidgeting busily.
( 5)
Pattern: particle () even, too, to boot, in addition, into the bargain.
Here: . . . a drinking table without even a piece of sour kimchi . . .
( 5)
Pattern: - as, just as, just as it is (was); in accordance with.

Here:. . . just as they told me . . .

( 5)
Pattern: ... -() - . This pattern is similar in effect to the
pattern + NEGATIVE (or implied negative) meaning very; not a
little, to no small extent, quite, extremely, terribly.
Here: The drink was extremely sweet and smooth.
( 5)
Pattern: Postnoun the group, all of . . . This makes an explicit plural for
nouns referring to people; it is also used in combination with the
synonyms and : , , , , we/us.
Note also BASE + is like, is as (if). Martin treats this as an
abbreviation of the pattern where is used as a post-modifier, i.e.
-() , -() , - ; but in any case you should keep
them
distinct.
Here:. . . just like [a woman] causing the menfolk to get excited . . .
( 5)
Pattern: for [ ] .
Here: The brew, which they said did not contain even a single grain of
sugar . . .
( 5)
Pattern: BASE + is like, is as (if). Martin treats this as an abbreviation of
the pattern where is used as a post-modifier, i.e. -() ,
-() , - ; but in any case you should keep them distinct.
Here: The body, heating up as if on fire . . .
. ( 5)
Pattern: . . . . () . It was so . . . !!
Here: . . . how beautiful!
( 5)
Pattern: - - The pattern in infinitive - + , besides meaning gets
to be or becomes with adjectives, can have the effect of a
"get-passive" in English or of middles or reflexives in languages which
have these. The implication is that the subject/agent is either
(sometimes adversely) affected by the action, and/or has no control
over
the action of the verb.
Here: . . . the pure blue sky spread over the mountain ridge . . .
. ( 5)
Pattern: - W - it is a shame to . . . it is a pity to . . .
Here: . . . it was a shame to see it all by myself.
( 5)
Pattern: - if one only does/is or were to do/be. With the added
- , more hypothetical than plain -() .
Here: . . . if only I had a sweetheart sitting right across from me . . .

 ( 5)
Pattern: -() - is sufficient (to do), is well worth (doing); is at the point
(of doing), has reached the stage (when one can do). Note also the
cognate object pattern in . Cf. ()-, () -, () -.
Here:. . . an intoxication that is worthy of a good cry . . .

. ( 6)
Pattern: - (< , ) can follow a QUOTE + verb of saying
+ modifier as a kind of post-modifier, and means it is to say = I mean,
you know, you see, uh, that is, etc.
Here: . . . there is also a tiger, I tell you.
( 6)
Pattern: for [ ] .
Here:. . . my story of hearing the footsteps of a tiger . . .
. ( 6)
Pattern: - () modifier + used to end a sentence with the meaning
'indeed', or 'despite contrary anticipations / reservations'.
Here:. . . (indeed,) there are dragons and elephants too!
( 6)
Pattern: -() for -() while, at the same time, (doing)
simultaneously.
Here: . . . Mr. Yang, letting out a short laugh . . .
( 6)
Pattern: vocative / Hey! Say! Oh!
Here: Hey! . . .
. ( 6)
Pattern: -
Here: I looked across at Mr. Yang.
. ( 6)
Pattern: NOUN - - be nothing but, be only, merely, be nothing
more than a . . .
Here:. . . . [the booze seemed to be] no more than a drink of cold water [to 1
him].
( 6)
Pattern: Naked infinitive () .
Here: . . . sending the children away to the big city . . .
( 6)
Pattern: -() for -() while, at the same time, (doing)
simultaneously.
Here: . . . going from place to place alone dragging his cow with him . . .
( 6)

10

Pattern: NOUN 1. more than, above, over, upward of NOUN. 2. beyond,

past, more than; further. 3. since, now that, seeing that. 3. that is all,
that
is the end.
Here: . . . no more than the basic show of goodwill . . .
( 6)
Pattern: -() just as it is or did, (in) the original state of . . .
Here:. . . (in a state of) not showing any particular interest . . .
. ( 6)
Pattern: - - gradually (comes in doing); comes up (along); starts (has
started) becoming / doing; has/had been doing.
Here: lit. he slowly began to participate in my world of interests. (He began
to
fascinate me).
( 6)
Pattern: - NOUN. The NOUN as to whether . . .
Here:. . . My question as to whether or not a tiger exists . . .
( 6)
Pattern: NOUN 1. more than, above, over, upward of NOUN. 2. beyond,
past, more than; further. 3. since, now that, seeing that. 3. that is all,
that
is the end.
Here: . . . a confidence no more than what is necessary . . .
. ( 6)
Pattern: Sentence-final -() : (exclamatory) sure(ly), indeed, quite. The
ending in - is a one-shape ending, and can occur with any base.
L-extending bases appear in their extended form before this ending:
-- live . Used to offer a kind of follow-up
explanation to what has just been said (or implied). Also functions as
a
sort of politeness strategy to keep conversations moving by inviting a
response (notice that it usually has a rising, question-like intonation).
Here: I did see [the tigers] footprints clearly with my very own eyes.
. ( 6)
Pattern: Negative preemphasis in - - . The addition of to - is
thought to add emphasis, insistence or a hint of frustration to the
long negation pattern in - .
Here:. . . they dont appear easily to human eyes.
( 6)
Pattern: -() just as it is or did, (in) the original state of . . .
Here:. . . always kept hidden . . .
( 6)
Pattern: - because of . . . ing.
Here: . . . because they move around only in the deep of night . . .

11

 ( 7)
Pattern: -()() although the Korean spelling somewhat obscures the
origin, this is a substantive in -() + instrumental ()() , and
means with (as, etc.) the doing or being; since (because of) the doing
or being.
Here:. . . because he lived in the mountains his whole life . . .
( 7)
Pattern: -() () not only..., but (also)...; furthermore; as well as;
besides, in addition, on top of that.
Here: . . . not only could he tell the different between. . . .but . . .
( 7)
Pattern: projective - to the point where, until (a result); so that.
Here:. . . speaking to the point of wearing out ones mouth; speaking
profusely . .
. ( 7)
Pattern: - - to do something to no end; do something ceaselessly /
endlessly.
Here: . . . praised him ceaselessly.
( 7)
Pattern: NOUN -() . it is indeed / precisely NOUN that . . . .
Here:. . . Our Mr. Yang, he is indeed. . .
. ( 7)
Pattern: - () of course, certainly, sure (here on copula -- ).
Here:. . . is certainly the most recognized hunter . . .
( 7)
Pattern: -() transferentive - indicating a change or shift of action
or state plus particle .
Here:. . . even while he sleeps . . .
( 7)
Pattern: NOUN invoking NOUN, relying on, appealing to . . .
Here:. . . appealing to my enebriation . . .
. ( 7)
Pattern: -() - to explain about. . . to go on about . . .
Here: . . . I explained what a big deal it is and what an unexpected fortune.
( 7)
Pattern: NOUN not to mention NOUN; also NOUN, to be sure.
Here:. . . not to mention the big newspapers in Seoul, but also . . .
( 7)
Pattern: -() - be frantic trying to . . .
Here:. . . there is a craze of attempting to discover tigers . . .

12

 ( 7)
Pattern: NOUN . . . -() if only . . . More hypothetical than plain
-() .
Here: If only you could find a tiger . . .
. ( 7)
Pattern: -() for -() while, at the same time, (doing)
simultaneously.
Here:. . . eyes twinkling, he stared at me.
( 7)
Pattern: particle () even, too, to boot, in addition, into the bargain.
Here:. . . even the uproar concerning the fake tiger . . .
. ( 7)
Pattern: Negative reemphasis in - - . The addition of to - is
thought to add emphasis, insistence or a hint of frustration to the
long negation pattern in - .
Here:. . . he had no way of knowing.
. ( 7)
Pattern: - () of course, certainly, sure (here on copula -- ).
Here: Of course its the truth.
( 7)
Pattern: NOUN . . . -() if only . . . More hypothetical than plain
-() .
Here:. . . if only the fact that there is a tiger is confirmed . . .
( 8)
Pattern: pseudo-particle -() (1) even if (it be); (2) just, (or the ) like
( = ); or even; any, some.
Here:. . . even it were right here and now . . .
. ( 8)
Pattern: - () of course, certainly, sure.
Here:. . . Ill certainly come forward.
( 8)
Pattern: - for -[ ] if one suggests . . .
Here:. . . had he said lets go for it, . . .
( 8)
Pattern: NOUN -... [] you can say what you like about NOUN and
stuff, but. . .; NOUN, schmoun. . .
Here:. . .Id drop the translation and everything and . . .
. ( 8)
Pattern: -() - it was a . . . mood, in the mood to . . . , feel like . . .
ing.
Here:. . . I was in the mood to follow him.

13

 ( 8)
Pattern: -() () not only..., but (also)...; furthermore; as well as;
besides, in addition, on top of that.
Here:. . . not only was it impossible to grope through the mountain pass,
but...
() ( 8)
Pattern: NOUN / together with NOUN, along with NOUN.
Here:. . . together with a Japanese hunter . . .
. ( 8)
Pattern: Time word + after only (marks passage of time); within, after a
passage of . . .
Here:. . . he said that after only two days, he followed and caught a tiger.
( 8)
Pattern: for . Placing the after - in - forces the
and [then]... reading of - , as opposed to the and [also]. . .
reading. In other words, it means when..., ...then; upon doing, but
emphasizing the consequence.
Here:. . . When I found the tigers tracks, then . . .
. ( 9)
Pattern: for .
Here: Mr. Yang said, again and again.
( 9)
Pattern: to mark the (inanimate) agent of a passive. That is, marks the
by-phrase in a passive construction.
Here:. . . chased by hunting howls . . .
. ( 9)
Pattern: -() - it is clear that. . . it is obvious that . . .
Here: . . . at that moment, it was clear that he was conjuring up [the image].
( 9)
Pattern: - - The pattern in infinitive - + , besides meaning gets
to be or becomes with adjectives, can have the effect of a
"get-passive" in English or of middles or reflexives in languages which
have these. The implication is that the subject/agent is either
(sometimes adversely) affected by the action, and/or has no control
over
the action of the verb.
Here: . . . a fee which came to no more than one thousand won a page . . .
. ( 9)
Pattern: - - gradually (comes in doing); comes up (along); starts (has
started) becoming / doing; has/had been doing. Here:. . . my entire body was gradually being drowned.
. ( 9)
Pattern: - - abbreviated from - makes a habit/regular practice

14

(a regular thing) of doing it; does it from time to time.

Here: . . . I kept on conjuring up mountains and valleys.
( 9)
Pattern: -() for -() while, at the same time, (doing)
simultaneously.
Here:. . . hiding itself . . .
( 9)
Pattern: to anyone, to any which person.
Here:. . . while not showing itself to anyone . . .
. ( 9)
Pattern: substantive in -() + + -() - cannot be NOUN. .
not possible that it is NOUN.
Here:. . . lit. could not be his fear (he feared non of those).

. is

. ( 10)
Pattern: -() is nothing but, only, constantly; all it/one does/is is . .
Here:. . . that was his only main fear.
( 10)
Pattern: NOUN - for NOUN - is not; does not . . .
Here: . . . is not sufficient, and . . .
. ( 10)
Pattern: - - want to; ready / prepared / willing to; intend to.
Here:. . . it was my thirst to make my illusion a reality.

( 10)
Pattern: particle () even, too, to boot, in addition, into the bargain.
Here:. . . even those friends who knew what Unhong mountain looked
like . . .
. ( 10)
Pattern: - NOUN - be nothing but NOUN, be only NOUN, merely
NOUN.
Here:. . . it was nothing but another big mountain in the south.
. ( 10)
Pattern: Negative reemphasis in - - . The addition of to - is
thought to add emphasis, insistence or a hint of frustration to the
long negation pattern in - . Note also particle () even, too,
to boot, in addition, into the bargain.
Here:. . . they couldnt even muster up interest in the tiger.
. ( 10)
Pattern: Negative reemphasis in - - . The addition of to - is
thought to add emphasis, insistence or a hint of frustration to the
long negation pattern in - .

15

Here: . . . they did not go past their impression of the tiger as an exhibit . . .
( 10)
Pattern: -() (+ ) Prospective modifier plus post-modifier (plus
copula) nothing but, only, constantly; all it/one does/is is . . . (Here on
a past base)
Here:. . . they only thoroughly believed the reports . . .
( 10)
Pattern: Naked infinitive () . Note also for .
Here: My frustration getting worse . . .
( 10)
Pattern: -/-() instead of. . ., in place/lieu of. . .; while on the one
hand. . .
Here:. . . instead of borrowing Mr. Yangs words . . .
K ( 10)
Pattern: Third person sensory verbs in - . Used with descriptive verbs
that refer to human feelings (liking, fearing, reacting to,...) when the
experiencer is a third person.
Here: . . . even though K was doubtful . . .

. ( 10)
Pattern: with denoting contrast. Note also negative preemphasis in
- - . The addition of to - is thought to add emphasis,
insistence or a hint of frustration to the long negation pattern in -
.
Here:. . . only his curiosity was not hidden.
( 10)
Pattern: - no sooner does it/one do or be, than. . .; all one/it has to
do or be is. . . (and then some result). Note that - is more
hypothetical than plain -() .
Here:. . . if only you take a picture of the tiger . . .
( 10)
Pattern: - - to show final development of an action: ends up doing,
finally does, gets around to doing, ultimately does.
Here:. . . [to the effect that one] will end up becoming an historical figure . .
( 10)
Pattern: - the act of (doing), . . . ing (sometimes pejorative).
Here:. . . my incessant pestering . . .
( 11)
Pattern: - up to, to plus particle even. Particle renders the
delimiter even more emphatic.
Here: [ Mr. K and myself] hid out travel plans even from our very homes

16

(families) . . .
. ( 11)
Pattern: - - doesnt/isnt even . . . Note also - - ( does) terribly,
awfully, a lot, like mad / anything (gives iterative and/or emphatic
force to a preceding verb infinitive).
Here: . . . [imagining the shock] we didnt even get tired and pressed on
noisily.
( 11)
Pattern: -()/ - given the circumstance that it is / does, even
though, though. This pattern can usually be taken as an abbreviation
of
- in spite of the fact that.
Here: In spite of the fact that it was southerly . . .
. ( 11)
Pattern: Resultant state in - - is in the state of resulting from, is done.
Here: Autumn was much deeper than the place we had left.
. ( 11)
Pattern: Resultant state in - is in the state of resulting from, is done
Here on - be / get covered.
Here: . . . it was covered by the fallen leaves.
( 11)
Pattern: -() whereas on the other hand . . .
Here: . . . whereas on the one hand, the mountains features were even
more sharp . . .
. ( 11)
Pattern: Resultant state in - is in the state of resulting from, is done.
Here: . . . the taste of abundance was even more rinsed away.
. ( 11)
Pattern: quasi-free noun and postmodifier a person, a man; one; a thing.
Here: . . . the first person I met was Mr. Ha.
. ( 11)
Pattern: Resultant state in - is in the state of resulting from, is done.
Here: . . . as usual, he was in a state of drunkenness.
( 11)
Pattern: -() as much as . . .
Here: . . . for quite a while . . .
( 11)
Pattern: -() only when . . . (finally).
Here: . . . only when he had searched his memory . . .
. ( 11)
Pattern: Modifier + () ( i.e. -() , -() , - ;) is like, is as
(if) is like, is as (if).

17

Here: . . . it was as if he had completely forgotten.

K ( 11)
Pattern: -() for -() while, at the same time, (doing)
simultaneously.
Here: . . . pointing at K . . .
( 11)
Pattern: -() even when; also when. From prospective modifier
-() + time when + even, although.
Here: . . . even when I said that he had come to take pictures of the tiger . .
. ( 11)
Pattern: - () - give (show) indirect signs or hints that . . .
Here: . . . he looked as if he had no idea what I was talking about.
. ( 11)
Pattern: Particle : (order) beginning with; first; starting from.
Here: . . . even his answer was preposterous.
( 11)
Pattern: -() or the like, like, or something, or so; the likes of, any; at
least,
anyway, just (used in gently/vaguely urging way), even if it is
not
of particular interest.
Here: . . . asking him to go look for Mr. Yang or something . . .
( 12)
Pattern: NOUN as, just as, just as it is (was); in accordance with.
Here: . . . just like Mr. Ha had said . . .
. ( 12)
Pattern: Resultant state in - is in the state of resulting from, is done.
Note also - it was that case that . . .
Here: . . . he was (in the state of being) emaciated.
. ( 12)
Pattern: - appearance, look; behavior; the way one looks / behaves. Note
also
+ negative (or implied negative) very; not a little, to no
small extent, quite, extremely, terribly.
Here: . . . he was very happy to see me.
( 12)
Pattern: - the moment/instant . . .
Here: . . . the moment I saw his welcoming countenance . . .
( 12)
Pattern: - does and then; doing and then. Note also NOUN about (so
much), approximately; (of a) caliber; so much of, of that extent.
Here: . . . the anxiety I had felt towards Mr. Ha . . .
. ( 12)

18

Pattern: - () used to end a sentence with the meaning 'indeed', or

'despite contrary anticipations / reservations'.
Here: . . . I saw that things footprints clearly, I tell ya.
. ( 12)
Pattern: -() for solemn proclamations/declarations.
Here: . . . he said that he had been waiting for me.
( 12)
Pattern: -() functions like - and.. Note also - - Infinitive in -
+
auxiliary does something to get it out of the way (perhaps as a
precaution); gets it done, finishes it up (so it will be out of the way),
does
it once and for good, does thoroughly/carefully now (so it will not
have to be done again; does for later/future use or reference. Same
as - .
Here: . . . he had also scanned over the tiger trail . . .
. ( 13)
Pattern: Naked infinitive () .
Here: . . . I asked because his face looked so anxious.
K ( 13)
Pattern: - , i.e. modifier [-(), -, -, -, -] +
postmodifier the uncertain fact whether. When left hanging in
midsentence, you can interpret the pattern as having left out a
following () : it may have been the case that or it is
uncertain WH... [but...]. Note also for . Korean has at least
three levels of reflexive pronoun meaning ones self: Low
Polite
(, ) Honorific .
Here: . . . perhaps because he was all disappointed . . .
. ( 13)
Pattern: for [] .
Here: . . . dont worry.
( 13)
Pattern: - + -+ even though it be like this . . .
( 13)
Pattern: for . Note also conditional in - , -/() ,
more hypothetical than plain -() .
Here: . . . if we go after the tiger . . .
. ( 13)
Pattern: -() is to / at the point that.. . . is to the extent that . .
Here: . . . It will get to the point that I will even be able to fly.
( 13)
Pattern: - + -+ even though it appears to be like this .
..

19

 ( 13)
Pattern: - as / since it does (equivalent to colloquial - , according
to Roth)
Here: . . . Since my bones have hardened . . .

. ( 13)
Pattern: for .
Here: . . . we decided to venture off in our pursuit.
( 13)
Pattern: -() () . Although the Korean spelling somewhat obscures the
origin, this is a substantive in -() + instrumental () , and
means with (as, etc.) the doing or being; since (because of) the doing
or being. Note also - - meaning is / continues in a (changed) state.
Cf. - . is in the hospital. is gone.
Here: . . . because Mr. Yang said that (Mr. Ha) was getting off the wagon . .
( 13)
Pattern: -() transferentive - indicating a change or shift of action
or state plus particle .
Here: That gentleman, even when he sleeps, . . .
( 13)
Pattern: NOUN -() no sooner does it/one do or be, than. . .; as soon
as . . . then . . .
Here: . . . as soon as he thinks of tigers . . .
( 13)
Pattern: - (/) after. . .ing.
Here: . . . after the first time you left . . .
( 13)
Pattern: Retrospective sequential - : as now it has been observed that ...;
when (now/then); since (now/then) ...; ... and now/then; ... but
now/then. The form in - usually implies a marked or abrupt
contrast between the first and second clauses: whereupon. Note also

for .
Here: . . . not saying a word about tigers, now . . .
( 13)
Pattern: -() in what functions like an abbreviation of -()
since ...; starting from the time when....
Here: . . . ever since he got sick . . .
. ( 13)
Pattern: adverbial - from - like, as. - .
Here: . . . all of a sudden he says that he is looking for tigers.
( 13)

20

ever

Pattern: Particle (after vowel), alternant of only if it be; if (it be),

when it comes to; even, indeed. (Marks a reinforced
contingency or
prerequisite for a main clause, one or the other of
which is unlikely, unexpected, or anticipated to be difficult or
unpleasant).
Here: . . . Mr. Yang, indeed . . .
( 13)
Pattern: Suspensive followed by an emphatic, pregnant pause; it is most
emphatically the case that . . .[and not something else].
Here: . . . from the very outset he was a farmer (and not something else) . .
. ( 13)
Pattern: .
Here: . . . since when did he become a beast-chasing chaser and hunter?
(i.e. he was never one.)
( 13)
Pattern: - - (does) terribly, awfully, a lot, like mad/anything (gives
iterative
and/or emphatic force to a preceding verb infinitive).
Here: . . . because he goes on and on about tigers . . .
( 13)
Pattern: Naked infinitive () .
Here: . . . gathered the autumn harvest, and . . .
( 13)
Pattern: -() (/) after. . .ing.
Here: . . . after he lost his wife . . .
( 13)
Pattern: Postnoun the group, all of . . . This makes an explicit plural for
nouns referring to people; it is also used in combination with the
synonyms and : , , , , we/us.
Here: . . . guests . . .
( 13)
Pattern: -() for -() while, at the same time, (doing)
simultaneously.
Here: . . . repeatedly empting his glass . . .
. ( 13)
Pattern: Question - as object: wondered why . . .
Here: . . . I wondered why Mr. Yang was so happy to see me.
( 13)
Pattern: for , with adverbial - : (in a way) so that, so
it is or does; so that one can; in a manner such that; -ly.
Here: . . . in a way unbefitting ones age . . .
. ( 14)

21

that

Pattern: Third person sensory verbs in - . Used with descriptive verbs

that refer to human feelings (liking, fearing, reacting to,...) when the
experiencer is a third person. Note also , the low version of Plain
.
Here: . . . he looked as sad as though it was his own wife he had lost.
( 14)
Pattern: Postnoun the group, all of . . . This makes an explicit plural for
nouns
referring to people; it is also used in combination with the synonyms
and
: , , , , we/us.
Here: . . . the runaway wife . . .
. ( 14)
Pattern: -()() - to feel . . . with substantive -() the act (or
of having / being.
Here: . . . I felt my dedication collapsing.

fact)

. ( 14)
Pattern: modifier + () like, as, giving the appearance of ...; appearing (to
be), looking (like); seeming as if; as if / though. Note also - - .
The
pattern in infinitive - + , besides meaning gets to be or
becomes with adjectives, can have the effect of a "get-passive" in
English or of middles or reflexives in languages which have these. The
implication is that the subject/agent is either (sometimes adversely)
affected by the action, and/or has no control over the action of the
verb.
Here: . . . it felt as though it were somehow all my fault.
( 14)
Pattern: NOUN ()() in accordance with NOUN, in conformity to (with)
NOUN, according to NOUN. Note also substantive -() the act (or
fact) of having / being.
Here: . . . in accordance with Mr. Yangs exhaustion . . .
( 14)
Pattern: particle () even, too, to boot, in addition, into the bargain.
Here: . . . even the tiger in the heart of the mountain . . .
( 14)
Pattern: -() for -() while, at the same time, (doing)
simultaneously.
Here: . . . pulling up a wooden chair . . .
. ( 14)
Pattern: .
Here: . . . he believes that you will keep your promise, I tell you.
( 14)
Pattern: pseudo-particle -() (1) even if (it be); (2) just, (or the )

22

like (

= ); or even; any, some.

Here: . . . even a good sum of money . . .
. ( 14)
Pattern: - () of course, certainly, sure.
Here: . . . of course we will keep the promise.
K ( 14)
Pattern: Naked infinitive () .
Here: . . . K and I, lagging behind . . .
( 15)
Pattern: NOUN () () on account of.
Here: . . . on account of the forest and fog . . .
2-30 . ( 15)
Pattern: Negative preemphasis in - - . The addition of to - is
thought to add emphasis, insistence or a hint of frustration to the
long negation pattern in - .
Here: . . . our field of vision was blocked even for 20-30 meters ahead.
. ( 15)
Pattern: quasi-free noun and postmodifier a person, a man; one; a thing.
Here: lit. . . . no one opened their mouth (no one spoke a word).
( 15)
Pattern: + .
Here: . . . somewhere [or other] . . .
. ( 15)
Pattern: -() for -() while, at the same time, (doing)
simultaneously.
Here: . . . clearing away the dead leaves, he took the lead.
( 15)
Pattern: about approximately; to / at / in . . . also / even / either.
Here: . . . even about ten days ago . . .
( 15)
Pattern: Naked infinitive () .
Here: . . . sitting on a bare tree stump . . .
( 15)
Pattern: modifier + () like, as, giving the appearance of ...; appearing (to
be), looking (like); seeming as if; as if/though..
Here: . . . as if you were setting off to look for mountain ginsaeng.
( 15)
Pattern: for [] .
Here: . . . I did not take my words back, and . . .
( 15)

23

Pattern: -()/ - given the circumstance that it is / does, even

though, though. This pattern can usually be taken as an abbreviation
of
- in spite of the fact that.
Here: . . . despite having wandered for the better part of the day . . .
. ( 15)
Pattern: Negative preemphasis in - - . The addition of to - is
thought to add emphasis, insistence or a hint of frustration to the
long negation pattern in - . Note also particle () even, too,
to boot, in addition, into the bargain.
Here: . . . we didnt even find a footprint of a wild boar.
. ( 15)
Pattern: modifier + () like, as, giving the appearance of ...; appearing (to
be), looking (like); seeming as if; as if / though.. Note also - - The
pattern in infinitive - + , besides meaning gets to be or
becomes with adjectives, can have the effect of a "get-passive" in
English or of middles or reflexives in languages which have these. The
implication is that the subject/agent is either (sometimes adversely)
affected by the action, and/or has no control over the action of the
verb.
Here: . . . the fog peeled off as if it had been rinsed away.
( 16)
Pattern: -()/ - given the circumstance that it is / does, even
though, though. This pattern can usually be taken as an abbreviation
of
- in spite of the fact that.
Here: . . . even though we had wandered the whole day . . .
. ( 16)
Pattern: -() (+ ) Prospective modifier plus post-modifier (plus
copula) nothing but, only, constantly; all it/one does/is (or did / was)
is . . .
Here: . . . all he caught in his camera were two roe deer.
. ( 16)
Pattern: + Negative not VERB at all, not VERB in the least.
Here: . . . I was not disappointed in the least.
( 16)
Pattern: NOUN () through/by way of NOUN.
Here: . . .through Mr. Yangs fervent glance . . .
. ( 16)
Pattern: - - The pattern in infinitive - + , besides meaning gets
to be or becomes with adjectives, can have the effect of a
"get-passive" in English or of middles or reflexives in languages which
have these. The implication is that the subject/agent is either
(sometimes adversely) affected by the action, and/or has no control
over
the action of the verb.
Here: . . . I came to feel the tigers existence as infallibly real.

24

 ( 16)
Pattern: mimetic + - , more insistent and prolonged than mimetic +
-. does repeatedly/continuously; does and does; keeps
doing,
does
on and on, does (keeps doing) it away; does again and again, does
over and over again.
Here: . . . he was humming a tune, when . . .
( 16)
Pattern: -() just as it is or did, (in) the original state of. . .
Here: . . . leaning on a boulder . . .
( 16)
Pattern: for [] .
Here: . . . not even blinking . . .
" ?" ( 16)
Pattern: pseudo-particle -() (1) even if (it be); (2) just, (or the) like
( = ); or even; any, some.
Here: . . . why dont you close your eyes just for a moment?
( 16)
Pattern: -() just as it is or did, (in) the original state of. . .
Here: . . . smiling a thin smile, he . . .
. ( 16)
Pattern: -()() - to know that . . . to realize that . . . on substantive
-() the act (or fact) of having / being.
Here: I knew that all this time he had been thinking about his wife.
"...." ( 16)
Pattern: -, -, -, -() its not so much
A, rather . . .
Here: . . . I wouldnt say that she was pretty, but rather . . .

that

( 16)
Pattern: - for / in / by / from doing, to do.
Here: . . . that girl, for whom it was too much to be stuck here in this kind
of
mountain village. . .
. ( 16)
Pattern: [ ] + copula have seen what? = for what reason?
Here: lit. on account of her having seen what?
( 16)
Pattern: Naked infinitive () .
Here: . . . she couldnt find a source of strength, and so . . .
. ( 16)
Pattern: Noun + the act of (doing), . . .ing [sometimes pejorative].

25

Here: . . . her taking-off was to be expected.

. ( 16)
Pattern: = no one, not one.
Here: . . . it seems like it is something that not everyone can cope with.
( 16)
Pattern: NOUN if it were / be / had been . . .
Here: . . . lit. if things were like they used to be . . .
. ( 17)
Pattern: Negative preemphasis in - - . The addition of to - is
thought to add emphasis, insistence or a hint of frustration to the
long negation pattern in - .
Here: . . . we havent even gone half-way.
. ( 17)
Pattern: Naked infinitive ( ).
Here: . . . he laughed out loud.
( 17)
Pattern: Modifier + () ( i.e. -() , -() , - ;) is like, is as
(if) is like, is as (if).
Here: . . . in a quivering voice . . .
. ( 17)
Pattern: Resultant state in - - is in the state of resulting from, is done.
Note also -- on , continue.
Here: . . . it continued in the direction of the mountain.
( 17)
Pattern: Modifier + () ( i.e. -() , -() , - ;) is like, is as
(if) is like, is as (if).
Here: . . . a heart-chilling kind of tension . . .
. ( 17)
Pattern: Negative preemphasis in - - . The addition of to - is
thought to add emphasis, insistence or a hint of frustration to the
long negation pattern in - .
Here: . . . nothing was to be seen.
. ( 17)
Pattern: for .
Here: . . . hes passed by here.
. ( 17)
Pattern: -() for -() while, at the same time, (doing)
simultaneously. Note also naked infinitive () .
Here: . . . he spoke while lifting and setting his trousers.
( 17)
Pattern: - as, just as, just as it is (was); in accordance with.

26

Here: . . . just as Mr. Yang showed us, . . .

( 17)
Pattern: - (usually treated by Korean grammatarians as an unanalyzed
ending ) in a way that tends to do, in a way inclined toward
doing, in
a way such that it is possible / likely; in a way that is virtually in
accordance with, practically, virtually, as much as to do, almost, as if
to, like-to. Note also naked infinitive ().
Here: . . . practically running . . .
. ( 17)
Pattern: ... -() - . This pattern is similar in effect to the
pattern + NEGATIVE (or implied negative) meaning very; not a
little, to no small extent, quite, extremely, terribly.
Here: [Mr. Yangs] pace was extremely fast.
( 17)
Pattern: to mark the (inanimate) agent of a passive. That is, marks the
by-phrase in a passive construction. Note also dialect / substandard
passive - related to standard -.
Here: . . . our entire bodies getting clawed at by the thorns and branches, . .
. ( 17)
Pattern: [ ] as subject (unmarked).
Here: We tumbled over forwards and backwards many a time.
. ( 17)
Pattern: -() / - () - not to know / to be unaware that it is....
Here: . . . I was unaware of the fact that I was hurt.
( 18)
Pattern: -()() after, past, beyond.
Here: . . . we were way past the point of exhaustion, but . . .
. ( 18)
Pattern: for [] .
Here: . . . we had no thoughts of sleep.
( 18)
Pattern: pseudo-particle -() (1) even if (it be); (2) just, (or the ) like
( = ); or even; any, some, here on locative .
Here: . . . any minute . . .
. ( 18)
Pattern: Naked infinitive () .
Here: . . . we sat at the clearing on the ridge and looked around.
. ( 18)
Pattern: pseudo-particle -() (1) even if (it be); (2) just, (or the ) like
( = ); or even; any, some, here on locative .
Here: . . . as if [the tiger] would appear any second.

27

 . ( 18)
Pattern: -() for -() while, at the same time, (doing)
simultaneously.
Here: . . he said, chewing on dried squid.
. ( 18)
Pattern: -() just as it is or did, (in) the original state of . . .
Here: . . . he asked, without taking his eyes off the shrubbery.
( 18)
Pattern: NOUN () from make something of (a person or a thing)
can follow a noun to mean by way of, for, for the sake of, as.
Here: . . . using his two arms as a pillow . . .
. ( 18)
Pattern: prospective assertive -()[] will probably be/do, usually
quoting an internal thought.
Here: . . . I believed that the tiger would come over to us.
( 18)
Pattern: -- abbreviated - like, as.
Here: . . . swift, magical mountain beast . . .
. ( 18)
Pattern: for [] .
Here: . . . I believed that it would come running in front of us.
. ( 18)
Pattern: - - also does/is also.
Here: . . . it was also an earnest belief.
( 18)
Pattern: -()/ - given the circumstance that it is / does, even
though, though. This pattern can usually be taken as an abbreviation
of
- in spite of the fact that.
Here: . . . even though it was way past the time . . .
. ( 18)
Pattern: + Negative not VERB at all, not VERB in the least. Note also
Negative preemphasis in - - . The addition of to - is
thought to add emphasis, insistence or a hint of frustration to the
long negation pattern in - .
Here: . . . there was not a tiger in sight.
. ( 19)
Pattern: NOUN - W - (-, ) is (characterized) by.
Here: . . . those were Mr. Yangs relaxed words.
( 19)
Pattern: post-modifier adjectival noun -() - is sufficient (to do), is
well worth (doing); is at the point (of doing), has reached the stage

28

(when it can do).

Here: . . . convincing words . . .
. ( 19)
Pattern: Negative preemphasis in - - . The addition of to - is
thought to add emphasis, insistence or a hint of frustration to the
long negation pattern in - .
Here: . . . I did not have . . .
. ( 19)
Pattern: Negative preemphasis in - - . The addition of to - is
thought to add emphasis, insistence or a hint of frustration to the
long negation pattern in - .
Here: . . . I did not know exactly . . .
( 19)
Pattern: base + -() like, as, giving the appearance of . . .; appearing (to
be), looking (like); seeming as if; as if / though.
Here: . . . almost jokingly . . .
. ( 19)
Pattern: NOUN () + , ( W -) Cf.
Note also Third person sensory verbs in - . Used with
descriptive verbs that refer to human feelings (liking, fearing, reacting
to . . .) when the experiencer is a third person.
Here: . . . entertaining himself.
. ( 19)
Pattern: adverbial as subject.
Here: . . . I was happy the way I was.
( 19)
Pattern: Naked infinitive () .
Here: . . . sitting among the mountains . . .
( 19)
Pattern: -() for -() while, at the same time, (doing)
simultaneously.
Here: . . . taking in the tranluscent autumn light . . .
( 19)
Pattern: -() for -() while, at the same time, (doing)
simultaneously.
Here: . . . watching over ridge and forest . . .
( 19)
Pattern: -- abbreviated - like, as.
Here: . . . a secretive being . . .
. ( 19)
Pattern: Resultant state in - - is in the state of resulting from, is done.
Here: . . . It was a state of mind completely removed from this world.

29

 ( 19)
Pattern: -() for -() while, at the same time, (doing)
simultaneously.
Here: . . . gazing at the cliff . . .
. ( 19)
Pattern: Modifier + () ( i.e. -() , -() , - ;) is like, is as
(if) is like, is as (if).
Here: . . . they were in the same state of mind as myself.
( 19)
Pattern: particle = like.
Here: . . . like children that have come out to play . . .
. ( 19)
Pattern: Negative preemphasis in - - . The addition of to - is
thought to add emphasis, insistence or a hint of frustration to the
long negation pattern in - .
Here: . . . there was not a trace left on Mr. Yangs countenance.
. ( 19)
Pattern: NOUN () - be no different from, be just like.
Here: . . . [Mr. Ha] seemed no different from a mountain wizard.
. ( 19)
Pattern: particle meaning even, so far as (extent, emphasis). Note also
- - (does) terribly, awfully, a lot, like mad / anything (gives
iterative and/or emphatic force to a preceding verb infinitive).
Here: . . . went so far as to dance up a storm.
( 19-20)
Pattern: -() from. Note also - the act of (doing), . . . ing
(sometimes pejorative).
Here: . . . he was pointed at and called a drunk by the entire village . . .
. ( 20)
Pattern: ... -() - . This pattern is similar in effect to the
pattern + NEGATIVE (or implied negative) meaning very; not a
little, to no small extent, quite, extremely, terribly.
Here: . . . looked so wonderful.
( 20)
Pattern: - after . . .ing.
Here: . . . after eating lunch . . .
. ( 20)
Pattern: post-noun (plus copula) nothing but, only.
Here: . . . I only felt like I wished he would disappear.
( 20)

30

Pattern: Naked infinitive () . Note also reduplicated .

Here: . . . to stay over a long time in the mountain . . .
K ( 20)
Pattern: for [] .
Here: . . . even though K said he was leaving . . .
( 20)
Pattern: - in as much as, in so far as, since (had done / been).
Here: . . . to the extent that we forgot about the tiger . . .
. ( 20)
Pattern: - (adverbial - + ), particle meaning even, so far
as (extent, emphasis). Note also - - ( does) terribly, awfully, a
lot, like mad / anything (gives iterative and/or emphatic force to a
preceding verb infinitive) and - - The pattern in infinitive - +
, besides meaning gets to be or becomes with adjectives, can
have the
effect of a "get-passive" in English or of middles or reflexives in
languages which have these. The implication is that the subject/agent
is either (sometimes adversely) affected by the action,
and/or has
no control over the action of the verb.
Here: . . . it went so far as to feel awkward.
. ( 20)
Pattern: particle () even, too, to boot, in addition, into the bargain.
Note also negative preemphasis in - - . The addition of to - is
thought to add emphasis, insistence or a hint of frustration to the
long negation pattern in - .
Here: . . . I didnt even feel apologetic.
( 20)
Pattern: -() for -() while, at the same time, (doing)
simultaneously. Note also abbreviated substantive from
.
Here: . . . making each other laugh . . .
. ( 20)
Pattern: mimetic + - , more insistant and prolonged than mimetic +
-. does repeatedly/continuously; does and does; keeps
doing, does on
and on, does (keeps doing)it away; does again and again, does over
and over again.
Here: . . . laughed with tears in our eyes.
( 20)
Pattern: - () after doing.
Here: . . . as if we had just gotten rid of a guy we didnt like . . .
( 20)
Pattern: modifier + () like, as, giving the appearance of ...; appearing (to

31

be), looking (like); seeming as if; as if / though.

Here: . . . as if the whole mountain were placed inside a fireball . . .
. ( 20)
Pattern: -() - is a feeling of . . . gives the feeling of . . . feels
..
Here: . . . it felt like [the tiger] would come over.

like .

. ( 20)
Pattern: particle () even, too, to boot, in addition, into the bargain.
Here: . . . we didnt even need binoculars.
. ( 20)
Pattern: ... -() - . This pattern is similar in effect to the
pattern + NEGATIVE (or implied negative) meaning very; not a
little, to no small extent, quite, extremely, terribly.
Here: . . . his spots were extremely clear.
. ( 21)
Pattern: -() just as it is or did, (in) the original state of . . .
Here: . . . grasping my hand tightly, Mr. Yang whispered.

32