1

:Solution of many problems

Mango(Mangifera indica) as road

side pantation

Jambolana (Sygygium cumini), on

the bank of a drain

Today more than half of the population of the world is

malnourished and living under poverty. There is also shortage
of timber for furniture, fuel and paper. A well planned
plantation can solve not only these problems, but it can also
solve

the

problems

of

unemployment,

price

rise

and

devaluation of currency. A well planned plantation can also

solve many ecological problems. Some of the important
ecological problems are problem of global warming , change in
climate and rapid declination of many species of wild life
(both flora and fauna), etc. In this article we shall discuss
about the solution of these challenges. In order to solve these
problems we can plant many kind of useful, precious and
multipurpose trees and shrubs at large scale by the following
ways:-

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1.By planting many kinds of fruit trees in individuals gardens, so that the fruits
can be obtained throughout the year.
2.By planting fruit trees and shrubs in the fore-lands and back yards of the houses
of the individuals.
3.By planting lesser shadowy trees and shrubs which provide fruits, vegetables,
spices, oil , wax etc., or trees of economic importance, on the edge of the
agricultural farms, as the hedge/fence plantation.
4.And foremost, by the planting the trees of economic value which provide fruits,
vegetables, medicine etc, side by the roads, railways, canals, drains, and streams,
rivers, around the ponds, and in the forest. If we shall plant fruit bearing
miscellaneous trees, there will be a lot of food and natural habitat for the primary
consumers , consequently there will be increase in the number of the secondary
and tertiary consumers. We can also plant, fruit bearing useful and multipurpose
trees and bushes in the barren lands of public and private possession, and in the
lands around the government /private offices and settlements.
If we take all the measures, large scale plantation is possible.
Production of timber for the furniture and paper industry, and
measures to reduce green house gas carbon dioxide:- There is
very important role of the furniture in the developed civilization. We always feel
the need of furniture while taking rest, while sitting and while sleeping. The
forests are being cut rapidly to provide timber for the fuel, furniture and to supply
pulp and paper to the common man , however the timber is not sufficient to fulfill
the requirement. Slogans like cut no forest, save trees etc. has no meaning if
there is a high gap between the demand and supply .The forest will be cut down
until this gap is full filled, by the large scale plantation.
Cutting of green forest, deteriorates not only the ecosystem of the forest,
but it increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere also. The green
trees produce timber in form of cellulose by the binding ,atmospheric carbon
dioxide. One kg of dry wood requires about 1.46 kg CO 2 gas, releasing about 1 kg
O2 gas in the atmosphere . For example 1 quintal wood of Palmira palm or date
palm consist about 1.5 quintal CO2 bound in it.

3
Thus the timber producing trees work as carbon sink which bind enormous
amount of CO2 in it. To full fill the requirement of wood /timber for furniture and
fuel for the common man, large scale plantation can be done by the above said
manners. Here we shall discuss briefly about some selected but valuable plants.
Timber Providing Trees of Tropical and Subtropical region:.
Sal or sakhu (Shorea robusta- family Dipterocarpacea), Teak (Tectona grandice
family- Verbenacea), mahogani (Swetenia mahogany, S. humilis, S. macrophylla
family - meleacea , it can tolerate water logging to some extent), Indian red wood
or rohan (Soymida fabrifugi, family meleacea, it can tolerate water lagging to
some extent and it is drought tolerant also),

Teak (Tectona grandis),on the edge of the

farm

Sal (Shorea robusta),on the sand sapphire

ebony (Diospyros ebenum family ebonacea, it grows in well drainage soil),

kadam (Mitragyna parviflora, family rubeacea), saffron teak or haldu or karma
(Adina cardifolia, Haldina cardifolia, family Rubeacea), Andman red wood or
Padauk (Pterocarpus indicus), Sisoo (Dalbergia sisoo) and black sisoo (Dalbergia
latifolia , family Papilionacea), Silver oak (Gravielia robusta ,it can tolerate water
logging to some extent), Jatob (Hymenia carbaril-it can grow in water logging
places), Khambhari (Gamelna arborea family Verbinacea), Ghiwala (Calicarpa
arborea family Verbinacea), Jambo (Xylea xylocarpa, family Mimosacea), Black
Siris (Albizia odoratissima family Mimosacea), White Siris (Albizia procera) and
Common Siris (Albizia lebbeck-family mimosacea), Kadamba (Athocephalus
kadamba family- Rubeacea), Bishop wood or Bhillar (Biscofia javanica family-

4
Euphorbiacea), Badrang (Zanthoxylum rhesta- family Rutacea, fruits are used as
spice), red cedar or toon (Toona ciliata- family Meleacea),jatoba(Hymania
stigonocarpa, drought tolerant) , geiger tree(Cordia dodecandra ,) ghost fruit cassia
(Cassia grandice for beautiful flowers besides timber),etc. provide fine quality
timber for making furniture.
Sal provides fine class timber after 40 years of plantation. It can grow in
very rough condition, even on sandy and stony soil. It can be also grown as road
side plantation tree, where concreted roads and buildings are located. It requires
sub tropical to tropical climate. It can grow on lower hills of sub Himalayan tract
to the southern India at any soil , with well drainage facility. Actually it is a tree of
next generation which benefits after 40 to 50 years of plantation.
The teak provides also a fine quality timber of better durability and shock
resistance. It can provide timber in about 20-25 years after plantation. 50 to 100
trees per acre can be grown on the edge of the farms as hedge plantation with
regular trimming/pruning and branch cutting. A farmer can earn a gross income of
10-15 lack rupees (20-30 thousand US dollars), after 20-30 years of the plantation.
It is like the provident fund for the farmers like a serviceman earns, at the time of
the retirement from his service. It is a drought tolerant tree.
Mahogani also provides fine quality timber for making furniture. It can
grow in tropical to subtropical climate. It can tolerate water logging to some extent
. It grows erect. It is suitable for the plantation on the edge of the paddy fields. It is
also useful for the road side plantation.

Saffron teak (Adina cardifolia) on the sand

sapphire

Teak, side by the canal

The saffron teak or haldu or Karma (Adina cordifolia, Haldina cordifolia)

also provides fine quality timber for furniture. Its timber is durable, smooth and
takes fine polish. The tree attains enormous size, which is suitable for railways
and road side plantation. It is also very much suitable for road side plantation in
urban area, as shade providing tree because, it grows rapidly on the sandy and
stony soil.
Silver oak provides black timber of high durability and strength. The timber
takes fine polish. The timber is utilized to make furniture and gun carriage. The
tree grows erect ,which caste lesser shadow. The timber can be obtained within 2025 years after plantation. It can tolerate water logging to some extent.
It requires temperate to sub tropical (Punjab, Haryana, U.P, Bihar, Nepal, hill
regions of southern and north eastern India) climate. It is suitable for the plantation
on the edge of the agricultural fields.
Jatob (Hymenia caurbaril) also provides useful timber for making furniture.
It is water loving tree. It can stand in water logging places. It is suitable for the
plantation on the edge of water logged paddy fields and around the fishery ponds.
About 50 trees per acre can be grown on the edge of paddy fields, with regular
trimming and branch cutting. It requires sub tropical to tropical climate.
Indian red wood or Rohan (Soymida fabrifugi) also provides fine quality red
timber for making furniture. It can also tolerate water logging to some extent. It is
also drought tolerant tree, which can grow on sandy high lands or sand sapphires.
It is useful for railways and road side plantation. It can be also grown on the edge
of agricultural farms with regular trimming and branch cutting.
It is need to carry out research on useful and multipurpose trees which can
be grown on the edge of the water logged paddy fields.
Grumicama or Brazilian cherry (Euginia brazilensis) also provides fine
quality timber for making furniture, besides its fine quality fruit. But its growth
rate is slow. It fruitens twice in a year. It provides sweet cherry like fruits
resembling in taste and appearance, violet or yellow in color. It requires
subtropical to tropical climate. It is better to prepare nursery of Brazilian cherry by

6
tissue culture method ,which will provide fruits from 4rth year after plantation.
Brazilian cherry can stand in water logged places, which is suitable for the
plantation on the edge of paddy fields ,but perhaps it will require time to time
irrigation in summer for double fruit cropping.
Ice-cream bean fruit (Inga edulis) also provides useful timber for furniture
besides fruits. Fruits are eaten fresh and are used in making ice-cream . It can also
stand in water logged places. It is suitable for plantation , side by the roads,
railways, canals and drains at water logged places.
There are many species of trees which provides not only the useful timber
for furniture but fruits also. Among these are, mamy sapote (Pouterea sapota, it
provides red timber which is useful for furniture , requires well drainage soil with
time to time irrigation, suitable for subtropical to tropical climate, large tree),
Peelu fruit (Salvadora oleoides, drought tolerant, suitable for sandy high lands or
on sand sapphires, and fruit providing road side tree plantation in urban areas),
African mango (Irvingia gabonensis), Bacauri fruit (Platonia insignis),mammy
apple(Mammea africana), Zulu pod berry fruit( Dialium schleteri),langsat fruit
(Lansium domesticus), santole fruit (Sandoricum katzap) ,olive (Olium europia),
persimmon fruit (Diospyros kaki, D. verginiana , D. disclour), Japani raisin fruit
(Hovenia dulsis), Andean walnut (Jaglanse neotropica, suitable for temperate to
subtropical climate of Punjab, Hariana, U.P., Bihar etc.) ,white mulberry (Morus
alba) provide fine quality timber for furniture besides fruits.
Mamy sapote (Pouteria sapota) provides red colored timber more valuable
than that of teak. It also provides best quality larger fruits of larger flesh with
small seed in it. It requires tropical to subtropical climate with regular irrigation.
It requires garden ,with well drainage facility. It cannot tolerate long term drought.
It is large tree. It is also suitable for the plantation in courtyard near tap or hand
pump.

Mamy sapote and olive provide both fruits and timber for furniture

African mango (Irvingia gabonensis) also provides timber for furniture besides
fruits. Its fruits are edible, besides edible seeds. The seeds are much precious like
almond ,which are fatty and proteineous. A single tree can produce only seeds of
worth 300US$(Rs 20,000) annually. It can tolerate water logging to some extent.
Its timber is suitable for making furniture . It requires mango like soil and
climatic condition , of tropical and sub tropical climate .
Peelu fruit (Salvadora oleoides) is a fruit tree of desert, which provides not
only, fine quality timber for furniture, but fine quality fruit also. It is drought
tolerant and can be grown in any soil with well drainage facility. It is suitable for
the sandy and stony soil of high lands (Dhus Khet). It requires tropical to
subtropical climate. It is suitable for the plantation in almost all over India. 50-100
trees can be grown, at the edge of the agricultural farms per acre, with regular
trimming, which will provide about 40-80 quintal peelu fruits, per acre annually.
Persimmon fruits (Diospyros kaki and D. verginiana) also provide useful
timber for the furniture. Its fruits are also of fine quality. Partially ripe fruits of D.
kaki can be used in preparing vegetable and chips , whether ripe fruits are very
sweet and mellow, having high content of carbohydrates. D. kaki and D.
verginiana both require, warm temperate to sub tropical climate. These can be
grown in the hills of Kashmir, Himanchal Pradesh, Uttranchal, Nepal to north
eastern region of india and plains of Punjab, Hariana, U.P., Bihar and temperate
and subtropical region of southern India. Persimmons are suitable for the
plantation on the edge of the agricultural farms. These are also suitable for the

8
plantation along the raw canals. Only those varieties of D. verginiana, which do
not require frost for the ripening of the fruits, can be cultivated in plains of
northern India. D. discolour provides very hard and strong timber like iron. It
requires tropical to subtropical climate. Its fruits are edible. It can be grown on
the edge of the agricultural fields of well drainage facility. Its timber is much
precious than that of teak.
Japanese raisin fruit also provides fine quality timber for furniture besides
dry and resinous fruits. It requires warm temperate to subtropical climate. It can be
grown in lower hills of subhimalayan tract to sub tropical plains of Punjab,Hariana
U.P., Bihar etc. It is suitable for the plantation at the edge of farms with well
drainage facility. 50 to 100 trees can be grown per acre, at the edge of the farms,
with regular pruning and branch cutting.
Olive (Olivum europia) also provides useful timber for making furniture and
handicrafts , but it can bear fruits up to 2000 years. It is a small tree. Its fruit is a
source of famous olive oil. Its ripe fruit can be used as salad and it can be utilized
in making vegetables as substitute of tomato. It requires temperate to subtropical
climate.
It is need to perform research on various useful plants of different regions of
the world without having any kind of prejudice and presumption, that a plant will
not grow/fruiten in our climatic condition. In this way, we shall be able to grow
different kinds of useful fruits like persimmons, Japanese resin, olive, plums
(Prunus bokharensis), some varieties of sweet cherry (Prunus cerasus), coupling
cherry (Prunus cerotina), wampi fruit (Clausena lansium with scented flowers),
Chinese bay berry (Myrica rubra), blue berry (Vaccinium myrtilus, Vaccinium
corymbosom), Andean walnut (Jaglans neotropica), etc ,in the subtropical plains of
northern India.
Andean walnut (Jaglans neotropica) also provides very fine quality timber
for making furniture besides edible nuts. It can be grown in temperate
Himalayas to subtropical plains of Punjab, U.P., Haryana and Bihar including
south Indian hill regions. It makes dense shadow, so it is suitable for road side
plantation on sandy and stony soil with well drainage facility.

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Sandal along with Sisoo:Sandal provides aromatic oil after 40-50 years of plantation. Sandal trees
show parasitism over roots of the sisoo trees. It is better to plant species of
sandal (red sandal Pterocarpus santalinus, white sandal- Santalum album etc.)
with sisoo (Dalbergia sisoo common sisoo and Dalbergia latifolia black sisoo)
in alternating order. About 25 trees of sandal and 25 trees of sisoo per acre can be
grown on the edge of the agricultural farms with regular branch cutting and
trimming. To strengthen the absorptive power of the sandals root, it may be
beneficial to treat them with micoriza culture. To earn more profit by the sisoo
tree, a farmer can grow vegetable vines on the tree, like sponge guard (Luffa
cylidrica), lablab (Dolicos lablab),sparrow guard(Cyclanthera pedata), Sword bean
(Dolicos gladeatus) and many other species in Dolicos genus and perhaps grapes
,passion fruit , kewe fruit, vanilla etc, if proper irrigation facility is available.

White sandal in U.P.

Flowering and fruitening too.

Sandal can be grown in all over India in Subtropical and tropical climate. There are
so many trees, which provide timber for making pulp and paper. Arzun
(Terminalia arzuna, it can grow in water logged places), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus and E. citriodora etc.), semal (Ceiba bombax, Pantendra cieba), Pongam
tree (Pongamia glabra family papilonacea, it can grow in water logged places,
biodiesel is obtained from the seed) etc. are useful plants which can be grown as
road side tree, which provide wood for pulp and paper.

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Timber Providing Trees Of Temperate Climate:There are many species of tree which provide useful timber for furniture.
Among these are Walnut (Jaglans regia), Butter nut (Jaglans cinaria), Andean
walnut (Jaglans neotropica, which can grow in both temperate and subtropical
region of U.P., Bihar, Punjab, Hariyana etc.), Deodar (Cedrus deodara, suitable for
high altitude, from 2000 m to 4000 m, elevation), labnan cedar (Cedrus libani),
pencil cedar (Juniperus verginiana), silver oak (Gravilia robusta, suitable for both
temperate region of high altitude to subtropical region of plains), altantic white
cedar (Chamaecyparis thiodes, provides fine quality timber, it can grow in water
logged places), white willow (Salix alba, timber is used to make cricket bat, it can
grow in water logged places), pine oak (Quercus palustris, can grow in water
logged places), white mulberry (Morus alba, better timber for furniture besides
fruits), and pines (Pinus roxburghii, Pinus merkusii, Pinus wallichiana) provide
timber for furniture and construction work.
These trees can be planted in vacant places of hill regions, side by the
rivers, roads, canals, on the mountains and in the forest along with other fruit
trees. That will enhance not only biological diversity but it will provide useful
timber too.
Fruit Trees and shrubs of Temperate region:-

Sweet
cherry (Avorrhoa
(Prunus avium)
Carambola
carambola)

Cherry plum (Prunus domesticus)

There are many hundreds species of fruit trees of temperate region. Some of the
important fruit trees are, apple (Pyros pumila can grow up to high altitude), pear
(Pyros communis), sweet cherry (Prunus avium can grow on high elevations),

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many varieties of cherry (Prunus cerasus and Prunus cerasefera, some varieties
have sweet test, while some have sweet sour test), chock cherry (Prunus
verginia,fruits are used in making jam, jelly etc), many varieties of plums (Prunus
domestica), Alubukhara (Prunus bokharensis), armenica plum or khubani (Prunus
america, small tree, useful for plantation on the edge of the agricultural farms),
many varieties of peach (Prunus persica var. nactrina, var. platycarpa, var.
nucipersica etc, all are shrubs, useful for plantation on the edge of agricultural
farms in those temperate region, where sun light is slant), medlar fruit (Mespilus
germanica ,shrub), quinces fruit (Pseudocydonia sinensis, shrub), gulf gold plum
(Prunus salisiana ,large shrub or small tree), Japani Plum (Prunus mum, with
beautiful flowers, large shrub or small tree), Canadian service berry (Amelanchier
canadensis , large shrub or small tree) ,
running service berry(Amelanchier
stolonifera ,shrub), snowy mepilus (Amelanchier ovalis ,large shrub or small tree)
,Siberian crab apple (Pyrus baccata, small tree, fruit is used as vegetable), Russian
haw thorn (Crataegus ambigua), mauli (Pyrus vistita), blue berry (Vaccinium
myrtyllus, shrub, useful for plantation on the edge of the farms, suitable for the
temperate and subtropical climates), high bush blue berry (Vaccinium
corymbosome, shrub can grow in water logged places, suitable for the temperate
and subtropical climates), see buck thorn( Hippophae rhamnoides ),wolf berry (Lysium
barbarum, its fruits are high content of vitamin A and used medicinally in liver
and kidney diseases, It is a shrub, its tender leaves are used as vegetable, It can
grow in any climate ), etc.
If USA accept the idea of plantation of fruits and shrubs on the edge of
agricultural farms (per acre only 50 small trees, or 100 shrubs yielding only one
tone per acre , over merely in 10 million square kilometer of USA), the whole
world can enjoy the American fruits (minimum 1kg per day per head for the 7
billion population of the world) , more over it will provide a lot of employment
to the downtrodden people of the America ,especially to the nigro population.
There are many kinds of nuts which are grown in the temperate region. Some of
the important nuts are, walnuts (Jaglans regia, J. cinaria, J.neotropica etc. ,timber is
useful for furniture), almond (Prunus amygdalus), ginko or chilgoja (Pinus
gerardiana), bunya nut (Araucaria bidwillii), korean shell nut (Pinus
koreansis),pecans nut( Carya illinoinensis) , macadamia nut (Macadamia
integrifolia and other species, timber is useful for furniture ,suitable for lower hills

12
of sub himalayan tract to the hills of southern India, requires warm temperate to
subtropical climate), beech nut (Fagus sylvatica, suitable for lower hills of sub
himalayan tract to the hills of southern India, requires warm temperate to
subtropical climate), pistachio (Pistacia vera, suitable for all climates, the
temperate , subtropical and tropical, temperature hardiness -10 to +48oC, suitable
for sandy high lands with well drainage facility, drought tolerant), European chest
nut (Castanea sativa, family Fagacea, tall tree , suitable for plantation in lower
hills, including Dunstan chestnut ,the timber is useful for furniture), Mocker nut
hickory (Carya tomentosa ,timber is useful for furniture) ,), Shell bark hickory (Carya laciniosa, timber
is useful for furniture) ,Hazel nut( Corylus avellana, C. colurna , the nut contains 60% edible oil, per acre
plantation can provide 15 to 20 quintal nuts of worth Rs. 200000 to 300000.The tree can ensure the
supply of edible oil in hill regions/ temperate regions of India.)

etc.

More over, there are many fruit bearing useful shrubs and bushes, which can
be planted with a purposeful planning in the forest and on the mountains to inhance
the biological diversity and to provide fruits and food to the man and many kinds
of primary consumer in the ecosystem. These useful shrubs and herbs are
strawberry (Fragaria indica and other species), raspberry( Rubus idaes- rashbhari)
,europian black berry (Rubus fruiticosus, hindi vilayati anchu), himalayan
raspberry (Rubus ellipticus, hindi- lal anchu), maritius rasp berry (Rubus
roseofolius yeshul), hisalu (Rubus lanatus), ceylon rasp berry (Rubus lasiocarpus,
kala anchu), black cherry (Rubus maluccanus hindi- katsole) etc.
These shrubs and herbs require temperate to subtropical climate. It is
need to carry out experiments on growth and fruitening of these plants in
subtropical plains of Punjab, Haryana, U.P., Nepal, Bihar and hills of eastern and
southern India, without having any kind of prejudice, that these will not grow in
warm part of the plains. If we shall succeed, these shrubs can be planted on canals,
along the rural roads and side by the railway tracks etc. Some of these shrubs can
be planted on the edge of the farms while some species can be cultivated in the
whole farm.
Flood tolerant and water loving fruit bearing trees and
shrubs of subtropical and tropical region:-

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There are many fruit bearing trees ,which can tolerate water logging for longer
period. These trees are carambola (Averrhoa carambola, hindi- kamrakh, ripe
fruits are sweet and juicy, unripe fruits are sour, some varieties have sweet sour
ripe fruit, propagation must be confined by the grafting method to ensure the
quality, it bears fruits throughout the year, single tree can bear fruits up to 100 to
250 kg annually), jaboticaba (Myrcearia cauliflliora, bears fruits throughout the
year), Camu-camu (Myrcearia dubia both water loving and drought tolerant tree),
false jaboticaba ( Myrcearea vextor, both water loving and drought tolerant, lesser
shadowy small tree, suitable for the plantation on the edge of the farms of small
cultivation) and rum berry ( Myrcearea floribunda, water loving and drought
tolerant),

Jaboticaba(Myrcearia

cauliflliora)

Carambola (Avorrhoa carambola)

panama berry fruit (Mantingia calaburra, water loving and drought tolerant )
,grumicama or brazilian cherry (Euginia barzilensis, bears fruit twice in a year,
requires regular irrigation for double cropping, there are two varieties having violet
and yellow colored fruits, timber is useful for furniture), Rio grand cherry (Euginea
involucrata), amberella or golden apple or hog plum (Mangifera dulsis, ripe fruits
are sweet and eaten fresh while unripe fruits are sour, which are used for making
sauces and pickles), peanut butter fruit (Bunchosia argentia, B. armenica), Indian
goose berry (Philanthus acidus, hindi- harfaruari, fruits are slightly sour which are
used in making jams, jelly, pickle and sauces), Jamun or Java plum (Sygygium
jabolana ),black sapote ( Diospyros nigra,it can stand in water logged places, very
productive tree, it can bear 60 to 450 kg fruits annually during October to march. It
can tolerate drought of 5-6 months in summer, dwarf varieties are suitable for the
plantation on the edge of water logged paddy fields. Plant prepared from seedling

14
bears fruit from 3rd year after plantation), ice cream bean fruit (Inga edulis, timber
is useful for indoor furniture), canistel fruit (Pouteria campachiana , it can tolerate
water logging and it is drought tolerant also), avocado (Persia americana, fruits are
useful for making salad and vegetable), wax apple or jamrul (Sygygium
samarengens, it can tolerate water logging ),water apple(Sygygium aqueum), wild
star fruit (Baccaurea angulata, Baccaurea parviflora ramifloura, Baccauria
ramiflora), stinker bean or twisted pod bean ( Parkia speciosa large tree , its
tender pods and green seeds are used as vegetable , per tree yield 50 -100 kg
beans.It can tolerate water logging, ) etc.
All these fruit bearing trees are suitable for the plantation, along the roads,
railways, canals, side by the drains and streams, on the water logged barren lands
and around the ponds and water reservoirs. These trees can be also planted on the
edge of the water logged paddy fields, where no other fruit tree grows. 50 to 100
trees per acre can be grown on the edge of the farms with proper and regular
branch cutting and trimming. If you have only waterlogged wet land ,and want to
grow fruit garden , no mention , you can grow these fruit trees.
There are many shrubs, which can tolerate water logging and are suitable for
the plantation on the edge of the farms of small cultivation.
Among these shrubs are, high bush blue berry (Vaccinium corymbosom,
suitable for the warm temperate to subtropical climate of the plains), Miracle fruit
(Synsepalum dulcificum, its fruit seem sour first and later becomes sweeter when
eaten), Carolina all spice (Calicanthus floridus, dry flowers are used as spice),
lilipily (Sygygium paniculatum, Sygygium cascade, fruits are eaten fresh, used to
make jams and jelly ,Sygygium cascade bears beautiful flowers) etc. These can
tolerate water logging.
Some mangrove vegetation like sea grape (Colcoloba uvifera ,small tree
,ripe fruits are eaten fresh while tender flower buds and fruits are used as
vegetable), hala fruit (Pandanus tectorius ) and tree lettuce (P. grandice alba, leaves
are used as vegetable, small tree), can tolerate both saline and fresh water logging.
These are also drought tolerant trees.
It is need to carry out research on various mangrove vegetation which can
survive in fresh water like coconut etc.

15
For example if salt wort (Salsola komorovii and many other species , a
herb, used for making salad and vegetable ), survives in fresh water, it can be
grown on the bank of the drains, and raw canals in whole sub tropical and tropical
region.
Drought tolerant fruit trees and shrubs of sub tropical and
tropical climate:There are many fruits of subtropical and tropical climate which can tolerate
drought for the longer period . These fruit trees are peelu fruit (Salvadora oleoides,
its timber is suitable for the furniture ) ,miswak fruit (Salvadora persica ) ,
mangoba fruit (Hancornia speciosa ), , nance fruit (B. crossifolia ), pequi fruit
(Caryocar brasilensis) ,baru fruit (Dipterix alata , fruit pulp is sweet and edible,
while seeds are proteineous and fatty and precious like almond , single tree can
bear 150 kg fruits besides 7-8 kg almond.), guinep fruit (Melicoccus bijugatus,
litchi like fruit), carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua , ripe fruit pods are dried, floured and
used in making chocolates ,candy and ice-cream etc, timber is suitable for making
furniture ) ,ximehia fruit (Ximehia armenica ,small tree or large shrub ), monkey
orange (Strychnos spinosa ,small tree or large shrub,suitable for the plantation on
the edge of the agricultural farm on sandy high lands and in the dry regions of the
country,100 trees planted on the edge of agricultural farms of one acre ,can
produce about 5000 kg fruits of worth $2000-3000 or Rs. 1 lacs to 2 lacs annually
), kei apple (Dovyalis caffera , Shrub ),titari (Rhus punjabensis , Rhus mesurensis
,etc., small tree), karil (Capparis decidua, family capparidacea, small tree without
leaves, raw fruits are used as vegetable, best quality pickle is prepared by unripe
fruits, while ripe fruits are eaten fresh which are protein rich fruit, drought
tolerant, suitable for the plantation on sandy high lands and on the edge of the
farms), ghitoran (Capparis zylenica, thorny shrub, can be used as hedge plant, even
for the small cultivation, raw fruits are use for making vegetable), African locust
bean (Parkia biglibosa , its protein rich green seeds are utilized as vegetable , while
dry seeds are used as cereals , annual yield is 20 -30 kg seeds per tree,and 10-12
quintal per acre. It is a necessary plant for the food security of the country), collies
wattle ( Acacia collie , dry seeds are used as cereals , annual yield is 15 -20 kg
seeds per tree, and 10-12 quintal per acre. It is a necessary plant for the food
security of the country,) ,prickly peared cactus (Opuntia ficus indica ,Opuntia

16
ellisiana ,Opuntia englemanni, provide fruits and vegetables ,shrubs ) , dragon
fruit (Hylocereus undatus,vine cacti), yellow pitaya (Selenicereus megalanthus,
vine cacti), peruvian apple cactus (Cereus peruvianus for sweet and tasty fruits
,shrubs) , pera do campo(Eugiana klozschiana ,shrub, fruits are slightly sour and
are used in making jam, jelly etc) ,etc can grow even in semi arid zone of thar
desert, besides sandy high lands of whole subtropics and in other semi arid zones
of the country. Besides these ,there are many fruit trees which are drought tolerant
,which can grow on sandy high lands of whole subtropics and in semi arid zones
or dry region of the country . These fruit trees and shrub are date palm (Phoenix
ductilefera) , sapodilla ( Achras japota, cheeku a large tree ), marula fruit
(Sclerocarya birrea) ,bael or wood apple (Aegle mormelus,medium sized tree) ,
pistachio (Pistacia vera, medium sized tree) ,fig (Ficus carica ,small tree), Indian
jujube (Ziziphus zuzube,small tree), cherrymoya (Rollinia deleciosa ,small tree or
large shrub) , natal plum ( Carissa macrocarpa , C.grandiflora ,C. spinarum, large
shrub), coco plum (Chrysobalanus icaco , shrub) ,barbedose cherry (Malpighia
emerginata , M. glabra ,shrub), loquat (Eriyobotria japonica ,small tree, bears fruit
during October to march, suitable for warm temperate to subtropical climate),
panama berry (Mantingia calaburra ), white sapote (Casimiroa edulis) , java plum
(Sygygium jambolana,jamun),
sea grape ( Colcolaba
uvifera) ,

Sapodila(Achras japota)
D

Wood apple (Aegal marmelus)

17
surrynam cherry ( Euginia uniflora ), persimmon (Diospyros kaki, D.
verginiana, suitable for warm temperate to subtropical climate ), canistel fruit
(Pouteria campachiana , it can tolerate water logging and it is drought tolerant also)
hog plum (Spindias mombin ), purple hog plum(Spindias perpurea) , etc are
drought tolerant fruit plant of the tropical and subtropical climate.
Trees and shrubs Of Subtropical And Tropical Region Which
Provide Vegetables :- There are many kinds of trees which provide
vegetables. Some of these valuable trees are avocado (Persia americana, fruits are
used for making salad and vegetables, it can tolerate water logging), Engkala fruit
(Litsea sebifera ,fruits are used for making salad and vegetables like avocado),
Karil (Capparis decidua, family capparidacea, small tree without leaves, raw fruits
are used as vegetable, best

Avocado(Persia Americana) ,a
vegetable

Persimmon (Diospyros kaki )

quality pickle is prepared by unripe fruits, while ripe fruits are eaten fresh which
are protein rich fruit, drought tolerant suitable for the plantation on sandy high
lands and on the edge of the farms), ghitoran (Capparis zylenica, thorny shrub, can
be used as hedge plant, even for the small cultivation, raw fruits are use for
making vegetable), durian fruit(Durio zibethinus, family- Bombacacy, different
from jack fruit family, but the fruits are very similar to that of jackfruits. Unripe
fruits are used as vegetable, while ripe fruits are of excellent test and flavor.)
,Jackfruit (Artocarpus hetrophilus, a tree, unripe fruits are used as vegetable ,while
ripe fruits are eaten fresh), bread fruit (Artocarpus altilis, unripe fruits are used for
making vegetable while matured partially ripe fruits, can be sliced like bread and

18
consumed after baking), persimmon fruit (Diospyros kaki, a tree suitable for the
warm temperate of sub Himalayan tract to subtropical plains of Punjab, Hariyana,
Nepal, U.P., Bihar to the hills of eastern and southern India, partially ripe fruits
are used for making vegetables and chips in place of tomato, ripe fruits are eaten
fresh. The ripe fruits can be dried ,stored and consumed, timber is useful for the
furniture), velvet apple or mabolo fruit (Diospyros discolor ,high productivity ,
seed less cultivars are preferred , wood is hard like iron and are suitable for
furniture , raw fruits are used as vegetable ), Olive (Olivum europia, small tree
which caste lesser shadow, ripe fruits are used as salad and for extracting famous
olive oil. The ripe fruits can be used to mix into vegetable in place of tomato. It
requires temperate to subtropical climate, its timber is also used for making
furniture. It is need to examine the growth and fruit yield of olive in subtropical
region of Punjab, Hariyana, Nepal, U.P., Bihar to the hill region of north eastern
and southern India). The stinker bean or twisted pod bean ( Parkia speciosa large
tree , its tender pods and green seeds are used as vegetable , per tree yield 50 -100
kg beans.It can tolerate water logging, ) ,provides bean and peas like vegetable on
the tree. Tree lettuce (P. grandis alba, it can tolerate both saline and fresh water
logging ) and Mexican tree spinach or chaya (Cnidoschulus chayamansa and
Cnidoschulus aconitifolius, shrubs or small tree, it can be pruned at any height,
suitable for the plantation on the edge of agricultural farms as hedge), provide
leafy vegetable throughout the year.
Unfortunately, in India only two species of leafy vegetable amaranthus
(Amaranthus cruentus) in summer and spinach(Spinacia oleracea ),in winter is
common. But there are so many herbs which can provide leafy vegetables
throughout the year having different test and flavor. For example chicory
(Chichorium indivia), watercress (Nasturtium officenale), newzealand spinach
(Tetragonia tetragonoids), tree spinach ( Cheonopodium gigentum var. magenta),
lettuce (Letuca sativa), japani spinach( Bressica rapa ) ,corn salad ( Barbarea
verna) ,American land cress (Veleranella locusta) , rainbow card (Beta vulgaris
,leaf stalk is consumed as vegetable) , winter purslane (Montia perfoliata),
pakchoi(Bressica compestris var. pekinsis) ,leaf ginseng or water leaf (Talium
triangular) , baby spinach (Spinasia oleracea) and garland chrysanthemum
(Chrysanthemum coronarium) ,arugula(Eruca sativa) etc. are herbs, which can
provide leafy vegetables of different test and flavor .

19
Wolf berry (Lycium barberum, it is a shrub, fruits are eaten fresh, dry fruits
are stored and consumed. Tender leaves of the shrubs are used as leafy vegetable.
It can grow in any climate, temperate, subtropical and tropical climate. ), Sahjan
(Moringa olefera tender leaves and pods are used as vegetable, a tree), Basana
(Sisbenia gradiflora is also a small tree. Tender leaves and young pods are used a
vegetable. The tree can be used as the support for the betel and vanilla vines. Raw
fruits of figs (Ficus carica, Ficus pometta, Ficus glomerata) and clammy cherry
(Cordia obliqua, Cordia dictoma hindi- lasora) can be used as a vegetable.
Ficus carica (fig) is drought tolerant and it can also tolerate water logging to
some extent. It can grow in any climate, temperate, subtropical to tropical climate.
Planting 50 to 100 trees, or 100 to 200 shrubs, on the edges of agriculture
fields ,a farmer can produce about 20-60 quintal vegetable per acre annually.
Some shrubs like dwarf varieties of tree tomato (Solanum betacium
,shrubs), some species of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis, tender shoots are
consumed as vegetable and A. racemosus) provide best quality vegetables, which
can be grown on the edge of the agricultural fields.
Some species of prickly peared cactus (Opuntia ficus indica Indian fig
cactus, thorny bush, Opuntia ellisiana, an spineless cactus, Opuntia englemanni,
which bears fruit without spines and glochides) provide not only tender paddles
for vegetable of rich in vitamins and minerals but fruits and beautiful flowers also.
Thorny species can be used as hedge plantation to protect the agricultural farms
from deer and cattles.

Fruit trees and shrubs of subtropical and tropical climate:In India, usually, there is no clear distinction between the subtropical and
tropical region from northern India to the south. Only some districts of Tamilnadu,
Kerla and Andaman come in to tropical region, rest of the country is either
subtropical or temperate. The mango, litchi, jambolana, guava, wood apple etc. are
grown throughout the country .Although there are more than 1000 species of fruits
for subtropical and tropical climate but unfortunately only few species are grown
as major fruit crop , most of them provide fruits in summer. We can grow more
than hundreds of best quality fruits in our gardens , and on the edge of the

20
agricultural farms and side by the roads, railways, canals and drains to get many
kind of fruits of different test and flavor, throughout the year. Some of the
important fruits are following:
(a)Perennial vines- Many varieties of grapes (Vitis vinifera, the green grapes, blue
grapes and California red grapes, all seed less varieties), passion fruit (Passiflora
edulis), kewe fruit (Acdinia deleciosa, fruit is eaten fresh or used as salad, requires
warm temperate to subtropical climate), and tree tomato (Solanum betacium, fruit
is used as vegetable) etc. require support to climb, or a rectangular frame work to
creep on it . So-shang fruits (Elaegnus latifolia , semiclimbing shrub or vine ,
suitable for warm temperate and sub tropical climate) is suitable for plantation
along the trees of canals ,railways and roadside plantation for dense packing.
(b)Shrubs and small fruit trees:- There are many fruit bearing shrubs and small
trees which are more suitable for the plantation on the edge of the agricultural
farms, even for the small cultivation because it caste smaller shadow. Some of the
valuable plants are

Governers plum( Flacourtea

indica)

Loquat (Eriyobotria japonica)

Natal plums (Carissa spinarum, Carissa grandiflora, Carissa macrocarpa, familyApocynacea, large shrub or small tree, suitable for the hedge), Kamini (Murraya
exotica, family Rutacea, fruit bearing shrub with scented flowers), Kamquat
(Citrus japonica), sweet lemon (Citrus limettioides), sweet orange (Citrus sinensis
musammi),orange (Citrus reticulata), large sweet orange (Citrus maxima,hindichakotara), monkey orange (Strychnos spinosa ,small tree or large shrub,suitable
for the plantation on the edge of the agricultural farms on sandy high lands and in

21
the dry regions of the country), Ceylon goose berry (Dovyalis hebecarpa,Dovyalis
abyssinica), pomegranate (Punica granatum), pear melon (Solanum muricatumpepino , fruits are used as fruit salad, shrubs ,suitable for the plantation on the
edge of the agricultural farms) ,barbedose cherry (Malpighia emerginata,
Malpighea glabra, suitable for the hedge), Surinam cherry (Euginia uniflora,
suitable for the hedge on the edge of the farms),pitangatuba (Eugenia neonitida ),
loquat (Eriyobotria japonica, small tree) ,large custard apple or cherrymoya
(Rollinia deliciosa), custard apple (Anona squamosa), Ximehia fruit (Ximehia
armenica , drought tolerant), dwarf varieties of marian plum or plum mango
(Bouea burmanica), dwarf varieties of mango (Mangifera indica var. amrapali etc),
guava (Psidium gujava), straberry guava (Psidium littrale) , rose apple or
gulabjamun (Sugygim jambose) ,malaya apple (Sygygium malaccanes),wax apple
(Sygygium samarengesne, it can tolerate water logging to some extent), water
apple (Sugygium aqueum, it can tolerate water logging), mangosteen (Garcinia
mangostana, Garcinia dulcis, Garcinia intermedia lemon drop mangosteen,
Garcinia cowa) , Indian zujube or ber (Ziziphus jujube) , governors plum
(Flacourtia jangomas ,Flocourtia indica, Flacourtia inermis,),figs (Ficus carica,
Ficus palmeta, Ficus glomerata), titari (Rhus sinesis, Rhus masurensis, Rhus
punjabensis-drought tolerant), bread fruit (Artocarpus altilis), and peelu fruit
(Salvadora oleodice-drought tolerant, timber is useful for furniture), wampi fruit
(Clausena lansium medium, sized tree with scented flowers, especially suitable for
subtropical climate), chines bay berry (Myrica rubra, suitable for the warm
temperate to subtropical climate), Chinese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta , hindinashpati, suitable for the plantation on the edge of the agricultural farms in the
warm temperate to subtropical climate ,it can tolerate water logging to some
extent), velvet apple or mabolo fruit(Diospyros balncoi ,high productivity , seed
less cultivars are preferred , wood is hard like iron and are suitable for furniture ,
raw fruits are used as vegetable ), namaqua fruit (Diospyros ramulosa for sweet
fruits , larg shrub or small tree ,drought tolerant,) , monkey plum (Diospyros
lycoids, shrub ) ,African meddler fruit (Vangueria infausta, one of the best fruit of
Africa, which can be eaten fresh or can be dried and stored,) etc.

22

Malaya apple (Sygygium

malaccans)

Wax apple (Sygygium samarengens)

Large fruit trees:- There are many species of fruit trees, which can be
cultivated in garden or it can be planted side by the roads , railways, canals and
drains, or in the forest and barren lands. Some of the important species are mango
(Mangifera indica and other species of the same genus Mangifera pantendra,M.
caesia, M. kamanga, Mangifera torquendo etc,), african mango (Irvingia
gabonensis , fruits are edible, besides edible seeds, the seeds are much precious
like almond which are fatty and proteineous, a single tree can produce only seeds
of worth 300US$ annually. It can tolerate water logging to some extent. Its
timber is suitable for making furniture . It requires mango like soil and climatic
condition ,of tropical and sub tropical climate.) ,litchi ( Nephelium litchi
),longanfruit ( Nephelium longana ) rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum, a very
beautiful species of litchi) , malaya plum or jampolana ( Sygygium cumini ,jamun)
, lang sat fruit (Lansium domesticum,), jackfruit ( Artocarpus hetrophilus) ,wood
apple or bel ( Aegle mormelus), buchnan mango (Buchnania angustifolia ,hindibuchnan aam), golden apple or hog plum (Mangefera dulsis, it can grow in water
logged places) ,hog plum (Mangifera mombin) , purple hog plum (Mangifera
perpuria ) ,star fruit or carambola ( Avorrhoa carambala, it can grow in water
logged places),burmes grape fruit or lathua (Baccauria sepida and many species of
the same genus ,Baccaurea dulcis, ,Baccaurea ramiflora, Baccaurea macrocarpa,
Baccaurea angulata, Baccaurea parviflora etc ,all these species can tolerate water
logging to some extent ,suitable for road side plantation), sapodilla (Achras
japota,hindi-chikoo) ,white sapote fruit (Casimiroa edulis), santole fruit

23
(Sandoricum kaetzap), safou fruit (Dacryodes edulis, excellent source of oil and
protein ,one acre garden can produce about 3 to 4 ton edible oil, timber is useful
for the furniture, large tree), mayan breadnut(Brosimum alicastrum, nuts are rich
source of starch ,protein ,vitamins and minerals, high productivity, large tree, a
single tree can bear nuts up to 400 to1000 kg , drought tolerant ,it can provide
food security for the huge population , the wood is useful for the furniture) ,
sherbet tree (Dialium schlechteri, for sweet blue colored fruit, the wood is useful
for the furniture), purple star apple (Chrysophyllum canito, requires well drainage
soil ), sweet star apple (Chrysophyllum auratum) ,abiu fruit (Pouteria caimito
,sapodilla like fruits, suitable for the warm and moist climate of tropics, timber is
suitable for furniture), mammy sapote fruit(Pouteria sapota, provides best quality
timber for furniture, requires well drainage soil with regular irrigation, large tree) ,
borojo fruit (Alibertia patinoi ,it requires warm and humid climate, but it can
tolerate brief frost also), araz fruit (Eugenea stipitata) ,sun drop fruit (Eugenea
victoriana),giant lau-lau fruit (Eugenia megacarpa) , Kapuyuku fruit( Theobroma
grandiflorum ,suitable for the regions of heavy rainfall) , persimmon fruit (Diospyros kaki ,
and D. verginiana,requires warm temperate to subtropical climate, timber is useful
for furniture and Diospyros discolour- a fruit bearing tree provides best quality
hard and strong timber like iron, requires sub tropical to tropical climate). Some of
the large trees like persimmons, wild star fruit (Baccaurea angulata) ,sundrop fruit
(Eugenea victoriana) etc can be grown on the edge of the agricultural farms with
regular branch cutting and trimming.

African mango (Irvingia

gabonansis)

Plum mango (Bouea burmanica)

24

(d)NutsThere are many trees of tropical and subtropical climate which

provide nuts , which are rich sources of protein , fats , vitamins and minerals.
Some important nuts are- cashewnut (Anacardium occidental ), African mango or
dika fruit ( Irvingia gabonansis family- irvingiacea , its ripe fruits are eaten fresh ,
its seeds resembling like mango seeds contain protein and fat , which are edible
and precious like almond ,it requires, same soil and climatic condition as that of
the mango ), pistachio (Pistachia vera , it can grow in any climate , temperate
,subtropical and tropical ,on any soil with well drainage facility, temperature
hardiness is 10c to+48c, drought tolerant , it can produce 20 kg to 50 kg nuts
per tree annually ), cuddapan almond (Terminalia kattappa , hindi-desibadam)
,chirongi (Buchnania lanzan), cut nut (Barringtonia edulis, small tree ),andean
walnut (Jaglans neotropica ,requires temperate to subtropical climate, which can
be grown in the planes of northern india and hill region of north-eastern and
southern india ,including temperate himalyas. Its timber is useful for the furniture.
It is suitable for the plantation ,side by the canals , roads and railways . It is a
larger tree ), baru fruit (Dipterix alata , fruit pulp is sweet and edible, while seeds
are proteineous and fatty and precious like almond , single tree can bear 150 kg
fruits besides 7-8 kg almond.),mayan breadnut(Brosimum alicastrum, nuts are rich
source of starch ,protein ,vitamins and minerals, high productivity, a single tree can
bear nuts up to 400 to1000 kg , drought tolerant ,it can provide food security for
the huge population timber is useful for the furniture) ,etc.
It is need to carry out research on beech nut (Fagus sylvatica ) and chest nut
(Castanea sativa ,rich source of carbohydrates) in subtropical plains of Panjab ,
U.P., Bihar ,Nepal ,Hariyana , hill region of north-eastern and southern India .
There are so many fruits of temperate or warm temperate region which can
be grown in sub tropical regions of the plains of northern India, for exampleplums (Prunus bokarensis), caupling cherry (Prunus cerotina ) ,japani raisin
(Hovenia dulsis, timber is useful for furniture) , persimmon (Diospyros kaki ),
chinese bay berry (Myrica rubra), naspati (Pyros pyrifolia variety culta), white
mulberry (Morus alba), fig (Ficus carica), pistachio, andean walnut, olive, wolf
berry shrub, blue berry shrub etc. It is need to carry out research on these various
plants in sub tropical part of the whole world like India, Nepal, Bhutan ,Pakistan,
Bangladesh and Shrilanka etc., and in whole world of subtropical climate. Nature

25
has given, thousands of valuable fruits, timber, and spices providing multipurpose
trees for every climate. Fortunately, India has all kinds of climatic conditions. Here
is desert climate of Thar -Rajsthan, temperate and alpine climate in the Himalayan
region, and temperate climate in the hills of southern India ,while tropical climate
is available in Andaman and Nicobar islands, Tamilnaldu and kerala states. It is
need to carry out research on, different species of valuable and multipurpose trees
which provide, fruits, vegetables, spices, medicines, perfumes and commercial
products like wax, resins gums, tannin etc.
(e)Pickle providing trees:-Unripe fruits of mango (Mangifera indica), Hog plum
or amda (Mangifera pinnata), ripe or unripe fruits of golden apple or hog plums
(Mangifera dulsis, Mangifera mombin, Mangifera purpuria-purple hog plum),
elephant apple or parmal or chalta (Dilenia indica),unripe or sour fruits of star fruit
(Avorrhoa carambola), chines bay berry (Myrica rubra) ,barbedose cherry
(Malpigia emerginata, and M. glabra), lime (Citrus medica), kamquat(Citrus
japonica) ,caranda (Carissa caranda) ,kamini (Murraya exotica), Indian goose berry
(Philanthus acidus),myrobalan (Embilica officenalis),bilimbi fruit (Averrhoa
bilimbi ) ,etc are used in making pickles. Best quality pickles are prepared by the
raw fruits of karil (Capparis decidua) and tender shoots of bomboo (Bomboosa
tulda).
(f)Gum providing trees :- Clammy cherry or lasora (Cordia dictoma, Cordia
obliqua ) etc provide fine quality gum. Many species of acacia (Acacia senegal,
Acacia furnansiana, Acacia fragrance) provide best quality gum, which is used in
industry, medicine and making tooth pest etc.
(g)Trees and shrubs of medicinal value :-Zinko (Zinkobiloba, requires warm
temperate to subtropical climate, medicines of commercial worth is prepared by
the extract of the leaves.) , Myrobalan or amala (Embilica officinalis), harad
(Terminalia chebula, fruits are used in constipitation and stomach disorders,
purgative) ,baheda (Terminalia belerica) ,jamal ghota (Croton tigllium ,seeds and
seed oil is used as purgative ) , ephidra (Ephidra officenalis ,it requires temperate
to subtropical climate ,famous medicine ephedrine is extracted from the stem
which is used in cough. ) etc.
(h)Spices providing trees and shrubs:- There are many spices providing trees of
subtropical to tropical climate . It is need to carry out research on various spices in
different climatic condition . Some of the valuable spices are clove (Sygygium
aromaticum requires tropical to subtropical climate of well drainage soil
condition , small tree ,flowers twice in a year ,yields 20 to 35 kg dry cloves

26
annually, suitable for the plantation on the edge of the agricultural fields , 100 trees
per acre can be planted on the edge of the fields ),
Indian cassia (Cinamamum
tamla tejpatta and Cinamomum aromaticum ) ,cinamon (Cinamomum zylenicum
dalchini ) , Nutmeg (Myristica fragrance , Jaiphal and javitri ) ,all spice (Pimenta
dioica ,green berries are dried and used as spice ,small tree ,requires sub tropical
or tropical climate, suitable for the plantation on the edge of the agricultural farms
), Carolina all spice ( Calicanthus floridus ,shrub , requires warm temperate to
subtropical climate etc. Some of the small trees and shrubs like cloves, Indian
cassia , nutmeg ,allspice ( Pimenta dioica) and carolina all spice , can be planted on
the edge of agricultural farms , that will result in huge production of spices. This
will lead to cheaper spices . More over net profit of the farmers will increase
without extra investment . The plants on the edge of the field, will grow on the
water and fertilizer of the crop of the whole farm.
(i)Palms:- There are many important species in palm (arecacea ) family , which
grow in subtropical and tropical climate . These palms caste lesser shadow and are
useful for the plantation on the edge of the agricultural farms .Some of the
important palms are :Palmira palm (Borses flabelifer, palm juice is tapped from flower stalk ) ,toddy
palm ( Caryota urens , for palm juice ), coconut ( Coccus nucifera ) , oil palm and
red oil palm (Elais guinansis , provides edible oil and oil for the biodiesel and soap
industry ,very productive tree,it bears fruits from 6 th year from plantation up to 60
years ), acai palm(Euterpe oleracea , for nutritious fruits),snake fruit palm (Salacca
zalacca , fruits are tasty and sweet, the palm tree attains height up to 6 meter),
carnauba palm (Copernicia centifera, provides about 10 kg wax per tree annually
from the leaves), date palm (Phoenix ductilifera, provides dates about 10 kg to 45
kg per tree annually, bears fruit from 4th year after plantation if the plant is
confined by the suckers, emerged from the roots of the mother plant, some
varieties can grown in temperate region of subhimalyan tract , up to 2000 meter
elevation), wild date (Phoenix sylvastrix) , pind palm (Beautea capatita , fruits are
edible , attains height up to 6 meter, suitable for warm temperate to sub tropical
climate), peach palm (Bactris gasipaes fruits are used as grain, suitable for the
subtropical and tropical climate) etc.

27

Palmira palm (Borses flabelifer)

on the edge of the farm

Date(Phoenix ductilefera),bears
fruits from 4th year after plantation

50 to 100 palm trees can be grown on the edge of the agricultural farms. 100 trees
of date palm can produce average 20 to 30 quintal dates annually besides 20 to 30
quintal leaf stalk which can be used in production of pulp and paper. The palms are
best carbon sink ,which binds CO2 in it. Leaf stalk of these palms can be used in
making pulp and paper, more over the palms provide shelter for many birds.

Dates :production up to 45 kg

Coconut ( Cocus nucifera) in U.P.

Many species of palms can be planted, side by the village joining rural roads.
These palms can be planted, 10 to15 meter apart ,on both the sides of the rural
roads. Between the palm trees, we can grow many kinds of useful flowers like

28
prickly peared cactus (Opuntia ellisiana, a spineless cactus, Opuntia ficus indica,
Opuntia englemanni , these cactus provide ,fruits ,vegetables and beautiful
flowers), yellow pitaya (Selenicereus megalanthus for sweet and tasty fruits),
peruvian apple cactus (Cereus peruvianus for sweet and tasty fruits), golden barrel
cactus (Achinocactus species), (Yucca baccata including banana yucca- Yucca
scidinger ,drought tolerant, raw fruits and roots are used as vegetable) , pear melon
(Solanum muricatum- pepino , fruit bearing shrubs) , drought tolerant varieties of
aloe (Aloe barbarae, Aloe barbedensis, Aloe polyphylla etc.), Tulip (Tulip species),
Merry gold (Tazetus erectus), Jeruslem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus , tuber is
used as vegetable) , corn poppy (Papaver rhoes) ,california poppy (Eschscholzia
california), narcissus (Narcissus tazetta-nargish), Maidona lily (Lilium cardidum),
Day jasmin (Cestrum diurnum), Night jasmin (Certrum nocturnum), Rubarb
(Rheum rhaponticum and Rheum rhabarum) ,dwarf species of tree tomato
(Solanum sessiflorum and Solanum muricatum) etc. This way the rural roads can
be developed in to a productive and beautiful roads.
(j)Ornamental And Shade Providing Trees: There are so many ornamental and
beautiful species of trees , which can be planted along with fruit trees side by the
roads ,railways ,canals etc.. These tree provide not only timber for pulp and paper
industry ,but a green and colorful scenery also . Some of the important ornamental
trees are following:
Coral tree (Erithrina variegata ,for beautiful red flowers, its variety orientalis
provides edible pods for vegetable in delta region of Bengal) , java cassia (Cassia
javanica for pink flowers) ,Ghost fruit cassia (Cassia grandice , for pink flowers ,
wood is also useful for furniture), torch trees or Ixora (Ixora parviflora hindi
Rukmini, scented flowers timber is also useful for furniture) ,Geiger tree (Cordia
dodecandra for orange flowers , wood is also useful for furniture), Kanakchampa
(Pterospermum acerefolium ,family steroculacea, for yellow scented flowers),
golden champa (Mycolia champaca) ,wampe fruit (Clausena lansium for scented
white flowers besides fruits ) , red bottle brush (Callistemon laceolatus) ,Korean
dogwood tree (Cornus kausa , for beautiful flowers of pink, red and white colors,
suitable for warm temperate to sub tropical climate ),semal(Ceiba bombax family
bombacacea for red flowers) , kapok(Pantendra ceiba ,white semal, for white
flowers, provides fibrous floss for stuffing pillow ,cushion etc) ,amaltas (Cassia
fistula, for yellow flowers) , goldmohr (Delonix regia, family ceasalpiniacea)
kachnar or mountain eboney (Bauhinia veriegata, white flowers, the tender leaves,

29
flowers, buds are eaten as vegetable), malbar mountain ebony or Amli (Bauhinia
malabarica, tender seeds and leafy tips are used as vegetable), Lal kachnar
(Bauhina perpurea), kachnal (Bauhinia racemosa, flower buds and fruits are eaten
as vegetable), stinker bean (Parkia speciosa ,tender pods and green seeds are used
as vegetable) ,flame of forest (Beautea monosperma, for beautiful red flowers,
hindi-Dhak, palas, Tesu etc, Lac insect are tamed on the branch of the this tree),
lilipily (Sygygium cascade, for pink flowers, fruits are edible, small tree) , baobab
(A. grandidieri, bottle tree), etc.
We do not say that we should not plant manila tamrind (Mimosa dulcis
Jangal jalebi) , pride of India (Melia azadirach Bakain) , eucalypltus (Eucalyptus
globulus), gutel (Trewia nudiflora) ,elephant apple or kaith (Feronia limonia), etc
on the barren lands and side by the roads, railways, canals, drains and streams etc.
. But plantation of only few species of lesser importance is not proper. There are
more than thousands of species which provide fruits, nuts, vegetables, gum, resine,
medicine, beautiful flowers and timber for furniture etc. Therefore we should plant
many kinds of trees and shrubs in all over our country and in all over the world
too. That will reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide and will solve the problem of
global warming. It will provide enormous biological diversity , shelter for many
birds and animals, fruits ,nuts vegetables, gum , resins , timber for furniture and
pulp and paper. By the sustained and well planned plantation , the world will
become colorful , beautiful and prosperous.

Barbados cherry(M. emerginata)

Surinam cherry(Eugenia uniflora)

30
Fruit trees and shrubs of especially subtropical region :Although most of the tropical fruits can be grown in subtropical regions . But here
are some fruits ,which are especially suitable for the subtropical region . These
fruits are- mango (Mangefera indica ) , plum mango (Bouea burmenica ,dwarf
varieties are suitable for the plantation on the edge of the agricultural farms ),
african mango (Irvingia gabonansis ), buchnan mango (Buchnania angustifolia ),
santol fruit (Sandoricum kaetzap), many species of litchi (Nephelium litchi ,
Nephelium longana ,Nephelium mutabile, Nephelium lappacium a beautiful
species of litchi ), jambolana (Sygygium jambolana ), wood apple (Aegal marmelus
), large custard apple (Rollinia deleciosa ), sun drop fruit (Euginia victoriana ),
lemon drop mangosteen ( Garcinia intermedia ), governer`s plum ( Flacourtia
jangomas , Flacourtia indica etc ), wampi fruit (Clausana lansium), Chinese date
plum or Indian zuzube (Zyziphus zuzube), barbedose cherry (Malpighia
emerginata , M. glabra ,shrub), carambola (Avorrhoa carambola ), surinam
cherry ( Euginia uniflora ) , guava ( Psidium guava ), fijoa (Fijoa sellowiana,
guava like small tree ), water apple (Sygygium aquem ) , giant lau-lau fruit
(Euginia megacarpa) ,avocado (Persia americana ) , wild star fruit (Baccaurea
angulata and many other species of the same genus B. macrocarpa, B. parviflora ,
B. dulcis, B. sepida etc,), species of hog plums ( Spindias mombin, S. dulcis , S.
catherea ,S. perpurea purple hog plum) , natal plum (Carissa macrocarpa , C.
grandiflora , C. spinarum ), peelu friut (Salvedora oleodice ), purple star apple
(Crysophylum canito ), sapodilla (Achras japota), mamy sapote (Pouteria sapota
,large tree, requires time to time irrigation ,timber is suitable for furniture ), white
sapote ( Casimiroa edulis ),and many other species of fruits like peanut butter fruit
(Bunchosia argentea , B. armenica ), jaboticaba (Myrcearea cauliflora ,M. dubia
,M. vextor,M. floribunda etc ), panama berry (Mantingia calaburra ), Brazilian
cherry (Euginia brasilensis ), black sapote (Diospyros nigra) etc.. Some fruits of
warm temperate region also fruiten well in subtropical condition . These fruit
species are loquat (Eryobotria japonica ), fig (Ficus carica) , chines pear(Pyrus
pyrifolia var.culta nashpati), persimmon fruit (Diospyros kaki , D. verginiana
),princes persimmon(Diospyros rhombifolia,small tree ), coupling cherry (Prunus
cerotina ),alubukhara (Prunus bokarensis), chines bay berry(Myrica rubra),
pistachio (Pistacia vera ), Andean walnut (Jaglans neotropica), japanes raisine

31
(Hovenia dulsis ), pind palm or jelly palm (Beautea capatita ) etc are suitable for
the plantation in sub tropical climate.
Plantation in aquatic ecosystem :- There are many valuable and beautiful
aquatic plants which provide immense beauty to the aquatic ecosystem. Some
aquatic plants are lotus (Nilumbo nucifera-lal kamal ) ,yellow lotus (Nilambo lutea
family nymphacea ), blue lotus (Nymphea stallata- nil kamal ) , white lotus
(Nymphea pubscens ), scented water lily (Nymphea ordorata, beautiful flowers in
many coulors , red, yellow ,orange and white,national flower of ShriLanka) ,
colorful water lily (Nymphea cultivar and Nymphea panama ,available in various
colours red , pink, yellow ,blue etc ) , gaint water lily( Victoria amazonica), goran
nut or makhana (Euryale ferox, seeds are roasted and eaten ) and trappa or chest
nut (Trapa natans--Hindi singhara seeds are eaten after boiling.) etc. .These above
described herbs , can be grown in the drains, ponds and water reservoirs etc to
beautify them .

Colourful water lily (Nyphea cultivar)

Rendering animals with fruits gardening:Rendering animals requires space and there is, a lot of space in between the two
rows of the fruit trees ,in the garden. If we make shelters for rendering animals
like Partridge and Pheasants, chicken , gees(in shelter), Turkey, Emu, goats and
buffalos etc., the shade of the fruit trees will protect them from heat in summer.
The grass grown in the garden, where sun light reaches at the ground, will provide
extra feed to the live stock . It is better to the grow bamboo fence around the
garden to protect the fruit trees and live stock, and to avoid extra care of watching.

32
There are so many varieties of bamboo which make a dense fence /hedge . It is
need to avail seeds and nursery of bamboos for the fence. This way, large scale
rendering will be possible along with fruit gardening. That will lead to surplus
production of meat ,wool ,leather and milk , that will provide infinite possibility of
employment in production, processing, transport and marketing . If we want to
become a developed country ,the government should have priority to invest money
in productive works like plantation , fishery and rendering live stock, by
providing loans for rendering live stock and developing infra structure like roads ,
canals etc. ; afterwards in nonproductive works like eradication of poverty ,feed
supplement against malnutrition and subsidy on food grains etc. If it is accepted,
production will increase manifold , more over it will provide a lot of employment.
The income of the common people will increase, then they will be able to pay
more taxes and afterward they wont need governments subsidy in future . In this
way the government will be able to invest money in non productive works.
Economic Importance of the Plantation:If we plant useful and valuable trees and shrubs on the edge of the
agricultural farms, we shall be able to plant trees at very large scale.
We can plant 100 to 150 shrubs and 50 to 100 lesser shadowy small trees on
the edge of the farms per acre. Medium sized trees like, jack fruits, chines bay
berry, wampi fruit, purple star apple, carambola, persimmons, japani raisine, and
large trees like jambolana, teak ,siris, silver oak etc can be planted with regular
branch cutting and pruning. The medium sized trees should be planted about 1
meter to 1.5 meter interior in the field from the edge and 3 to 4 m apart, such that
there should no harm to the neighboring farms, necessary pruning is required to
avoid harms to the neighbors.
The government should establish high-tech modern nurseries and tissue
culture centers in each district of the country to avail all kinds of plants which can
grow in that district.
If organized private sector companies jump in to the nursery industries, the
farmers/common people can get their desired plants for the plantation, but the
government should play a role of catalyst to attract and promote private sector
companies in to this field .

33
If organized private sector companies ,avail desired nurseries to the farmers
at the cheaper rate, the business is not unprofitable. If a farmer buys 100 saplings
of high quality date palms (Phoenix ductilifera , sapling is taken from the succors
emerged from the mother plant, which bears fruits from 4 th year ) , at the rate of
50 rupees (about 1 USD per plant,) he can produce minimum about 1000 2000
kg dates (about 10-20kg dates per tree), from the 6th year of the plantation, at the
edge of the agricultural farms. It will provide about 60 thousands to 1 lack rupees
(1000-2000USD) earning annually, and that will be continued in next years. In the
country, where every year more than 500 thousand people die of hunger , more
than 200 million people take inadequate meal or take the meal only once in a day,
there is much importance of the high yielding date palms.
Similarly if a farmer grows 100 trees of guava per acre at the edge of his
agricultural farms, he would produce about 8000 kg to 10000 kg guava fruits at the
rate of 80 to 100 kg per tree. That will provide about 80 thousands to 1 lack rupees
about (1300-2000 USD) annually.
If a south Indian farmer grows 100 trees of cloves (Sygygium aromaticum)
small tree, lesser shadowy, yields 20 to 35 kg dry cloves annually ) ,on the edge of
his agricultural farms, it can produce about 2000 kg or, 20 quintal cloves resulting
4 lack rupees (about 8000 USD), annual income.
If a farmer grows 50-60 avocado trees (Persia American, fruits are used for
making vegetables and salad , average 40 -80 kg per tree annual production after
pruning and branch cutting, It can be grown in water logged paddy fields), at the
edge of his paddy fields, he can produce about 30-60 quintals avocado fruits
resulting 40 thousands to 1 lack rupees income (1000 -2000 USD) annually.

34

Black sapote (Diospyros nigra)

Wild star fruit (Baccaurea angulata)

If a farmer grows 60 to 100 trees of black sapote (Diospyros nigra ,dwarf varieties
are suitable for the plantation on the edge of agricultural farms ,it can grow in
water logged places , it can tolerate drought for 5-6 month period ) per acre ,on
the edge of his waterlogged paddy fields, he will produce about 50 to100 quintal
black sapote fruits annually, which will result in ,about 3-8 lack rupees earning at
the rate of 50-100 rupees per kg fruits.
Similarly, if a farmer grows 50 to 60 carambola trees per acre, on the edge of his
paddy fields, he will produce about 50 quintal star fruits annually, which will result
in about 3 lack rupees earning at the rate of 60 rupees per kg fruits.
But, if that farmer grows only grain crops (wheat and rice) in his whole farms, that
will yield only average 12 quintal wheat and about 20 quintal paddy per acre, in
case of fine crop. That will yield total 35,000 rupees (600 USD) total income and
only about 20,000 rupees net profit.
If a farmer invest his money in buying bonds like Kishan Vikas Patra he can
earn only double (10,000 rupees from 5,000 rupees, the investment cost of 100
saplings) in 7 years. No share providing company can provide such a huge return,
as the plants grown on the edge of the agricultural farms provide. It is unfortunate
that , being an agriculture oriented country, more than 75% population is
malnourished. More than half of the population is living under poverty, and more
than half of the population is suffering from unemployment.

35
Only three billion useful fruit trees planted, side by the roads, railways, canals,
drains, streams and on the barren lands, can produce minimum half kg fruits per
head per day, throughout the year after feeding birds ,monkeys, jackals ,squirrels
etc.
Six billion small trees and shrubs planted on the edge of the agricultural
farms can produce 1 kg fruits per head per day to the 1.2 billion population of the
country. Only three billion trees and shrubs like avocado ,Sisbania grandiflora,
jack fruit, bread fruit , persimmons and prickly peared cactus etc can provide
minimum kg green vegetables per head per day to the 1.2 billion population.
If we grow only 50 trees per acre on the edge of agricultural fields, we shall
be able to grow 25 billion small trees and shrubs in merely 20 lack square
kilometer of the country , out of 32 lacks square kilometer total area. Only three
billion coconut tree, grown as road side trees, on the rural roads, can provide one
coconut daily to each person of 1.2 billion population. Similarly, only 3 billion
date palms, can produce 100-200 gram dates per day per head for the 1.2 billion
population. Three billion date palms can produce 60 million ton dates, similarly
four billion trees of peach palm (fruits can be used in place of wheat),can produce
30 million ton peach palm. Similarly only one billion oil palms can produce about
10 million ton edible oil. That is necessary for the food security of the huge
population of the country.
If we want to make our country in to a well developed country, we shall
grow useful plants and valuable trees, shrubs and even useful grasses, on the
every patch of the land, throughout the country. This mean, if we want to become
a well developed country, even shrubs and the grasses should be grown useful.
By the help of students, NCC cadets, P.A.C and army personals, and by the
help of the public work departments and social workers, we can plant useful and
multipurpose grasses, shrubs and trees on every patch of barren lands at large
scale.
If effective measures are being taken, the harmful plants like parthinium
(Parthinium histoporous), Bhang (Cannobis sativa) , argimone (Argimone
mexicana), grown on the roads, railway tracks and canals, can be replaced by
useful grasses and shrubs like geranium (Geranium spc.) , citrinella grass

36
(Cymbopogon nordus), lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) , vetever (Vetevaria
zaiziodice), marzoram (Marzorana hortensis), methi neem or curry leaf (Murrya
coeingi),Kamini (Murrya exotica-fruits are edible, ornamental shrubs possessing
white scented flowers), natal plum (Carrissa spinarum suitable for hedge , Carrissa
grandiflora, carrissa macrocarpa, shrub or small tree, suitable for the hedge, fruits
are edible, drought tolerant), lemonade berry (Rhus intergrifolia, drought tolerant
flower and fruit bearing shrub), fire bush (Hemelia patens, for beautiful flowers)
,blue berry (Vaccinium myrtyllus and Vccinium corymbosom, fruit bearing shrubs
, flood tolerant), species of cactus which possess beautiful flowers and provide
fruits, vegetables etc. like prickly peared cactus (Opuntia ficus indica, fruit bearing
thorny shrub, which can be used as hedge plant, the hedge is deer resistant ,useful
in combating with neelgai, drought tolerant, requires well drainage soil, tender
paddles are used as nutritious vegetable, Opuntia ellisianca-spineless cactus,
possesses white, red, yellow and orange colored flowers and useful like other
opuntia, Opuntia engelmanni , all are drought tolerant, can be grown in warm
temperate to tropical climate), brain cactus (Neowerdermannia vorworkie stems
and tap roots are used as vegetable, drought tolerant), dragon fruit (Hylocereus
undatus ,vine cacti ), yellow pitaya (Selenicereus megalanthus ,vine cacti),
peruvian apple cactus (Cereus peruvianus for sweet and tasty fruits ,shrub) ,
,golden barrel cactus (Achinocactus species), fish hook barrel cactus ( like
Ferrocactus pylosus, Ferrocactus wisealizeni), drought tolerant varieties of aloe
(Aloe barbarae, Aloe barbedensis, Aloe polyphylla etc), pera do campo(Eugiana
klozschiana ,shrub, fruits are slightly sour and are used in making jam, jelly etc)
,yucca (Yucca baccata ,roots and fruits are used as vegetable ,drought tolerant)
,rubarb ( Rheum rhabarbarum ,Rheum rhaponticum-leaf and leaf stalk are used in
making vegetables and sweets, jams etc), giant swamp taro (Crytosperma species,
rhizome is used as vegetable, grows usually in water logged places), asparagus
(Asparagus offiicenalis-tender shoots are used as vegetable , A. racemosus, A.
adscendens etc), giant reed (Arundo donax, it can grow in water logged places) etc.
These grasses and shrubs can be grown on both the sides of railway tracks.

37

Fruit bearing Opuntia ficus indica

Beautiful flowers of prickly peared

cactus

Paddles of opuntia a vegetable

Dought tolerant species of aloe

By planting trees and shrubs, according to the above described manners, we shall
be able to produce surplus fruits, vegetables, spices, oil and wax etc. That will
provide food security to the huge population of the country. Surplus and cheaper
production will lead to cheaper fruits, vegetables, spices and other agro products.
This will enhance the purchasing power of the common man. That will also lead to
rise in the value of currency in the international market. This will help in
combating with price rise of consumer products and trade deficit due to
devaluation of currency . Surplus consumption of fruits will result in to lesser
requirement of grains/cereals. Some of the fruits can be dried and consumed in
place of grains/cereals.

38
The trees and shrubs grown on the edge of the agricultural farms will
produce 30 to 60 quintal (3000kg-6000kg) fruits, that will provide about 10 to 20
quintals dry fruits.
The dry fruits of grapes (dry fruit kismiss or raisin), sweet cherry (Prunus
avium), cherry plum (Prunus domesticus and Prunus bokarensis), armenica plum
(Prunus armenica), medlar fruit (Mespilus germanica) ,cauplin cherry (Prunus
cerotina), blue berry (Vaccinium myrtyllus ,Vaccinium corymbosom), wolf berry
(Lycium barberum), Japanese raisin (Hovenia dulsis) ,figs (Ficus carica, Ficus
palmeta, Ficus glomerata), jaboticaba (Myrcearia cauliflora and other species),
Jamaica cherry or panama berry (Mantingia calaburra), governors plum (Flacourtia
indica and other species), Wampi fruit (Clausena lansium), titary (Rhus
punjabensis and R. masurensis etc.), Barbados cherry(Malpighia emerginata ,M.
glabra ) ,natal plums (Carrissa spinarum C. grandiflora, C. macrocarpa), African
meddler fruit (Vangueria infausta) ,ximehia fruit (Ximehia armenica), peelu fruit
(Salvadora oleoides), miswak fruit (Salvadora persica) ,persimone fruit (Diospyros
kaki, Diospyros verginiana), pind palm fruit (Beautea capatita), dates (Phoenix
ductilefera) and all nuts can be used as food to combat with hunger, in place of
grains.
Dont you think, If you have no bread, why dont you eat kissmiss , raisins
and almonds.

Please come! Let us bring a new revolution.

39
Relation Between ,the Human Heath Vs fruits and green vegetables :Two third population of the developing countries is suffering from
malnutrition. Symptoms due to deficiency of vitamins are usually seen in these
countries especially in poor families. Some of the common diseases due to
deficiency of vitamins are berry-berry, hair fall, pellagra (black spot on the
palms and hands), cracking of lips, is caused by deficiency of vitamin B
complexes, Swelling and bleeding of tooth gums , tearing off the skin at the
nails, rough and dry hairs, is caused by deficiency of vitamin C ,
Xeropthalmia (Swelling and roughness of eye brows) , thickening of the skin ,
rough and dry hairs , fragileness of bones (Oesteoporosis) is caused by the
deficiency of vitamin A , dryness of skin and bending of bones (rickets) is
caused by deficiency of vitamin D.
Fresh fruits and green vegetables are the rich sources of vitamins
and minerals. Regular consumption of fresh fruits and green vegetables
protect us from deficiency
of these vitamins and minerals. Usually it is
seen that some people have bad habit to take multi vitamin
tablets and
capsules instead of taking fresh fruits and green vegetable to full fill the
requirements of vitamins . Regular intake of multi vitamins tablets affects
badly on the absorptive power of the intestine. It deteriorates the
absorptive power due to high concentration of vitamins. Vitamins and mineral
are often absorbed by the crushing and grinding
of the food during the
digestion process . High concentrations of vitamins and minerals also
increases the decay rate of vitamins and minerals from the body .
Sometimes the person observe deficiency of vitamins just after he leave off
the multivitamin capsules. Taking vitamins in form of tablets and
capsules is also harmful in other ways .For example over intake of vitamin A,
in form of retinol capsules, causes Osteoporosis (fragileness of bones), but over
intake of vitamin A in form of beta carotene which is taken from fruits and
vegetable has no any harmful effect on the body .Beta carotene does not show any
harmful effect,
when accumulated in body tissues and cells . It can easily decay, when there is
high concentration in the body.

40
The minerals like Mg++,Ca++,K+ etc present in the fruits and green
vegetables ,maintain the turgidity of the cells and regulate many bio chemical
reactions. Therefore , regular intake of fruits and green vegetables maintain the
face and skin. Moreover, the pigments found in colorful fruits and nuts etc. work as
antioxidants, which neutralize the carcinogen free radicals and ultraviolet
radiations. Thus pigment found in colorful fruits, nuts and vegetables protect us
from the cancer.

Problem

of

fatness

and

obesity

Vs

fruits

and

green

vegetables.
Excess intake of fat and carbohydrate rich food results in fatness and
obesity. Now days a lot of changes have been made in the life style of the people.
We often use motorcycle even to go one kilometer instead of going on foot. We
use lift to reach at the few stories of the building, instead of going by stairs.
Usually people dont work physically as they were working in the past .Many of
our works are running by machines. Thus we do not loose calories in form of
physical works.
Although we have changed our life style but we haven`t change our diet
according to the need. Now a days people use to take fat and carbohydrate rich
food (mostly starch rich food , the bread, rice and potatos),but there is very much
shortage of protein (milk ,curd, cheese ,eggs, fishes , meat and pulses ) , fruits
,green vegetables and salad in our diet . A protein rich diet enhances our body
growth and formation of muscles. It protect us from Kwashiorkor and obesity.
Fresh fruits ,salad and green vegetables are low calorie diet . These satiate the
appetite, but provide lesser calories . Thus by consuming protein rich meal and
fresh fruits ,salad( beet root ,carrot ,radish, onion, tomato , kiwi fruit, guard like
chayote, cucumber etc. ) and green vegetables , we can protect ourselves from
obesity and fatness.
If a person eats and only eats fast foods ,pizza ,burger etc , throughout
whole day ,he must be suffer from fatness and obesity. Fatness and obesity is the
root of the problems of many diseases like high blood pressure ,diabetes , kidney

41
failure and heart diseases etc. Fatness and obesity is taking a dreadful situation in
developed counties too.
We can keep ourselves away from fatness and obesity by taking balance and
sustained protein rich diet (milk and milk products, pulses, soya bean , eggs, fishes,
meat and mushrooms etc) with surplus intake of fresh fruits, fruit juice, salad and
green vegetables.
When we take protein rich diet, the decay rate of calcium increases and
problem of ketosis (hyper secretion of ketone bodies in urine) also arises ,fruits and
green vegetables are rich sources of calcium, which compensate the calcium decay.
Fruits also contain sufficient carbohydrates, which protect us from Ketosis while
taking protein rich diet.
Agriculture of Protein Rich Algae in the Open Sea:- To fulfill the
requirement of rapidly increasing huge population, it is need to agriculture ,protein
(like laminaria, sargassum and chlorella etc) and starch storing algae in the open
sea. Many species of brown algae or kelp of family pheophycea are rich sources of
protein. Dry kelp contains about 20-30% protein of dry mass. Some species of kelp
in genus sargassum family, are free floating. Sargassum natans and Sargassum
fluitans are two free floating kelp. These kelps require subtropical to tropical
climate. These protein rich kelps can be utilized to feed at least to our live stock
like goats, cows etc, after drying. A cheaper protein rich feed can be prepared by
taking 70% kelp in powder form and 30% rice brawn, edible residue of rice and
flour mills, maize ,oil cakes etc.

Free floating Sargassum

Protein rich -Sargassum natans

42
It may be proved ,a protein rich cheaper feed for the chickens, ducks, fishes,
emus, goose goats, ships , lamas, reindeers, cows etc.
If we produce kelp at large scale by the agriculture of algae in the open sea ,the
dry kelp will be available to the farmers at the rate of Rs 200 to Rs 300 rupees per
quintal (about 4-5USD per quintal) .Rendering animals on the basis of the kelps
will result in surplus production of milk and milk products, meat ,eggs , fishes ,
wool and leather .That will provide employment at large scale on every stage of
production, processing ,transport and marketing . Thus the country can become a
well developed country within ten years by the agriculture of the kelp in the open
sea. But we should always remember that , if the population growth remains
continued , there will be no land to even keep our foot on the land. Then we shall
have to think of agriculture in the sky. It is need to review our population policy, in
due course of time .It is better to make a strict population policy like compulsory
vasectomy after two children.
Agriculture of kelp is also beneficial in other ways. It will restore the cycle
of micronutrients which is flown into the sea ,every year with the rain water.
Dry kelp are rich sources of iodine, selenium , copper , magnesium, zinc ,
potassium, manganese and phosphorous . That will supply necessary micro
nutrient to the live stock .Dung and compost will contain high concentration of
these micronutrients , which will restore the fertility of the land. The government
should follow the policy of Japan in agriculture of algae, which are used as
vegetable and salad like laminaria, porphyra, ulva (sea lettuce ) and geladium (for
agar-agar ) etc , The government should also play her attention towards pearl
culture. Although Indian sea possesses hundreds of species of pearl providing
oysters, but artificial pearl culture is negligible in India . Pearl culture will provide
a lot of employment and a mean to earn foreign currency too.
We can also enhance the production of fresh water fishery by establishing
protein and starch rich weeds and algae in ponds and lakes etc. Weeds and algae
avail not only , the necessary oxygen for the healthy growth of the fishes, but it
also increase the biomass of the zoo planktons. These zoo planktons are the useful
feed for the carnivorous fishes like prawn (Palaemon idae ,Macro bronchium
rosenburgii etc ),mangur (Clarias betrachus),bam fish etc. Thus , it is better to
culture both herbivorous fishes ,with small carnivorous fishes at a time in the

43
ponds .The government can increase the production of the fresh water fisheries
many fold ,by leaving young fishes of Rohu (Labeo rohita), nain, ,bhakur,silver
fish , grass fish ,prawns,(Palaemon idae) ,mangur (Clarias batrachus), bam fish
etc in the public lakes, ponds , water reservoirs, in water logged paddy fields etc ,
every year by establishing modern hatcheries in each district of the country
,keeping the reservoirs , free from water hyacinth and Ipomia carnea . To supply
the necessary nitrogen in protein producing ponds and paddy fields , spores of
nitrogen fixating bacteria like azatobactor and algae like Anabaena cylindrica and
Tollyprothings tenuis etc ,can be spread in to these fields . It is need to provide
spores of nitrogen fixating bacteria and algae ,to the farmers at the cheaper rate .
Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx The end of the article xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Note:- Our team is working on adding nitrogen fixating gene of blue green
algae ,in to the major crops like rice, wheat, maize , and potato etc. It is very
difficult to recognize nitrogen fixating gene of blue green algae. Our team has a
plan to implant whole gene of blue green algae Anabaena cylindrica and
Tollyprothings tenuis etc in to major crops like rice, wheat, maize , and potato etc.
,assuming that the gene of the algae would not interfere in the basic functions of
the crop plant., but the crop plant would contain nitrogen fixating property. This
project is based on the fact that ,20% human gene has been implanted in to pigs in
order to resemble the pigs kidney ,so that the pigs kidney implanted in to the
humans, would not rejected by the human immuning system . In spite of that ,the
pigs having 20% human gene ,were surviving and were healthy. Similarly if we
implant the whole gene of prokariotic algae like Anabaena cylindrica and
Tollyprothings tenuis etc.; which is small in comparison of the gene of eukaryotic
crops like rice, wheat, maize and potato etc ,the gene of algae would not interfere
in the basic functions of the crop ,more over the crop will contain nitrogen
fixating property,and some more types of chlorophylls ,which will enhance the
growth rate of the crop and protein content in the grain , because it will supply
steady nitrogen supply ,throughout the whole crop and extra amino acids during
nitrogen fixation. If this project succeed, there will be no need to scatter urea in
the fields of major crops.

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RODUCTION OF THE ALGAE LIKE LAMINARIA FOR THE LEAFY VEGETABLES

AND PEARL CULTURE IN PERSONAL AQUARIUM:-

Roof and wall of transparent fiber glass

Level Indicator

Brown algae

Soil

Water of 3.5 % salinity

Pearl oyster (Pinctada maxima, Pinctada nigra ,Haloitis iris, Pteria sterna)

A tank of 16m x10m x 6m dimension

Sand

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To combat with shortage of protein,vitamins and iodine in our diet ,our team has a plan to grow
kelp or brown algae, in personal aquarium .Kelps are fast growing brown algae of family
Pheophyceae, which are rich in protein ,iodine, selenium ,calcium, zinc and vitamins.To grow
the kelp, we have to prepare a water proof tank of 16m x10m x6m dimension at open place,
where the sun light is sufficiently available. To protect the salinity ,we have to prepare an stable
waterproof transparent roof of fiber glass . A plastic layer can be utilized to prevent diffusion of
electrolytes from the tank. The tank should be prepared at such places, where flood water cannot
reach to damage the salinity of the tank. A tank of 16m x10 m x5m =800 cubic meter will
require about 28 ton common salt and few kg of micronutrients and nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium (NPK) etc. There will be a level indicator in the upper portion of the tank. When water
level will decrease due to evaporation, the fresh water will be added to maintain the salinity. For
the regular supply of fresh water , one can take the advantage of water shed policy by making
another tank to store the rain water . Production cost of the tank will come about 4 -5 lakh
rupees (about 10,000 US$ ).
The edible laminaria species Laminaria digitata, Laminaria japonica ,Saccharina japonica,
Laminaria angustata, Laminaria longissima and Laminaria ochotensis etc would be grown in the
water dipped soil containers, made of concrete or wood. A tank of 4 decimal surface area can
produce about 4oo kg to 6oo kg leafy vegetable annually .If we culture saline water prawn
(Penaeus monodon),which will yield about 100 kg prawn annually . The prawn are omnivores
who can be fed on fishery/poultry feed,rice brawn, daily wastage of remaining food of the houses
and the algae grown in the tank.
More over we can culture minimum 500 pearl oysters like Pinctada maxima( for large
white pearl) ,Pinctada nigra (for the black pearl ) ,Haliotis iris (for blue pearl ) and Pteria sterna
(for various colored pearl ) etc . When mother of pearl (small stone particles) are kept between
the mantle and shell of the 3 year old oysters , it nucleates to yield pearl after 24 months. If we
put 5 to 6 mother of pearl in each oyster ,that would yield at least 2-3 perfect pearls.The oyster
are fed on small food particles,rice brawn ,spores of algae ,protozoa,bacteria etc,by siphoning
system and keep the tank clean. Production cost of the tank will come about 4 -5 lakh rupees
(about 10,000 US$ ).
Besides pearl ,the oyster also provide tasty and delicate meat ,which is a source of easily
digestible protein . The shell of colorful oysters like Haloitis iris is also precious ,which are used
as ornamental material for the house building purposes. 500 oyster can produce, at least 1000
perfect pearls, which will yield minimum 10 lakh rupees and up to 1 carore rupees (0.2 million
US$ to 2 million US $ ) biannually . We think that the pearl oyster would fertilize and reproduce
. The glichidium larvae produced by the zygote of the oyster will find a easy host like prawns

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and other fishes of the tank. If this project succeed ,it will provide not only nutrition but also the
employment at large scale. There will be a large scale employment in production and selling of
the pearls ,prawns and protein rich leafy vegetables etc.
Hey ! Be aware of man, he is still
hungry; he has eaten up many species
completely, now we are also endemic.

Courtsey: We are very much grateful to Shri Sanjay Gupta , Lakotia computer
center Padrauna and Rajan Chauhan ,who provided valuable cooperation in
the preparation of this article.
for any detail please contact preferably by the post on the given address.
Anil Kumar Chauhan
Vill:- Phulwaria (Morwan) Post:- Ramkola
Distt.:- Kushinagar (U.P.)INDIA mob.9621056791

We regret our inability to accept the article.

Hasan Jawaid Khan
Editor, Science Reporter
From: Anil Kumar Chauhan [newscience12@gmail.com]
Sent: Saturday, September 27, 2014 2:39 PM
To: Hasan Jawaid Khan; Science Reporter
Subject: Article for publication : Well Planned Plantation :Solution of many problems on New Year 2015

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