MySQL for Developers

Student Guide - Volume I

D61830GC20
Edition 2.0
August 2012
D78890

Authors

Copyright 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Jeremy Smyth

Disclaimer

Pat Garcia

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Contents

Introduction to MySQL
Course Goals 1-2
Course Lesson Map 1-5
Student Introductions 1-8
Classroom Environment 1-9
MySQL: Overview 1-10
Acquisitions of the MySQL Company 1-11
MySQL Is Powering the World! 1-12
MySQL Database Server Editions 1-13
MySQL Tools 1-14
MySQL Connectors and APIs 1-15
MySQL Services 1-17
MySQL Community Support 1-18
Oracle Lifetime Support for MySQL 1-19
MySQL-Supported Operating Systems 1-20
MySQL Websites 1-21
MySQL Curriculum Path 1-22
MySQL Certification 1-23
MySQL Online Documentation 1-24
Example Databases 1-25
Summary 1-26

MySQL Client and Server Concepts

Objectives 2-2
MySQL Architecture 2-3
Client Programs 2-4
MySQL Non-Client Utility Programs 2-5
MySQL Server 2-6
Server Process 2-7
Connection Layer 2-8
Communication Protocols 2-9
SQL Layer 2-10
SQL Statement Processing 2-11
Storage Layer 2-12
Storage Engine: Overview 2-13

iii

Features Dependent on Storage Engine 2-14

How MySQL Uses Disk Space 2-15
How MySQL Uses Memory 2-17
Downloading MySQL Products 2-18
Starting the MySQL Command-Line Client 2-19
Using Script Files with MySQL 2-20
Databases in MySQL 2-21
Databases in MySQL: Real-World 2-22
Databases in MySQL: Fragments 2-23
Summary 2-24
Practice 2-1 Overview: Quiz 2-25
Practice 2-2 Overview: Classroom Environment Review 2-26
Practice 2-3 Overview: Installing the world_innodb Database 2-27
3

MySQL Clients
Objectives 3-2
Client Programs 3-3
Client Programs: Options 3-4
Command-Line Options 3-5
Options with Parameters 3-6
Options for Connecting 3-7
The --protocol Option 3-8
--host and --port Options 3-9
--socket and --shared-memory-base-name Options 3-10
--compress Option 3-11
Options for User Identification 3-12
Using the --safe-updates Option 3-14
Option Files 3-15
Viewing Option File Locations 3-17
Standard Option File Locations 3-18
Specifying Additional Option Files 3-19
Overriding How a Program Reads Option Files 3-20
mysql Client Program 3-22
Using mysql Interactively 3-23
Statement Terminators 3-24
\G Statement Terminator 3-26
Statements on Multiple Lines 3-28
Prompts 3-29
Changing the Primary Prompt 3-30
Line Editing in mysql 3-31
Formatting Output 3-32

iv

mysql Commands 3-33

Sample STATUS Output 3-34
Logging mysql Sessions 3-35
Accessing Help 3-36
Quiz 3-38
MySQL Workbench 3-39
MySQL Workbench: Functional Modules 3-40
MySQL Workbench: Primary GUI Window 3-41
MySQL Workbench: SQL Development Window 3-42
MySQL Workbench: Data Modeling Module 3-43
MySQL Workbench: Data Modeling Features 3-44
MySQL Workbench: Data Modeling Window 3-45
MySQL Workbench: Data Modeling Panels 3-46
MySQL Workbench: Data Modeling EER Diagram 3-47
MySQL Workbench: Server Administration Window 3-48
MySQL Workbench: Server Administration Module Features 3-49
Quiz 3-50
MySQL Connectors 3-51
Connectors Developed by MySQL 3-52
MySQL Community Connectors 3-54
Connector Example: Java 3-55
Connector Example: PHP 3-57
Summary 3-59
Practice 3-1 Overview: Quiz MySQL Clients and Connectors 3-60
Practice 3-2 Overview: Using the mysql Command-Line Client with
Various Options 3-61
Practice 3-3 Overview: Using the mysql Command-Line Client with
Option Files 3-62
Practice 3-4 Overview: Practicing Use of Statement Terminators
and Editing Keys 3-63
Practice 3-5 Overview: Using the mysql Command-Line Client Interactively and in
Batch Mode 3-64
Practice 3-6 Overview: Using MySQL Workbench to Run Statements
and Explore Databases 3-65
Practice 3-7 Overview: Working with Connectors and MySQL APIs 3-66
4

Querying for Table Data

Objectives 4-2
SELECT Statement 4-3
SELECT: Basic Example 4-4
SELECT: Using Expressions 4-5

SELECT: Using Clauses 4-6

SELECT: Using FROM 4-7
SELECT: Using DISTINCT 4-8
SELECT: Using DISTINCT with NULL 4-10
SELECT: Using WHERE 4-11
SELECT: Using WHERE Operators 4-12
A Word About NULL 4-14
SELECT: Using WHERE with IN Option 4-15
SELECT: Using WHERE with AND/OR Operators 4-16
SELECT: Using ORDER BY 4-17
SELECT: Using ORDER BY with ASC or DESC 4-19
SELECT: Using ORDER BY with ASC and DESC 4-20
SELECT: Using LIMIT 4-21
SELECT: Using LIMIT and Skip Count 4-22
SELECT: Using LIMIT and ORDER BY 4-23
SELECT: Using LIMIT and ORDER BY with ASC
and DESC 4-24
Quiz 4-25
Aggregate Functions 4-26
Aggregate Functions: Most Common 4-27
Aggregate Functions: Using COUNT() 4-28
Aggregate Functions: GROUP BY Clause 4-29
Aggregate Functions: GROUP BY Clause and GROUP_CONCAT Function 4-30
Aggregate Functions: GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses 4-31
Aggregate Functions: GROUP BY Clause and WITH ROLLUP Modifier 4-32
Aggregate Functions: Super Aggregate Operation 4-33
Spaces in Function Names 4-34
Concatenating Multiple Query Results 4-35
Using UNION 4-36
Using UNION with ORDER BY and LIMIT 4-37
Exporting and Importing Data 4-38
Export Data by Using SELECT with INTO OUTFILE 4-39
SELECT with INTO OUTFILE: Output File Characteristics 4-40
Using Data File Format Specifiers 4-41
Escape Character Sequences 4-42
Importing Data by Using LOAD DATA INFILE 4-43
Skipping or Transforming Input Data 4-44
Duplicate Records 4-45
Summary 4-47
Practice 4-1 Overview: Using the SELECT Statement for Basic Queries 4-48
Practice 4-2 Overview: Using the SELECT Statement for Aggregate Queries 4-49

vi

Practice 4-3 Overview: Using the UNION Statement to Concatenate Queries 4-50
Practice 4-4 Overview: Exporting Database Data 4-51
Practice 4-5 Overview: Importing Database Data 4-52
Practice 4-6 Overview: Additional Practice 4-53
5

Handling Errors and Warnings

Objectives 5-2
SQL Modes 5-3
Setting SQL Modes 5-4
Important SQL Modes 5-5
Strict Mode 5-7
Interpreting Error Messages 5-8
Using SHOW WARNINGS 5-9
Using SHOW ERRORS 5-11
perror Utility 5-12
Declaring Error Handlers 5-13
Declaring Named Conditions 5-14
RESIGNAL 5-15
SIGNAL 5-16
Error Handling when Using Connectors 5-17
Java: The SQLException Class 5-18
Using SQLException 5-19
PHP: mysqli Error-Handling Functions 5-20
PHP: The mysqli_sql_exception Class 5-21
Using mysqli Error Handling 5-22
Using mysqli_sql_exception and Exception Handling 5-23
Quiz 5-24
Summary 5-25
Practice 5-1 Overview: Quiz Handling Errors 5-26
Practice 5-2 Overview: Identifying Errors and Warnings While Using
the mysql Client 5-27
Practice 5-3 Overview: Handling MySQL Errors when Coding with Connectors 5-28

Data Types
Objectives 6-2
Data Type: Overview 6-3
Creating Tables with Data Types 6-4
Numeric Data Types 6-5
Numeric: Integer Data Types 6-6
Numeric: Integer Data Types Comparison 6-7
Numeric: Floating-Point Data Types 6-8

vii

Numeric: MySQL-Specific Floating-Point Data Types 6-10

Numeric: Floating-Point Data Types Comparison 6-11
Numeric: Fixed-Point Data Types 6-12
Numeric: Bit Data Types 6-14
Temporal Data Types 6-15
Temporal Data Types: Comparison 6-17
Character String Data Types 6-18
Character String: Considerations 6-19
Character String: Text Class Data Types 6-20
Character String: Text Class Data Types Comparison 6-22
Character String: Integer Class Data Types 6-23
Quiz 6-24
Character Set and Collation Support 6-25
Available Character Sets 6-26
Available Collations 6-27
Binary String Data Types 6-28
Binary String: Data Types Comparison 6-29
Setting Data Types to NULL 6-30
When to Use NULL 6-31
When Not to Use NULL 6-32
Spatial Data Type Extensions 6-33
Spatial Data Type Extensions: Storage Engines 6-34
Spatial Data Type Extensions: Data Types 6-35
Spatial Data Type Extensions: Populating Spatial Columns 6-36
Summary 6-37
Practice 6-1 Overview: Quiz Data Types 6-38
Practice 6-2 Overview: Using Numeric Data Types 6-39
Practice 6-3 Overview: Using Temporal Data Types 6-40
Practice 6-4 Overview: Using String Data Types 6-41
Practice 6-5 Overview: Using Spatial Data Types 6-42
Practice 6-6 Overview: Reviewing Data Types in the sakila Database 6-43
7

SQL Expressions
Objectives 7-2
SQL Expressions 7-3
SQL Expressions: Examples 7-4
Numeric Expressions 7-5
Numeric Expressions: Results 7-6
String Expressions 7-7
String Expressions: Concatenation 7-8
Case-Sensitivity in String Comparisons 7-9

viii

Case-Sensitivity in String Comparisons: Changing Collation 7-11

String Pattern Matching 7-12
String Pattern Matching: LIKE Versus NOT LIKE 7-13
String Pattern Matching: Regular Expressions 7-14
String Pattern Matching: RLIKE Syntax 7-15
String Pattern Matching: RLIKE Character Class 7-16
String Pattern Matching: Regular Expression Examples 7-17
String Pattern Matching: Ranges of Characters 7-19
String Pattern Matching: Escaping Characters 7-20
Temporal Expressions 7-22
Temporal Expressions: Date Components 7-23
Temporal Expressions: Interval Arithmetic 7-24
Quiz 7-25
Function Expressions 7-26
Function Expressions: Spaces in Function Names 7-27
Comparison Functions: Using LEAST() and GREATEST() 7-28
Comparison Functions: Using INTERVAL() 7-29
Control Flow Functions 7-30
Control Flow Functions: IF() with ORDER BY Example 7-31
Control Flow Functions: SUM(IF())Example 7-32
Control Flow Functions: IF(NULL)Example 7-33
Control Flow Functions: CASE Functions 7-34
Control Flow Functions: CASE Function Syntax 7-35
Control Flow Functions: CASE Value Comparison 7-36
Control Flow Functions: Condition Evaluation 7-37
Numeric Functions 7-38
Numeric Functions: ABS() and SIGN() Examples 7-39
Numeric Functions: FLOOR() and CEILING() Examples 7-40
Numeric Functions: ROUND() Examples 7-41
Numeric Functions: Trigonometric Examples 7-42
String Functions 7-43
String Functions: Numeric Category Examples (INSTR, LOCATE, POSITION) 7-44
String Functions: Numeric Category Examples (LENGTH, CHAR_LENGTH,
CONVERT) 7-45
String Functions: Numeric Category Examples (STRCMP) 7-46
String Functions: String Category Examples (CONCAT, CONCAT_WS, LEFT,
RIGHT) 7-47
String Functions: String Category Examples
(SUBSTRING, SUBSTRING_INDEX) 7-48
String Functions: String Category Examples (LTRIM, RTRIM, TRIM) 7-49
String Functions: String Category Examples (INSERT, REPLACE) 7-50

ix

String Functions: Character Set and Collation 7-51

Quiz 7-52
Temporal Functions 7-53
Temporal Functions: Function Types 7-54
Temporal Functions: Extracting Temporal Data
(NOW, CURDATE, CURTIME, DAYNAME) 7-55
Temporal Functions: Extracting Temporal Data (GET_FORMAT, DATE) 7-56
Temporal Functions: Extracting Temporal Data (YEAR, MONTH, DAYOFMONTH,
DAYOFYEAR, HOUR, MINUTE, SECOND) 7-57
Temporal Functions: Manipulating Temporal Data
(NOW, DATE_FORMAT, INTERVAL) 7-58
Temporal Functions: Manipulating Temporal Data (MAKEDATE, MAKETIME) 7-59
NULL-Related Functions: Using ISNULL and IFNULL 7-60
NULL-Related Functions: Using CONCAT and CONCAT_WS 7-61
Comments in SQL Statements 7-62
Comments in SQL Statements: As Part of SQL 7-63
Comments on Database Objects 7-64
Summary 7-65
Practice 7-1 Overview: Using SQL Expressions 7-66
Practice 7-2 Overview: Using SQL Functions 7-67
Practice 7-3 Overview: Additional Practice 7-68
8

Obtaining Metadata
Objectives 8-2
Metadata Access Methods 8-3
INFORMATION_SCHEMA Database 8-4
Using INFORMATION_SCHEMA: Examples 8-6
Using SHOW 8-7
Using SHOW DATABASES 8-8
Using SHOW TABLES 8-9
Using SHOW COLUMNS 8-10
Using SHOW INDEX 8-11
SHOW CHARACTER SET and SHOW COLLATION 8-12
Using SHOW with LIKE and WHERE 8-13
Using DESCRIBE 8-14
mysqlshow Command 8-15
Quiz 8-17
Summary 8-18
Practice 8-1 Overview: Obtaining Metadata 8-19
Practice 8-2 Overview: Using the SHOW and DESCRIBE Syntax 8-20
Practice 8-3 Overview: Showing Tables, Databases, and Columns 8-21

Databases
Objectives 9-2
Database Properties 9-3
Database Data Directory Features 9-4
Data Directory 9-5
Good Design Practices 9-6
Database Modeling 9-7
Structure Diagram (ERD) 9-8
Cardinality Diagram (ERD) 9-9
Cardinality Diagram: Examples 9-10
Keys 9-11
Keys: Cardinality ERD Example 9-12
Keys: SQL Example 9-13
Quiz 9-14
Normalization 9-15
Why Normalize a Database? 9-16
Advantages of Normalization 9-18
Disadvantages of Normalization 9-19
Normal Forms 9-20
Normalization Process: Example 9-21
First Normal Form: 1NF 9-22
Second Normal Form: 2NF 9-23
Third Normal Form: 3NF 9-24
Normalized Furniture Store Database 9-27
Normalization: SQL Example Using world_innodb 9-28
Normalization: SQL Example Explanation 9-29
Identifiers 9-30
Identifier Rules: Unquoted and Quoted 9-31
Identifier Rules: Alias 9-32
Identifiers: Reserved Words 9-33
Identifiers: Avoid Reserved Word Errors 9-34
Using Qualified Names 9-35
Case-Sensitivity 9-36
Creating Databases 9-37
Using and Displaying Databases 9-38
Altering Databases 9-39
Dropping Databases 9-40
Summary 9-41
Practice 9-1 Overview: Quiz Normalization 9-42
Practice 9-2 Overview: Creating a Database 9-43
Practice 9-3 Overview: Changing Database Character Set and Collation 9-44

xi

Practice 9-4 Overview: Removing a Database 9-45

Practice 9-5 Overview: Reviewing the Configuration and Normalization
of the sakila Database 9-46
10 Tables
Objectives 10-2
Creating a Table 10-3
Table Properties 10-5
Column Options 10-7
Table Constraints 10-8
Using the SHOW CREATE TABLE Statement 10-9
Creating New Tables from Existing Tables 10-10
Creating a New Table Using an Existing Table 10-11
Creating a New Table Using an Existing Table: Results 10-12
Copying an Existing Table Structure 10-13
Comparing SELECT Versus LIKE Results 10-14
Creating a Temporary Table 10-16
Adding a Table Column 10-17
Removing a Table Column 10-19
Modifying a Table Column 10-20
Changing Columns 10-21
Renaming Tables 10-22
Removing Tables 10-23
Quiz 10-24
Foreign Keys 10-25
Foreign Key in the world_innodb Database 10-26
Foreign Keys in the world_innodb Database 10-28
Foreign Key world_innodb Examples 10-29
Referential Integrity 10-31
Foreign Key Constraints 10-33
Creating Foreign Key Constraints 10-34
Creating Foreign Key Constraints: Full Syntax 10-35
Creating Foreign Key Constraints: Optional Syntax Elements 10-36
Foreign Keys and Storage Engines 10-37
InnoDB Storage Engine Status 10-38
Implementation of Foreign Keys in InnoDB 10-39
Summary 10-40
Practice 10-1 Overview: Creating and Viewing New Tables 10-41
Practice 10-2 Overview: Creating New Tables from Existing Tables 10-42
Practice 10-3 Overview: Adding, Removing, and Modifying Tables 10-43
Practice 10-4 Overview: Removing Tables from a Database 10-44

xii

Practice 10-5 Overview: Setting Foreign Keys 10-45

Practice 10-6 Overview: Additional Practice 10-46
11 Manipulating Table Data
Objectives 11-2
Inserting Data into a Table 11-3
Inserting Data into a Table: INSERT with SET 11-4
Inserting Data into a Table: INSERT with SELECT 11-5
Inserting Data into a Table: INSERT with LAST_INSERT_ID 11-6
Retrieving Last Insert ID Using Java 11-7
DELETE Statement 11-9
DELETE with ORDER BY and LIMIT 11-10
DELETE with ORDER BY and LIMIT: Ascending 11-11
UPDATE Statement 11-12
UPDATE Statement: Column Assignment Effects 11-13
UPDATE Statement Ordering 11-14
UPDATE with LIMIT 11-15
REPLACE Statement 11-16
REPLACE Results 11-17
REPLACE Algorithm 11-18
Insertion of Duplicate Rows 11-19
Removing Table Rows by Truncating 11-20
Quiz 11-21
Summary 11-22
Practice 11-1 Overview: Adding New Data to Tables 11-23
Practice 11-2 Overview: Removing Data from Existing Tables 11-24
Practice 11-3 Overview: Modifying Existing Table Row Data 11-25
Practice 11-4 Overview: Replacing Table Data 11-26
Practice 11-5 Overview: Avoiding Data Insertion Errors 11-27
Practice 11-6 Overview: Emptying Tables Using the
TRUNCATE TABLE Statement 11-28
Practice 11-7 Overview: Additional Practice 11-29
12 Transactions
Objectives 12-2
What Is a Transaction? 12-3
Handling Partial Operations 12-4
The ACID Properties of Transactions 12-5
Transaction Control Statements 12-6
The autocommit Mode 12-7
Controlling the autocommit Mode 12-9

xiii

Statements Causing an Implicit COMMIT 12-10

Consistency Issues 12-11
Isolation Levels 12-12
Resolving Consistency Issues with Isolation Levels 12-14
Setting Isolation Levels 12-15
Locking 12-16
Locking Reads 12-17
Quiz 12-19
Summary 12-20
Practice 12-1 Overview: Using Transaction Control Statements 12-21
Practice 12-2 Overview: QuizIsolation Levels and Locking 12-22
Practice 12-3 Overview: Working with Transactions 12-23
13 Joining Tables
Objectives 13-2
Joining Tables 13-3
Single Table Query Limitation 13-4
Combining Two Simple Tables 13-6
Combining Two Simple Tables: Glue Columns Together 13-7
Combining Two Simple Tables: Cartesian Product 13-8
Combining Two Simple Tables: Cartesian Product Dimensions 13-18
Filtering Out Undesired Rows and Columns 13-19
Final Result and Recapitulation 13-20
Joins and Foreign Keys 13-21
Joins and Denormalizing 13-22
Joins and Denormalizing: Tables 13-24
Quiz 13-25
Joining tables in SQL 13-26
Retaining Matching Rows 13-27
Join Condition 13-28
Ambiguous Column Names 13-29
Table Name Aliases 13-30
Reasons for Using Table Name Aliases 13-31
Common Alias Error 13-32
Basic Join Syntax 13-33
Inner Joins 13-35
Inner Joins: With ON Versus USING 13-36
Omitting the Join Condition 13-37
Outer Joins 13-38
LEFT JOIN: Syntax 13-40
LEFT JOIN: Using ON and WHERE 13-41

xiv

RIGHT JOIN: Syntax 13-42

RIGHT JOIN: Using ON and WHERE 13-43
Equivalent LEFT and RIGHT JOIN Syntax 13-44
Outer Joins: The Join Condition 13-45
Outer Joins: Using ON Versus WHERE 13-47
Outer Joins: Using ON Versus WHERE Comparison 13-48
Choosing Between Inner and Outer Joins 13-50
Quiz 13-51
Nullable Columns in the Join Condition 13-52
Joining to Another Outer Joined Table 13-53
Joining to Another Outer Joined Table: Example 13-55
When No Rows Meet the Join Condition 13-56
When No Rows Meet the Join Condition: Using LEFT JOIN with IS NULL 13-57
Aggregating Related Rows 13-58
Additional Types of Joins 13-59
NATURAL JOIN 13-60
NATURAL JOIN: Example 13-61
Equijoin and Non-Equijoin Joins 13-62
BETWEEN...AND Join 13-63
Autojoin Join 13-64
Joins in DELETE and UPDATE Statements 13-65
Multi-Table UPDATE Syntax 13-66
Multi-Table UPDATE: Example 13-67
Multi-Table DELETE Syntax 13-68
Multi-Table DELETE: Example 13-69
Multi-Table UPDATE and DELETE Join Advantages 13-70
Multi-Table UPDATE and DELETE Join Limitations 13-71
Summary 13-72
Practice 13-1 Overview: Examining the Cartesian Product and
Obtaining Table Data 13-73
Practice 13-2 Overview: Creating a Cartesian Product and Joining
Tables Using a WHERE Clause 13-74
Practice 13-3 Overview: Obtaining Information About Specific Columns 13-75
Practice 13-4 Overview: Using the JOIN Syntax 13-76
Practice 13-5 Overview: Obtaining Table Data Using the
INNER JOIN Keywords 13-77
Practice 13-6 Overview: Obtaining Table Data Using the LEFT OUTER JOIN and
RIGHT OUTER JOIN Keywords 13-78
Practice 13-7 Overview: Updating and Deleting Data in Multiple Tables 13-79
Practice 13-8 Overview: Executing Joins Across Multiple Tables 13-80

xv

14 Table Subqueries
Objectives 14-2
Subqueries 14-3
Subquery: Example 14-4
Subquery Categories 14-6
Scalar Subqueries 14-7
Scalar Subquery: Example 14-9
Row Subqueries 14-10
Row Subqueries: Example 14-11
Row Subqueries with Empty Sets 14-12
Table Subqueries 14-13
Subqueries in the FROM Clause 14-14
Calculating Aggregates of Aggregates 14-15
Table Subquery Operators 14-17
IN Operator 14-18
Pairwise IN Operation 14-19
Using NOT IN 14-20
IN Operator and NULL 14-21
EXISTS Operator 14-22
Using NOT EXISTS 14-23
Quiz 14-24
Quantifiers 14-25
ALL, ANY, and SOME 14-26
Alternatives to ANY and ALL 14-28
Correlated Subqueries 14-29
Correlated Subquery Scope 14-30
Modifying Data with Subqueries 14-31
Converting Subqueries to JOIN Statements 14-32
Rewriting IN and NOT IN 14-33
Rewriting NOT IN to an Outer Join 14-35
Limitations of Rewriting Subqueries to Joins 14-36
Summary 14-38
Practice 14-1 Overview: QuizSubqueries 14-39
Practice 14-2 Overview: Placing Subqueries in the SELECT and
FROM Clauses 14-40
Practice 14-3 Overview: Placing Subqueries in the WHERE Clause 14-41
Practice 14-4 Overview: Additional Practice 14-42
15 Views
Objectives 15-2
Views 15-3

xvi

Benefits of Views 15-4

Creating Views 15-5
View: Example 15-7
Naming Columns Explicitly 15-8
Updatable Views 15-10
Insertable Views 15-12
Updating Multitable Views 15-13
Using WITH CHECK OPTION 15-14
Checking Views 15-15
Altering Views 15-17
Dropping Views 15-18
Obtaining View Metadata with INFORMATION_SCHEMA 15-19
Obtaining View Metadata with SHOW CREATE VIEW 15-20
Other Metadata Statements 15-21
Quiz 15-22
Summary 15-23
Practice 15-1 Overview: Using the CREATE VIEW Statement 15-24
Practice 15-2 Overview: Using Updatable Views 15-25
Practice 15-3 Overview: Checking Views 15-26
Practice 15-4 Overview: Obtaining View Metadata 15-27
Practice 15-5 Overview: Additional Practice 15-28
16 Prepared Statements
Objectives 16-2
Why Use Prepared Statements? 16-3
User-Defined Variables 16-4
Preparing Statements 16-5
Executing a Prepared Statement 16-7
Deallocating a Prepared Statement 16-9
Limitations of Prepared Statements 16-10
Preparing Statements with Connectors 16-11
Preparing Statements with Java 16-12
Preparing Statements with Java: Example 16-13
Preparing Statements with PHP 16-14
Preparing Statements with PHP: Example 16-15
Quiz 16-16
Summary 16-17
Practice 16-1 Overview: Preparing Statements in MySQL 16-18
Practice 16-2 Overview: Programming with Prepared Statements 16-19

xvii

17 Stored Routines
Objectives 17-2
What Is a Stored Routine? 17-3
Uses of Stored Routines 17-4
Issues with Stored Routines 17-6
Creating Stored Procedures 17-7
Creating Stored Functions 17-8
Compound Statements 17-9
The DECLARE Statement 17-11
Using SELECT ... INTO 17-13
Using SET 17-14
Parameter Declarations 17-15
Executing Stored Routines 17-17
Stored Routines in Databases 17-18
Examining Stored Routines 17-19
Deleting Stored Routines 17-20
Quiz 17-21
Flow Control Statements 17-22
IF Statement 17-23
CASE Statement 17-24
REPEAT Statement 17-25
WHILE Statement 17-26
LOOP Statement 17-27
LEAVE and ITERATE 17-28
Cursors 17-29
Declaring Cursors 17-30
Working with Cursors 17-31
Quiz 17-32
Summary 17-33
Practice 17-1 Overview: Creating Two Stored Routines: A Stored Procedure
and a Stored Function 17-34
Practice 17-2 Overview: Creating Stored Routines with
Compound Statements 17-35
Practice 17-3 Overview: Creating Stored Routines with
Parameter Declarations 17-36
Practice 17-4 Overview: Examining Stored Routines 17-37
Practice 17-5 Overview: Deleting and Re-creating a Stored Routine 17-38
Practice 17-6 Overview: Creating Stored Routines by Using
Flow Control Statements 17-39
Practice 17-7 Overview: Working with the DECLARE CONDITION and DECLARE
HANDLER Statements 17-40

xviii

Practice 17-8 Overview: Creating a Stored Function to Demonstrate

Stored Routine Features 17-41
Practice 17-9 Overview: Additional Practice 17-42
18 Triggers
Objectives 18-2
What Are Triggers? 18-3
Trigger Use Cases 18-4
Creating Triggers 18-5
Trigger Events 18-6
Using BEFORE Triggers 18-7
Using AFTER Triggers 18-8
Trigger Metadata 18-9
Trigger Error Handling 18-10
Deleting Triggers 18-11
Trigger Restrictions 18-12
Quiz 18-13
Summary 18-14
Practice 18-1 Overview: Creating and Dropping Triggers 18-15
Practice 18-2 Overview: Additional Practice 18-16
19 Optimization and Monitoring
Objectives 19-2
Why Optimize? 19-3
Optimization Strategies 19-4
SQL Parser and Query Optimizer 19-5
Using Indexes for Optimization 19-7
Index Types 19-8
Creating Indexes 19-9
Primary Key Indexes 19-11
Naming Indexes 19-12
Adding Indexes to Existing Tables 19-13
Using Index Prefixes 19-14
Indexing Without Prefixes 19-15
Indexing with Prefixes 19-16
Evaluating Index Prefixes 19-17
Leftmost Index Prefixes 19-18
Dropping Indexes 19-20
Using EXPLAIN to Analyze Queries 19-21
How EXPLAIN Works 19-22
EXPLAIN Output Columns 19-24

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EXPLAIN for Joins 19-26

EXPLAIN Types 19-27
Extra Column: Signs of Efficient Queries 19-29
Extra Column: Signs of Inefficient Queries 19-30
Quiz 19-31
Query Rewriting Techniques 19-32
Avoiding Column Expressions in Comparisons 19-33
Creating Indexes to Support Joins 19-34
Comparing Similar Data Types 19-35
Avoiding Leading Wildcards in LIKE Patterns 19-36
Considering Computed Columns 19-37
Optimizing Queries by Limiting Output 19-38
Using Summary Tables 19-39
Optimizing Data Modification Statements 19-41
Performance Schema 19-42
Instruments, Instances, Events, and Consumers 19-43
Quiz 19-45
Summary 19-46
Practice 19-1 Overview: QuizOptimization 19-47
Practice 19-2 Overview: Creating a Table with Indexes 19-48
Practice 19-3 Overview: Altering the Indexes in a Pre-existing Table 19-49
Practice 19-4 Overview: Removing an Index from a Pre-existing Table 19-50
Practice 19-5 Overview: Using Optimization Techniques 19-51
20 Conclusion
Course Goals 20-2
MySQL Curriculum Path 20-5
MySQL Resources 20-6
We Need Your Evaluation! 20-7
Thank You 20-8
Q&A Session 20-9

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