Heat and Mass Correlations

Alexander Rattner, Jonathan Bohren

November 13, 2008

Contents
1 Dimensionless Parameters

2 Boundary Layer Analogies - Require Geometric Similarity

3 External Flow
3.1 External Flow for a Flat Plate .
3.2 Mixed Flow Over a plate . . . . .
3.3 Unheated Starting Length . . . .
3.4 Plates with Constant Heat Flux .
3.5 Cylinder in Cross Flow . . . . . .
3.6 Flow over Spheres . . . . . . . .
3.7 Flow Through Banks of Tubes .
3.7.1 Geometric Properties . .
3.7.2 Flow Correlations . . . .
3.8 Impinging Jets . . . . . . . . . .
3.9 Packed Beds . . . . . . . . . . . .

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4 Internal Flow
4.1 Circular Tube . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.1 Properties . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.2 Flow Correlations . . . . .
4.2 Non-Circular Tubes . . . . . . . .
4.2.1 Properties . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.2 Flow Correlations . . . . .
4.3 Concentric Tube Annulus . . . . .
4.3.1 Properties . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.2 Flow Correlations . . . . .
4.4 Heat Transfer Enhancement - Tube
4.5 Internal Convection Mass Transfer

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3
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Coiling
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9
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14

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14
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17

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5 Natural Convection
5.1 Natural Convection, Vertical Plate .
5.2 Natural Convection, Inclined Plate .
5.3 Natural Convection, Horizontal Plate
5.4 Long Horizontal Cylinder . . . . . .
5.5 Spheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6 Vertical Channels . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7 Inclined Channels . . . . . . . . . . .
5.8 Rectangular Cavities . . . . . . . . .
5.9 Concentric Cylinders . . . . . . . . .
5.10 Concentric Spheres . . . . . . . . . .

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JRB, ASR

MEAM333 - Convection Correlations

Dimensionless Parameters
Table 1: Dimensionless Parameters

Cf
Le
Nu
Pe
Pr
Re
Sc
Sh
St
Stm

k
cp
s
u2 /2

DAB
hL
kf

Thermal diffusivity
Skin Friction Coefficient
Lewis Number - heat transfer vs. mass transport
Nusselt Number - Dimensionless Heat Transfer

P e = Rex P r
Cp

k
u x
u x
=

DAB
hm L
DAB
h
N uL
=
V cp
ReL P r
ShL
hm
=
V
ReL Sc

Peclet Number
Prandtl Number - momentum diffusivity vs. thermal diffusivity
Reynolds Number - Inertia vs. Viscosity
Schmidt Number momentum vs. mass transport
Sherwood Number - Dimensionless Mass Transfer
Stanton Number - Modified Nusselt Number
Stanton mass Number - Modified Sherwood Number

Boundary Layer Analogies - Require Geometric Similarity

Table 2: Boundary Layer Analogies
Sh
Nu
=
n
Pr
Scn
Heat and Mass Analogy

Applies always for same geometry, n is positive

hL
hm L
=
n
kP r
DAB Scn

Chilton Colburn Heat

jH =

Chilton Colburn Mass

jM =

Cf
= StP r2/3
2

0.6 < P r < 60

Cf
= Stm Sc2/3
2

0.6 < Sc < 3000

2/17

JRB, ASR

MEAM333 - Convection Correlations

External Flow

These typically use properties at the film temperature Tf =

3.1

Ts + T
2

External Flow for a Flat Plate

These use properties at the film temperature Tf =

Ts + T
2

Table 3: Flat Plate Isothermal Laminar Flow

Flat plate Boundary Layer Thickness
Local Shear Stress

=p

5.0

u
p/vx
s = 0.332u u /x

Local Skin Friction Coefficient

Cf,x =

Local Heat Transfer

N ux =

Local Mass Transfer

Shx =

0.664Rex0.5

hx x
= 0.332Rex0.5 P r1/3
k

hm,x x
1/3
= 0.332Re0.5
x Sc
DAB
Cf,x = 1.328Rex0.5

Average Skin Friction Coefficient

Average Heat Transfer

N ux =

Average Mass Transfer

Shx =

hx x
= 0.664Rex0.5 P r1/3
k

hm,x x
1/3
= 0.664Re0.5
x Sc
DAB

N ux

N ux = 0.565P ex0.5

N ux

1/3
0.3387Re0.5
x Pr
N ux = 
1/4
1 + (0.0468/P r)2/3

Re < 5E5
Re < 5E5
Re < 1
Re < 5E5
P r 0.6
Re < 5E5
Sc 0.6
Re < 1
Isothermal
Re < 5E5
P r 0.6
Re < 5E5
Sc 0.6
Liquid Metals
N ux = 2N ux
P r 0.05
P ex 100
All Prandtl Numbers
P ex 100

Table 4: Turbulent Flow Over an Isothermal Plate Rex > 5 105

Skin Friction Coefficient

Cf,x = 0.0592Rex0.2

5E5 < Re < 108

Boundary Layer Thickness

= 0.37xRex0.2

Heat Transfer

1/3
N ux = StRex P r = 0.0296Re0.8
x Pr

Mass Transfer

1/3
Shx = StRex Sc = 0.0296Re0.8
x Sc

5E5 < Re < 108

5E5 < Re < 108
0.6 < P r < 60
5E5 < Re < 108
0.6 < P r < 3000

3/17

JRB, ASR

3.2

MEAM333 - Convection Correlations

Mixed Flow Over a plate

If transition occurs at xLc 0.95 The laminar plate model may be used for h. Once the critical transition point
0.5
has been found, we define A = 0.037Re0.8
x,c 0.664Rex,c These typically use properties at the film temperature
Ts + T
Tf =
2
Table 5: Mixed Flow Over an Isothermal Plate

CfL = 0.074Re0.2

Average Skin Friction Coefficient

2A
ReL

5 105 < ReL < 108

0.6 < Sc < 60
5 105 < ReL < 108

1/3
ShL = (0.037Re0.8
L A)Sc

Average Mass Transfer

3.3

0.6 < P r < 60

5 105 < ReL < 108

1/3
N uL = (0.037Re0.8
L A)P r

Average Heat Transfer

Unheated Starting Length

Here the plate has Ts = T until x = These typically use properties at the film temperature Tf =

Ts + T
2

Table 6: Unheated Starting Length

Local Heat Transfer
Local Heat Transfer
Average Heat Transfer

3.4

N ux =

N ux |=0
[1

1/3
(/x)0.75 ]

N ux |=0
N ux = 
1/9
1 (/x)9/10
h
i
p+1 p/(p+1)
L
1 (/L) p+2
N uL = N uL |=0 L

laminar
0 < ReL < 5 105
turbulent
5 105 < ReL < 108
p = 2 Laminar Flow
p = 8 Turbulent Flow

Plates with Constant Heat Flux

For average heat transfer values, it is acceptable to use the isothermal results for T =

R
0

L(Ts T )dx

Table 7: Constant Heat Flux

Local Heat Transfer Laminar
Local Heat Transfer Turbulent

3.5

1/3
N ux = 0.453Re0.5
x Pr
1/3
N ux = 0.0308Re0.8
x Pr

0 < ReL < 5 105

P r > 0.6
ReL > 5 105
0.6 < P r < 60

Cylinder in Cross Flow

For the cylinder in cross flow, we use ReD =

Ts + T
Tf =
2

V D

VD

These typically use properties at the film temperature

4/17

JRB, ASR

MEAM333 - Convection Correlations

Table 8: Cylinder in Cross Flow

N uD =

1/3
CRem
DP r

N uD =

n
CRem
DP r

N uD

3.6

Pr
P rs

0.7 < P r < 60

C, m are found as functions
of ReD on P426
0.7 < P r < 500
1 < ReD < 106
All properties evaluated at
T except P rs
Uses table 7.4 P428

0.25

"

5/8 #4/5
1/3
Red
0.62Re0.5
D Pr
= 0.3 + 
1/4 1 + 282, 000
1 + (0.4/P r)2/3

P r > 0.2

Flow over Spheres

Table 9: Flow over Spheres

2/3

0
N uD = 2 + (0.4Re0.5
D + 0.06ReD )P r .4

1/4

1/3
N uD = 2 + 0.6Re0.5
D Pr

0.71 < P r < 380

3.5 < P r < 6.6 104
1.0 < (/s ) < 3.2
All properties except s
are evaluated at T
For Freely Falling Drops
Infinite Stationary Medium
Red 0

N uD = 2

5/17

JRB, ASR

3.7
3.7.1

MEAM333 - Convection Correlations

Flow Through Banks of Tubes

Geometric Properties

Table 10: Tube Bank Properties

ReD =
Vmax =
Vmax =

Vmax D

ST
Vi
ST D

ST
Vi
2(SD D)

Aligned OR
ST + D
2
ST + D
<
2

Staggered and SD >

Staggered and SD

Figure 1: Tube bank geometries for aligned (a) and staggered (b) banks

6/17

JRB, ASR

3.7.2

MEAM333 - Convection Correlations

Flow Correlations

Table 11: Flow through banks of tubes

1/3
N uD = 1.13C1 Rem
D,max P r

N uD |(NL <10) = C2 N uD |(NL 10)

N uD =

0.36
CRem
D,max P r

Pr
P rs

0.25

N uD |(NL <20) = C2 N uD |(NL 20)

More than 10 rows of tubes

2000 < ReD,max < 40, 000
P r > 0.7
Coefficients come from
table 7.5 on P438
C2 comes from Table 7.6 on P439
2000 < ReD,max < 40, 000
P r > 0.7
Coefficients come from
table 7.5 on P438
C, m comes from Table 7.7 on P440
1000 < ReD,max < 2 106
0.7 < P r < 500
More than 20 rows
For the above correlation
C2 comes from Table 7.8 on P440
2000 < ReD,max < 40, 000
P r > 0.7

Table 12: Flow through banks of tubes 2

(Ts Ti ) (Ts T o)


Ti
ln TTssT
o


Ts To
DN h
Dimensionless Temp Correlation
= exp
Ts Ti
V NT ST cP
N - total number of tubes, NT - total number of tubes in transverse plane

Heating Per Unit Length

q 0 = N hDT
lm
Log Mean Temp.

Tlm =

7/17

JRB, ASR

3.8

MEAM333 - Convection Correlations

Impinging Jets

Heat and mass transfer is measured against the fluid properties at the nozzle exit q 00 = h(Ts Te ) The Reynolds
A
and Nusselt numbers are measured using the hydraulic diameter of the nozzle Dh = Pc,e The Reynolds number
uses the nozzle exit velocity. All correlations use the target cell region Ar which is affected by the nozzle. This is
depicted in Figure 7.17 on P449. H is the height from the plate to the nozzle exit
Table 13: Impinging Jets
Single
Round Nozzle
G factor
Round Nozzle
Array
K factor
Single
Slot Nozzle



N u = P r0.42 G Ar , H
2Re0.5 (1 + 0.005Re0.55 )0.5
D
G = 2A0.5
r

N u = P r0.42 0.5K Ar ,

Slot Nozzle
Array
Ar,o

H
D

G Ar ,

H
D

Always

Re2/3



6 0.05
H/D
K = 1 + 0.6/Ar1/2
Nu = Pr

0.42

"
m factor

1 2.2A0.5
r
1 + 0.2(H/d 6)Ar0.5

2 3/4
N u = P r0.42 Ar,o
3

m = 0.695


+

H
2W

H
2W

8/17

3000 < Re < 9 104

2 < H/D < 10
0.025 < Ar < 0.125

#1

1.33
+ 3.06

2Re
Ar /Ar,o + Ar,o /Ar

h
Ar,o = 60 + 4

2000 < Re < 105

2 < H/D < 12
0.004 < Ar < 0.04
Always

3.06
Rem
0.5/Ar + H/W + 2.78
1
4Ar

2000 < Re < 4 105

2 < H/D < 12
0.004 < Ar < 0.04

2 i0.5

2/3

Always
SH
WL

1
1500 < Re < 4 104
2 < H/D < 80
0.008 < Ar < 2.5Ar,o
Always

JRB, ASR

3.9

MEAM333 - Convection Correlations

Packed Beds

For packed beds, the heat transfer depends on the total particle surface area Ap,t
p,t Tlm
q = hA
The outlet temperature can be determined from the log mean relation

p,t 
Ts To
hA
= exp
Ts Ti
Vi Ac,b cp
For Spheres :
0.575
jH = jm = 2.06ReD

where Pr or Sc 0.7 and 90 < ReD < 4000 For non spheres multiply the right hand side by a factor - uniform
cylinders of L = D use 0.71, for uniform cubes use 0.71
 is the porosity and is typically 0.3 to 0.5.

4
4.1
4.1.1

Internal Flow
Circular Tube
Properties

Table 14: Flow Conditions

Mean Velocity

ReD

Hydrodynamic Entry Length

Velocity Profile

um =

Ac

um D
m D
=


x
f d,h
0.05ReD
D lam

x
f d,h
60
10
D turb
"
 2 #
u(r)
r
=2 1
um
r0
ReD

(dp/dx)D
u2m /s

f=

64
ReD

Moody Friction Factor

1/4

f = 0.316ReD

1/4

f = 0.184ReD

f = (0.790ln(ReD ) 1.64)2
Power for Pressure Drop

P = (p)

9/17

turbulent onset @ ReD 2300

Smooth
ReD 2 104
Smooth
ReD 2 104
Smooth
3000 ReD 5 106
m

JRB, ASR

MEAM333 - Convection Correlations

Table 15: Constant Surface Heat Flux

Convective Heat Transfer
Mean Temperature

qconv = qs00 (P L)
q 00 P
Tm (x) = Tm,i + s x
mc
p

qs00 = constant
qs00 = constant

Table 16: Constant Surface Temperature

Convective Heat Transfer
Tlm
Log Mean Temperature

qconv = hAs Tlm

To Ti

ln(To /Ti )

Ts = constant

Ts = constant



To
Ts Tm (x)
P xh
=
= exp
Ti
Ts Tm,i
mc
p

Table 17: Constant External Environment Temperature

Heat Transfer

q = U As Tlm

T = constant


Log Mean Temperature

4.1.2

To
U As
T Tm (x)
=
= exp
Ti
T Tm,i
mc
p

Flow Correlations

Table 18: Fully Developed Flow In Circular Tubes

lamniar
N uD

hD

= 4.36
k

fully developed
qs00 = constant
lamniar

N uD

hD

= 3.66
k

fully developed
Ts = constant

10/17

T = constant

JRB, ASR

MEAM333 - Convection Correlations

Table 19: Laminar Entry Region Flow In Circular Tubes

N uD

hD
0.0668(D/L)ReD P r
= 3.66 +
k
1 + 0.04[(D/L)ReD P r]2/3

N uD

hD
= 1.86
k

ReD P r
L/D

1/3 

0.14

lamniar
Ts = constant
(thermal entry length)
OR
(combined with Pr 5)
lamniar
Ts = constant
0.60 P r 5

0.0044
9.75
s

All properties evaluated at the mean temperature Tm = (Tm,i + Tm,o )/2

Table 20: Turbulent Flow In Circular Tubes

N uD

N uD

hD
4/5

= 0.023ReD P rn
k
Ts > Tm : n = 0.4
Ts < Tm : n = 0.3

hD
4/5

= 0.027ReD P r1/3
k

0.14

turbulent
fully developed
small temperature diff
0.6 P r 160
ReD 10, 000
laminar
0.7 P r 16, 700
ReD 10, 000
L
10
D

lamniar
N uD
0.5 P r 2000
3000 ReD 5 106
Above appropriate for both constant Ts and constant qs00
lamniar
NOT liquid metals (3 103 P r 5 102 )
hD
0.827
N uD
= 4.82 + 0.0185P eD
qs00 = constant
k
3.6 103 ReD 9.05 105
102 P eD 104
similarly as immediately above
hD
N uD
= 5.0 + 0.025P e0.8
Ts = constant
D
k
100 P eD
All properties evaluated at the mean temperature Tm = (Tm,i + Tm,o )/2
hD
(f /8)(ReD 1000)P r

=
k
1 + 12.7(f /8)1/2 (P r2/3 1)

11/17

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4.2
4.2.1

MEAM333 - Convection Correlations

Non-Circular Tubes
Properties

Table 21: Flow in Non-Circular Tubes

Hydrodynamic Diameter
ReDh

ReDh

4Ac
Dh
P
um Dh
m Dh

turbulent onset @ ReDh 2300

All properties evaluated at the mean temperature Tm = (Tm,i + Tm,o )/2

4.2.2

Flow Correlations

Figure 2: Nusselt numbers and friction factors for fully developed laminar flow in tubes of differing cross-section

12/17

JRB, ASR

4.3
4.3.1

MEAM333 - Convection Correlations

Concentric Tube Annulus

Properties

Table 22: Concentric Tube Annulus Properties

Interior heat transfer
Exterior heat transfer
Hydrodynamic Diameter
4.3.2

qi00 = hi (Ts,i Tm )
qo00 = ho (Ts,o Tm )
Dh = Do Di

Flow Correlations

Table 23: Correlations for Concentric Tube Annulus

lamniar
fully developed
one surface insulated
one surface const Ts

See Table 8.2 on Page 520

N ui =

N uii
N uoo
, N uo =
1 (qo00 /qi00 )i
1 (qi00 /qo00 )o

See Table 8.3 for above parameters as a function of

4.4

Di
Do

laminar
qi00 = constant
qo00 = constant

Heat Transfer Enhancement - Tube Coiling

Table 24: Properties for Helically Coiled Tubes
D,C are defined
in Figure 8.13
on Page 522

ReD,c,h = ReD,c [1 + 12(D/C)0.5 ]

ReD,c = 2300

Critical
Reynolds Number
f

f=

f=

64
ReD

ReD (D/C)1/2 30

27
(D/C)0.1375
0
ReD .725
7.2
=
(D/C)0.25
Re0D .5

30 ReD (D/C)1/2 300

300 ReD (D/C)1/2

Table 25: Correlations for Helically Coiled Tubes

"
N uD =

4.343
3.66 +
a

3


+ 1.158

a=

ReD (D/C)1/2
b



927(C/D)
1+
Re2D P r
b=1+

0.477
Pr

13/17

3/2 #1/3 

0.14

0.005 P r 1600
1 ReD D
C

1/2

1000

JRB, ASR

4.5

MEAM333 - Convection Correlations

Internal Convection Mass Transfer

Table 26: Properties for Internal Convection Mass Transfer
R

Mean
Species Density
Mean
Species Density
Local
Mass Flux

A,m =
A,m =

Ac

2
um ro2

(A u)dAc
u m Ac
R ro
(A ur)dr
0

Any Shape
Circular Tube

n00A = hm (A,s A,m )

nA = hm As A,lm

Total
Mass Flux

nA =

A,lm =
Log Mean
Concentration Difference

(A,o A, i)

A,o A,i
ln(A,o /A,i )



A (x)
A,s A,m (x)
hm P
x
=
= exp
A,i
A,s A,m,i
m

ShD =

hm D
DA B

ShD =

hm D
DA B

Sherwood Number

The concentration entry length xf d,c can be determined with the mass transfer analogy and the same function
used to determine xf d,t . From this point, the appropriate heat transfer correlation can be invoked along the lines
of the mass transfer analogy,

Natural Convection

Natural Convection uses the Rayleigh number instead of the Reynolds number. Transition to turbulent flow
happens around
Ra 109

14/17

JRB, ASR

5.1

MEAM333 - Convection Correlations

Natural Convection, Vertical Plate

Table 27: Natural Convection, Vertical Plate

Laminar Heat Transfer

N ux =

g factor

g(P r) =

Better avg. Heat Transfer

1/4
uses g below

g(P r)

0.75P r0.5
(0.609 + 1.221P r0.5 + 1.238P r)1/4

4
N uL =
3
"

Average Laminar

Grx
4

N uL = 0.825 + 

Grx
4

0 < Pr <

1/4
g(P r)

laminar
#2

1/6

0.387Ral

1 + (0.492/P r)9/16

8/27

Applies for all RaL

1/4

0.670Ral
N uL = 0.68 + 
4/9
1 + (0.492/P r)9/16

Better avg. Laminar Heat Transfer

5.2

RaL < 109

Natural Convection, Inclined Plate

For the top of a cooled plate and the bottom of a heated plates, the vertical correlations can be used with g cos()
substituted into RaL for a tilt of up to 60 degrees away from the vertical (0 = vertical). No recommendations are
recommended for the other cases.

5.3

Natural Convection, Horizontal Plate

These correlations use L =

As
P

Table 28: Natural Convection, Horizontal Plate

Upper Surface Hot Plate
Lower Surface Cold Plate
Upper Surface Hot Plate
Lower Surface Cold Plate
Lower Surface Hot Plate
Upper Surface Cold Plate

5.4

1/4

104 < RaL < 107

1/3

107 < RaL < 101 1

1/4

105 < RaL < 101 0

N uL = 0.54RaL
N uL = 0.15RaL
N uL = 0.27RaL

Long Horizontal Cylinder

Assumes isothermal cylinder. The following correlation applies for RaD < 101 2
"

1/6

0.387RaD

N uD = 0.60 + 
8/27
1 + (0.559/P r)9/16

5.5

Spheres

For P r > 0.7 and RaD < 101 1

1/4

0.589RaD
N uD = 2 + 
4/9
1 + (0.469/P r)9/16

15/17

#2

JRB, ASR

5.6

MEAM333 - Convection Correlations

Vertical Channels

This section describes correlations for natural convection between to parralel plates. It uses Ras which uses the
plate separation for the length scale. I believe that the convection area is the surface area where heating/cooling
happens.
Table 29: Vertical Channels
Symmetrically Heated
Isothermal Plates
Symmetrically Heated
Isothermal Plates
1 Insulated Plate
2 Isothermal Plate
Isothermal /
Adiabatic
(Better)

N us =

1
24 Ras

 

0.75
S
35
1 exp
L
Ras (S/L)
N us =

RAs (S/L)
24

N us =

Ras (S/L)
12

101 <

S
L Ras

101 <
S
L 0
101 <
S
L 0

< 105

S
L Ras

< 105

S
L Ras

< 105

1/2
C1
C2
S
N us =
+
Ras L
10
(Ras S/L)2
(Ras S/L)1/2


q/A
S
g(Ts T )S 3
The isothermal correlations use N us =
and Ras =
Ts T k

The better isothermal correlation uses

C1 = 576, C2 = 2.87 for Symmetric isothermal Plates
C1 = 144, C2 = 2.87 for isothermal and adiabatic Plates
Symmetric
0.5
N us,L,f d = 0.144 [Ras (S/L)]
Uses Ra
Isoflux Plates
1 Isoflux Plate
0.5
N us,L,f d = 0.204 [Ras (S/L)]
Uses Ra
1 Insulated

1/2
Isoflux /
C1
C2
S
N us,L =
+
Adiabatic
Ras L
100
Ras S/L (Ras S/L)2/5
(Better)


gqs00 S 4
qs00
S
and Ras =
The isoflux corelations use N us,f d =
Ts,L T k
k
The better isoflux correlation uses
C1 = 48, C2 = 2.51 for Symmetric isoflux Plates
C1 = 24, C2 = 2.51 for isoflux and adiabatic Plates

5.7

Inclined Channels

For plates inclined less than 45 degrees from the vertical

1/4

N us = 0.645 [Ras (S/L)]

Fluid properties are evaluated at T =

5.8

Ts +T
2

This requires Ras (S/L) > 200

Rectangular Cavities

For a channel with flow through the HxL plane, no advection happens unless
RaL > 1708
See Figure 9.10 on p 588 for geometric details All properties are evaluated at the average between the heat
transferring plates. Inclined plates are discussed on P590.

16/17

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MEAM333 - Convection Correlations

Table 30: Rectangular Channels

Horizontal Cavity
Heated from Below

Heat transfer on
Vertical Surfaces

1/3

N uL = 0.069RaL P r0.074


N uL = 0.22

Heat transfer on
Vertical Surfaces
Heat transfer on
Vertical Surfaces

N uL = 0.18

N uL =

Heat transfer on
Vertical Surfaces

5.9

Pr
RaL
0.2 + P r

0.28 

Pr
RaL
0.2 + P r

0.012
0.42Ra0.25
L Pr

H
L

0.25

0.29

H
L

0.3

1/3

N uL = 0.046RaL

Concentric Cylinders

For Cylinders we use an effective thermal conductivity

kef f
= 0.386
k

Pr
0.861 + P r

1/4

Ra1/4
c

The Rayleigh number uses the corrected length

4/3

Lc =

2 [ln(ro /ri )]
(ri0.6 + ro0.6 )5/3

q=

2Lkef f (Ti To )
ln(ro /ri )

The Heat Transfer is found as

5.10

Concentric Spheres

For Spheres we use an effective thermal conductivity

kef f
= 0.74
k

Pr
0.861 + P r

1/4

Ra1/4
s

The Rayleigh number uses the corrected length


Ls =

1
ri

7/5

21/3 (ri

The Heat Transfer is found as

q=

1
ro

4/3
7/5 5/3
)

+ ro

4Lkef f (Ti To )
(1/ri ) (1/ro )

17/17

3 105 < RaL < 7 109

All properties evaluated at
average temp. between
hot and cold plates
103 < RaL < 101 0
2 H
L 10
P r 105
RaL P r
103 < 0.2+P
r
1 H

2
L
103 P r 105
104 < RaL < 107
10 H
L 40
1 P r 2 104
106 < RaL 109
1 H
L 40
1 P r 20