Introduction

The screw-nut transfer (so called power screws) is used for transformation
of rotary motion to lineal one, and also for producing the big axial forces: in executive mechanisms of flying machines control systems (drives of flaps, slats, the stabilizer, etc.), for a raising of weights (jacks), and also in various technological
processes (screw press, press for bending, drive screws of machine tools, etc.).
Besides, power screws have a number of essential advantages:
simplicity of a design and manufacturing;
do not demand the additional equipment;
high reliability;
possibility to realize smooth and exact moving;
possibility to ensure self-locking.
From disadvantages it is necessary to note the next:
low efficiency;
susceptibility to wear;
low speed;
non-uniform loading of threads.

Theme 1
SCHEMES OF MECHANISMS WITH POWER SCREWS
1.1. Jacks
The simple screw jack (fig. 1.1) consists of the case or a bed 5, the cargo
screw 4, a crown (a cup, a boot) 1 for bearing lifted cargo, a nut 3 and handles 2 for
screw rotation. In telescopic jacks (fig. 1.2) two screws, screwed in each other are
used. Such devices allow to carry out at rather small sizes lifting on the big height,
therefore they are widely applied to air field service and to operate in the constrained conditions.

Fig. 1.1. Screw jack

Fig. 1.2. Telescopic jack

Sometimes the handle is equipped with "ratchet" 2 (fig. 1.3), allowing to replace rotary movement of the handle with swinging motion, or with mechanical
transfer (worm, bevel) (fig. 1.4) to reduce applied force.

Fig. 1.3. Screw jack with "rattle"

b
Fig. 1.4. Jacks with mechanical transfer:
a worm; b bevel

In portable jacks along with the handle a drive from the electric motor with a
reducer (wave (fig. 1.5, a), planetary (fig. 1.5, b), etc.) or the hydromotor (fig. 1.5,
c) are used. In these mechanisms the same basic elements, as at jacks with a hand
drive, however they are moved by an electric motor 5 or pump station.

b
Fig. 1.5. Screw jacks with different drives

Some designs of jacks are combinations of lever and screw mechanisms

(fig. 1.6) in which vertical rectilinear movement of a boot is reached by gearing of
the teeth cut on levers a and b.

Fig. 1.6. Jack with lever and screw mechanisms

1.2. The presses
The simple screw press with a manual drive (fig. 1.7) is applied in repair
shops at assemblage and disassembling of units, to manufacturing of elements by
flexing, punching, and also for pressing of various products or fastening of elements. It consists of the same elements, as a jack, and as well as the jack, can be
with a manual and mechanical drive.
6

b Panasenko Alexandr

. 1.7. Schemes of screw presses:

with one column and flat plate; b with one column and hole
1.3. Bearing removers
Screw removers (fig. 1.8) are intended for dismantling of units with the elements connected with a tightness. Such elements are: rolling bearings, various
plugs, disks, pivots and other elements tightened on a shaft or in a hole of the case.
The removers with cross-arm (see fig. 1.8, a) consists of two cross-arms, continuing the case 2, the screw 5, grips 4, nut 3 and handle 1.

Fig. 1.8. Screw bearing removers:

with a cross-arms; b with turning grips
The remover with turning grips consists of the same elements, but instead of
cross-arms it has axes about which grips turn. In such removers axes are located on

one line with points where an axial force is applied; therefore grips dont act from
the additional bending moment.
Usually two or three grips are used.
To prevent a destruction of dismantled bearings it is necessary to grasp an internal ring of the bearing, and at removing the bearing from the case external.
1.4. Mechanisms of aircraft control systems
Transfers the screw-nut in control systems carry out, as a rule, under two basic schemes:
1) at the big displacement with the rotating screw and a moving nut
(fig. 1.9). In this scheme bilateral aerodynamic force acts the case 1 rigidly connected to a nut 2. Then axial force is transferred to the screw 3 and through the case
of a reducer 4 on power units of the plane. Mechanical energy is produced by the
engine and transferred to the screw by transmission shafts;

Fig. 1.9. Converter with a rotating screw

2) at small displacement and large axial forces with a rotating nut and the moving
screw (fig. 1.10). In this case axial force operates through an eye 1 directly on the
screw 2, then, through a nut 3, on the case 4 and support units. The nut is actuated
by the engine connected to it through shaft, clutch and a tooth gearing.

Fig. 1.10. Converter with a rotating nut

8

Theme 2
THE THREADS USED IN POWER SCREWS
2.1. Types of threads
In sliding power screws square, trapezoidal (Acme) and buttress threads are
mainly applied. Square thread (fig. 2.1) cannot be made by milling and grinding,
one are not standardised and not applied in a batch manufacturing.

Fig. 2.1. Square thread

Threads trapezoidal (GOST 9484) (fig. 2.2, a) and buttress (GOST 10177)
(fig. 2.2, b) depending on diameter are divided into three rows as preference of application. It is necessary to prefer the first row to the second, and the second to the
third.

b
Fig. 2.2. Trapezoidal (a) and buttress (b) threads
From comparison of thickness at the root of various threads (see
fig. 2.2) we see, that shear and bend strength of a buttress thread is more than trapezoidal and, especially, square one. Besides, because of bigger radius of root the buttress thread has lower concentration factor and accordingly higher fatigue strength.
For these reasons buttress threads have found wide application in mechanisms with
the onedirectional loading. When the thread takes two-directional forces, a symmetric trapezoidal thread is used.
2.2. The basic geometrical parameters of a thread
The basic geometrical parameters of a thread are:
1. Diameters: external or major (D, d), pitch or mean (D2, d2), internal or minor of thread (D1, d1), internal on a root of the screw (d3). Diameter of the screw is
designated small letter, diameters of a nut capital one. Nominal values of diameters with the same name are equal. On a surface of the imagined cylinder in mean
diameter d2 the width of screw and nut threads are identical.
Threads are specified according to major diameter thats why its a nominal
or basic size.
2. The profile is a type of a crest and a root of thread in a plane of its longitudinal axial section. An apex angle is an angle between adjacent lateral faces of a
thread in this section. At a square thread it is equal 0, trapezoidal 30, metric
60. The buttress thread is asymmetrical, therefore a working side angle is 3, non
working 30. The thread profile is characterised also by height of initial triangle
and working height of profile 1 (see fig. 2.1, 2.2).
3. A pitch of thread a distance on a line parallel to an axis of a thread, between average points of the nearest lateral faces of a profile of the thread with the
same name, locating in one axial plane on one side from a thread axis.
10

The designation of a standard thread includes its conventional letter code (for
trapezoidal r, buttress S), major diameter, a sign and a pitch. For example, a
buttress thread with a diameter 32 mm and pitch of 5 mm is designated as S 325.
Numerical values of geometrical parameters of threads are shown in the appendix.
2.3. Efficiency
As well as any mechanism, at a thread has the characteristics reflecting degree of its perfection and suitability to set working conditions.
Work of forces of a friction in power screws is characterised by universal parameter efficiency
tan
=
,
(2.1)
tan( + )
t
where = arctg
a helix angle of lifting of a mean screw line of a thread;
d 2
t = iP a thread throw;
d2 a pitch diameter;
f
= arctg
the reduced angle of friction;
cos
f coefficient of friction between screw and nut;
a working profile angle (for a metric thread it is equal 30, for trapezoidal
15, for buttress 3);
a pitch;
i number of starts.
Intensively working power screws should be carried out with the greatest
possible efficiency which at identical pitch diameter increases with growth and P.
Apparently from the formula 2.1, efficiency that more than less the reduced
angle of friction which, in turn, decreases with reducing of a working profile angle
of thread and reducing of a coefficient of friction. Therefore with other things
being equal power screws with square (a half apex angle 0) and buttress (a working
profile angle 3) threads have higher efficiency, efficiency at transfer with trapezoidal thread (a half apex angle 15) is little bit less.
However this differences are little (does not exceed 5 %), therefore it is possible to neglect this angle at definition of the reduced angle of a friction in trapezoidal and buttress threads:

= arctg

f
arctg f .
cos

(2.2)

To reduce the coefficient of friction, antifrictional materials with high quality

of a surface and lubricant are used. Values of coefficients of friction for various materials are shown in tab. 2.1.

11

Table 2.1
A coefficient of friction in pairs
Materials
Screw
Nut
Steel

Steel

Lubrication

Velocity, m/

Coefficient of friction

Poor

<1
>1
<1
>1
<1
>1
<1
>1
<1
>1

0,150,62
0,100,15
0,08
0,04
0,130,15
0,10
0,120,15
0,070,09
0,060,07
0,020,04

<1
>1
<1
>1
<1

0,15
0,08
0,06
0,03
0,07

Rich
Without

Steel

Bronze

Poor
Rich
Poor

Steel

Aluminum

Steel

Fluoroplastic

Rich
Poor

2.4. Self-locking
A thread can possess property of self-locking which sometimes happens useful. For example: at lifting of loads by means of a jack with a self-locking thread
there is no necessity constantly to keep the handle by means of any specially provided clamps and especially a hand and cargo under the effect of force of weight
will not fall, it is not necessary to keep in the tightened position the screw of the
press used for compression of stuck together elements, etc.
As is known from a course of the theory of machines and mechanisms, the
condition of self-locking is < , therefore the helix angle of a screw line is limited, and the efficiency of the self-locking screw pair does not exceed 0,5.
In drives where self-locking is not required (for example, power screws of a
drive of flaps, etc.), bigger pitch or two-start threads are used.
2.5. The torque required to raise the load by a power screw
The total frictional torque for Vthread at mean diameter is

Tt = F

d2
tg ( + ) ,
2

(2.3)

where F (here and further) is the given external axial load.

In the formula (2.3) share of useful resistance is represented by variable
and a share of a resistance of a friction in a thread is included in .
In most cases (especially in periodically working transmissions with a manual
drive) it is desirable to reduce the torque for what reduce (for example, choose a
small pitch).
12

Theme 3
SCREW CALCULATION
3.1. Screw materials
The carbon and alloyed steels (35, 45, 65, 40, 40, etc.) are usually used
as material for the screw. They have high mechanical properties (y 450 P),
good machinability and high hardness of a surface (to HRC 45 and more) after casehardening (tab. 3.1).
The screw materials
Table 3.1
Mechanical properties,
Hardness of
Type of heat
P
Steel
treatment
core,
surface, HRC
u
y
. 5
. 6
40
45
40

Normalizing
Normalizing
Normalizing
Normalizing
Normalizing
Normalizing
Tempered
Casehardening
Tempered
Tempered
Casehardening
Tempered
Casehardening
Tempered

470640
570740
480
550
650
550
650
1000
700
750
900
800
1300
850

265275
305315
270
320
500
315
380
650
400
450
650
650
1100
600

Casehardening
Tempered

1200
900

1000
700

4854

Casehardening
Tempered
30 Casehardening

1500
1100
1500

1250
850
1300

45

Casehardening

2200

1700

62

35
40
45
40
40
65

15

170
180

187

192228
240285
230260
220280
230300

4250
4452

46

3.2. The dangerous section

The diagram of operating forces and the torques in typical variants is shown
in fig. 3.1.
Linear force distribution on threads is assumed in the axial force diagram and
the torque one.
13

. 3.1. The diagram of forces and the torques operating on the typical screws:
a jacks; b removers and presses
In the considered cases the screw works on compression, a longitudinal bending and torsion. The screw represented on the scheme "a", is loaded a little big, than
on the scheme b as on portion bears full load F and big twisting moment f.
3.3. Design calculation
In design calculation diameter of the screw can be defined proceeding from
three conditions: compression strength under action of longitudinal force, its stability and wear resistance of a thread. Last condition, as a rule, is the most dangerous,
therefore expediently preliminary sizes to find on it, and others two to use for verifying calculation.
The condition of wear resistance of working surfaces of coils of a thread
limits specific stress between screw and nut coils so that between them always there
was a lubricant:

p=

F
4F
F
[ p]
=

A ( d 2 d 12 ) d 2 H 1 z
,

(3.1)

whence

d2 =

h H [ p ]

.
Here d pitch diameter; H1 effective height of a thread profile; z number
2
14

of threads; H

Hn

d2

a nut height factor (for lead screws accept 1,22,5); n

nut height; h = H 1 / P a standard height factor of a thread (for trapezoidal it is

equal 0,5, for buttress 0,75); a pitch; [ p ] the allowable bearing pressure
depending on materials of pair (tab. 3.2).
Allowable bearing pressures
Allowable bearing pressure [
(N/mm2)
56
57
715
1015

Materials
Steel on cast iron
Steel on tinless bronze
Steel on steel
Steel on tin bronze

Table 3.2

p ] , Pa

After value of diameter d2 was found it should be chosen standard thread (its
nominal diameter d and pitch P) which d2st is more than calculated. As a rule, there
are some variants of threads parameters with various pitches. It is necessary to consider, that the efficiency increases according to pitch growing (see the formula 2.1)
that is desirable, but the driving moment (see the formula 2.2) grows too, that is undesirable, therefore it should be better to choose average value of a pitch.
3.4. Revised calculation
The self-locking condition 1 < ' and efficiency (see the formula 2.1)
should be checked.
The combined maximum normal stress (the third theory of failure) is calculated as follows

max = 2 + 4 2 [ ] ,

(3.2)

where = F A compression stress in dangerous cross-section;

A = d 12 1 2 the area of cross-section of

4

the screw at diameter d 1 ;

Let's notice, that d1 not smaller of diameters, it
more than internal diameter on a screw root d3.
However, calculation even on d1 leads to increasing (on 20 30 %) of safety factor because of
crosssection of the screw is not round (fig. 3.2).

the maximum shear stress;

W

T the torque in dangerous section (see the formula 2.2);

W =

d 13
16

(1 ) the polar section mod4

15

Fig. 3.2. Screw cross-section

ulus of the screw;

= d h / d 3 in case of hollow screw (for solid section = 0); dh inside diameter of the hollow cross-section of screw;

[ ] =

y
n

allowable stress; y yield stress of a screw material (see tab. 3.1);

[n] design safety factor (for screws of jacks [n] = 46, for screws of removers
and presses [n] = 23);
reduction factor of the basic allowable stress in a case of compressing screw,
for tension screws = 1. It is chosen on tab. 3.3 depending on a material of the
screw and the actual screws flexibility

i min

l
d 1

(3.3)

Here l maximum effective length of the screw (usually is given);

imin

ra-

dius of inertia of the screw cross-section equals to d1; the factor depends on
completeness of the screw cross-section: = 0,25 for solid section, for the hollow

0,5 0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
0,28 0,29 0,305 0,317 0,34

= 0 ,5...2 factor of reducing of the effective screw length. Values for various
cases of the screw ends fixing are specified in fig. 3.3.

Fig. 3.3. Values of factor of reducing of the effective screw length

l

2 and rolling support with one bearing are equivalent

d1
to a pivot joint, and the nut fixed in the case, is considered as fixed end, therefore
the scheme "d" ( = 2) is applicable to a simple screw jack, the scheme "c" ( = 1)

Sliding support at

16

to air-field one, the scheme ( = 0,7) to screws of removers and presses.

Reduction factor of the basic allowable stress
Flexibility

40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120

Steel
carbon
< 0,4%
C > 0,4%
0,92
0,9
0,89
0,84
0,86
0,8
0,81
0,74
0,75
0,69
0,69
0,59
0,6
0,5
0,52
0,43
0,45
0,38

Table 3.3
Duralumin
16

alloyed
0,9
0,83
0,78
0,71
0,66
0,54
0,45
0,39
0,33

0,7
0,57
0,45
0,35
0,27
0,21
0,17
0,14
0,12

If the condition 3.2 is not satisfied, it is necessary to accept a standard thread

with bigger nominal diameter and to check up fulfillment of the condition once
again.
Theme 4
NUT CALCULATION
Nuts are turned in the form of cylindrical bush
(fig. 4.1) and pressed or screwed in the case. The nut
can be assembled on one of the schemes presented on
fig. 4.2.
The screw-nut coefficient of a friction depends
on a nut material (see tab. 4.1) and lubricant, therefore a nut is usually made of the materials having in
pair with the steel screw low coefficient of a friction
and good wear resistance. Such materials are: tin and
tinless bronze, a brass, cermets and aluminum alloys.
Fig. 4.1. Nut
At the compressing load, the best force distribution on coils is reached in variants "a and b" at which nut and screw coils are
compressed, and in the case of tension screw variant "d" is preferred because the nut
coils is extended too.
A nut calculation includes determination of a threads strength (as a rule, on a
shear and bearing pressure), the external dimensions (Hn, D), and dimensions of

others elements (the thrust fillet , fixing elements, etc.).

Shear strength of a nut coil is more than a screw one (at identical materials)
because of longer coil evolvent at the diameter D. However in a steel-bronze pair
the nut material usually has smaller values of mechanical properties and consequently nut coils should be checked.

17

Fig. 4.2. Types of nut assembling:

a fillet on a case; b ring as a fillet; c nut fixed by thread; d fillet on a nut
A nut is calculated at following assumptions:
an axial force F is uniform distributed between threads;
a helix angle is so small, that each coil can be considered like a flat circular rings.
A threads number defines from the condition of wear resistance (3.1):

z=

4F
[ p ] [ d 2 d 12 ] .

(4.1)
It should be less or equally 10 as otherwise some of coils are not loaded. The
quantity of coils less than 5 is undesirable too because of insufficient screw centering.
If the design height of nut H n = zP is less ( 1...1 ,25 )d 2 it should be appointed in range ( 1 ,2...2 )d (bigger value is recommended for simple jacks because
nut should resist to the considerable bending moment from eccentric load).
A nut threads suffer a shear deformation on cylindrical surface with area
As = z D4 h0 = z D4 mP (fig. 4.3) and bearing deformation on a surface with

z 2
A
=
[ d ( d1 )2 ] = 0 ,78z [ d 2 ( d1 )2 ].
area b
4

Fig. 4.3. The dimensions of thread coils

18

s =

H1

mP

To simplify calculation a coil

is conditionally cut across a helix
line, evolved and represented like a
cantilever with square cross-section
in a fixing place (fig. 4.4). The length
of a rectangle is equal to length of a
circle in diameter D, and width to
height mP (for buttress thread
m = 0,74, for trapezoidal 0,64).
The condition of shear strength
at the load falling to one coil (F/z),
looks like (it is possible to neglect a
difference between values d and D4)

D2

F
F
=
[ s ] .(4.2)
zA zdmP

D
Fig. 4.4. Thread coil scheme
for calculation on shear

Allowable shear stresses for

design calculation define under catalogues or accept on empirical equations:

[s] 0,6 [b], [b] = (0,15 0,3) .

(4.3)

Values for various bronzes can be found in tab. 4.1.

Material

The nuts materials

GOST
, MPa (N/mm2)

Table 4.1

Tin bronze = 80000 MPa, = 60

101
61379
300
43
"
250
3751
"
180
355
"
180
Tinless bronze = 120000 MPa, = 100
1044
1044
1031
1031
94
94

49379

650
600
600
500
500
400

The note: A aluminium, iron, manganese, phosphorus,

u average ultimate strength at a tension.
In diametrical sections the nut works on torsion and compression (tension),
therefore it is possible to define external diameter of nut Dn from a corresponding
strength condition
19

4 kF

( Dn2 d 2 )

[ ] ,

(4.4)

where k = 1,3 the factor considering action of tangent stress of torsion; [ ] allowable stress of compression or a tension.
For calculation of a body of a nut on a tension (see fig. 4.2, d) in the equation
(4.4) it is necessary to substitute F with F (1 h/Hn).
If the thickness of a nut wall being calculate is small external diameter of a
nut appoint on design reasons: Dn = d + (2 4) P .
To define thrust fillet dimension (see fig. 4.2, a, b, d) from a bearing
strength condition of a nut material (usually less strong in pair a nut-case) under the
action of force F

br
where

Dn

[ br ] ,

(4.5)

[ br ] 2 [ b ] .

Height of the thrust fillet h (see fig. 4.2, a, b, d) is defined from a bend condition under the action of force F. As well as at calculation of a thread coil a ring
thrust fillet conditionally is cut and evolved in a line. Thus:
consider, that force is applied on the maximum distance from dangerous section,
i.e. on the edge of an internal hole;
neglect a friction on a nut surface.
With the account of the made assumptions it is possible to obtain height from
a bend strength condition
M
b = b [ b ] .
(4.6)
Wx
For square section
Mb
6 F
bh 2 Dh2
=
Wx =
=
and h =
.
Wx
D[ b ]
6
6
Attention! In this formula it is necessary to substitute allowable stress [] for
that material of which it is made thrust fillet!
If the nut is mounted in the case by a variant "a" (see fig. 4.2) [] it should
be accepted for a case material, and in a case d nuts.
To avoid a nut displacement in its case, besides press fit, steel pins
(fig. 4.5, a) or special adjusting screws (fig. 4.5, b) with a cylindrical or conic shaft
are used.
Dimensions of these elements could be calculated from a shear strength condition of a pin on a cross-section in diameter d0 and bearing of a lateral surface with
area A = d 0 l under the action of the screw pair torque:

s =

F 2Tt 4
=
[ s ] ,
2
As
D d0
20

(4.7)

 br =

2Tt
F
[ br ] ,
=
Abr D l d 0

where [s] allowable shear stress for a pin or screw material (as a rule, a constructional, carbon or alloy steel) which should be chosen on reference books; [br]
allowable bearing stress which should be accepted on a nut material as to less
strong in pair a pin-nut.

b
Fig. 4.5. Fixing nut by means of:
pin; screw; bush

At first diameter of a fixing element d0 should be found from the first formula (4.7), then the nearest greater standard value (for example, in accordance with
GOST 312870, 887893, etc.) should be selected. Than length l is calculated under
the second formula with d0 standard value. After that a thickness of a wall of the
case (usually 6 8 mm) is added to length being define and the next big standard
length of a pin (screw) l should be chosen.
Theme 5
CALCULATION OF PIVOT
The rotating screw carries axial load by means of a pivot. It can be flat
(fig. 5.1, a), ring (fig. 5.1, b), spherical (fig. 5.1, c), with a fitting place for the thrust
ball bearing (fig. 5.1, d).
Diameter of flat and ring pivot is determined from the wear resistance condition of a friction surface and depends on allowable bearing pressure [].
Diameter of a flat pivot

d=

4F
[ p ]

(5.1)

Diameter of a ring pivot

d=

4F
,
( 1 2 )[ p ]

where = 0,50,7 is a fullness factor of a pivot bearing surface,

(see fig. 5.1, b).
21

(5.2)

= din / dex

Fig. 5.1. Some types of pivot:

flat; b ring; c spherical; d with ball bearing
Allowable bearing pressure [] depends on materials of the pair, surface
hardness and relative speed. Its values could be accepted under table 2.1.
In a spherical pivot (one element of pair flat) sphere radius is defined at the
base on the Hertz contact strength equation
H

= 0 ,388 3

E2
R2

[ H ] ,

(5.3)

where R sphere radius; [] allowable contact stress, P (N/mm2), for highcarbon or the alloyed steels with surface hardness HHRC more than 45 HRC it should
be accepted [] = (30 80) HHRC.
To specify a standard thrust ball bearing in mechanisms with a manual drive
static load-carrying capacity should be calculated as
C0 = SF,
(5.4)
where S = 1,21,5 safety factor; 0 basic static load capacity, N on which in
the catalogue (see appendix 2) the thrust bearing with static load capacity more being calculated is chosen, and then its parameters: a code, internal d and external D
diameters, height are written out.
The friction moment in various designs of pivots is found as follows:
for a flat pivot

Tf =

dp
2
Ff
3
2 ,

(5.5)

where dP is a pivot diameter;

for a ring pivot
3
d 3 d in
1
Ff ex
(5.6)
2
2 .
3
d ex
d in
For a spherical pivot the friction moment define under the formula (5.5) in
which dP /2 should be substituted by radius of a contact area a, calculated under the
formula

Tf =

22

2 FR
.
(5.7)
E
The coefficient of friction f for steel pair can be accepted on tab. 2.1.
The friction moment in the ball bearing is calculated under the formula
a = 0 ,88 3

T f = Ff

d
2,

(5.8)

where d diameter of bearing bore, mm; f= 0,003 0,006 the reduced coefficient of friction.
Theme 6
CALCULATION OF HANDLES
In small devices, as a rule, a manual drive is utilized.
Required length of the handle is calculated taking into account mean workers
force Q = 200 250 N:

l=

Tt + T f
+ 100 mm ,
Q

where moment C = t + f should be measured in Nmm. The calculated value

should be approximated to the nearest greater normal dimension according to GOST
663669.

Fig. 6.1. A calculation scheme of handle

23

Then the handle material and allowable bending stress for it should be chosen. Diameter of the handle is defined from a bend strength condition like for cantilever (fig. 6.1):

QL
M
32QL
3
d
=

]
=
h
b ,
0 ,1[ b ] .
Wx
d h3
Allowable stress [b] should be chosen for material of the handle (for example, steel . 5, 20, 45) from appendix 1.
Diameter less than 10 mm is undesirable from ergonomic reasons; therefore if
it is necessary to increase it, having applied instead of solid rod a pipe with larger
diameter under satisfying of strength condition.
b =

At calculation of a pipe do not forget to substitute in a denominator under a root (1 4)!

A typical mistake: D0 is too small. A wall thickness hc = (D0 dh)/2 (see fig. 6.1) should be
more than 34 mm.

Theme 7
CALCULATION OF CASE ELEMENTS
7.1. Calculation of cases of jacks
The jacks cases at axial load less 5 N are usually manufactured from easy
alloys (7, 9, 9, etc.), at the bigger loads (> 5 000 N) from a cast iron
( 15, 20) or a cast steel (20, 45). Thus on conditions of normal filling of
the form the fused metal the thickness of a wall is accepted not less by than 6 mm.
Then minimum external diameter of the case in connection with a nut is
dex = Dn + 2 ( + 2).
It is preferable to make the case conic (a
cone 1:10), with a square or round basic plate.
To decrease a jacks mass some notches are
provided in the case (fig. 7.1).
The external size of jacks plate D1 (the
size D2 could be defined under the sketch) is defined from bearing strength condition for a material on which the jack is placed. Usually it is
the soft materials (boards, cross ties), for which
allowable bearing stress [br] = 1,2 2 P.
For the round basis
F
4F
=
[ br ] ;
br =
Abr ( D12 D22 )
for the square basis
F
F
br =
=
[ br ] .
Abr
2 2
( D1 D2 )
4
Value D1 being calculated should be approximated to the nearest larger normal one.
24

Fig. 7.1. A jacks case

7.2. Removers cases calculation

The removers case elements are: actually case and grips. Grips can freely
turn round axles (see fig. 1.8, b).
Calculation of case elements of remover with turning grips (fig. 7.2) can be
spent in such sequence.
1. Choose an axle material (usually normalized or tempered steel 45, 65),
case material (cast iron or cast steel 20, 40), grip material (tempered carbon steel
35, 45) and thickness a. Usually cases are made by moulding, therefore it is expedient to accept its wall size not less than 6 mm on a condition of normal filling of
the form. Having accepted b = 2a, define axles diameter d from the bend strength
condition
M
32 F ( a + b )
b =
=
[ b ] .
3
Wx
2 X d
Round it to the nearest bigger standard size and check axle on a shear

s =

F
F 4
=
[ s ] ,
2
As iX d

where X number of grips; i number of shear cross-sections, [b], [s] accordingly a bend and a shear allowable stresses of an axle material (see appendix 1).

Fig. 7.2. Calculation scheme of remover with turning grips

2. Check the size a on a bearing strength condition
F
4F
br =
=
[ br ] ,
Abr 2 Xad
25

where [br] allowable bearing stress of case material (see appendix 1).
3. Find the size l1 of the dangerous section with hole II from a tension
strength condition (here [t] allowable tensile stress of grip material (see appendix 1):
F
F
F
t =
=
[ t ] ; l1 = d +
.
At
X ( l1 d )b
Xb [ t ]
.
4. Define the size h2 of section IIII from a bend strength condition:
6 F l2
6 F l2

[
]
h
=
b =

;
,
b
2
X b [ b ]
X b h22
where [b] allowable bending stress of grip material (see appendix 1).
The size l2 is defined from a sketch of a remover.
For this purpose it is necessary to write out the sizes of the removed bearing from the catalogue: internal diameter d, external D and width or B and to draw it on the sketch.

5. Finally calculate the sections IIIIII size:

F
6 F ( l 2 + 0 ,5 l 3 )
b =
+
[ b ] ;
2
X bl3
X bl3

2 F + 4 F 2 + 6 Fl 2 [ b ] X b
l3 =
.
X [ b ] b
7.3. Calculation of presses cases
The press case can be made by the moulding, welding and at combined type.
On fig. 7.3 the design of the case of an one-rack press of the cast type is shown. Its
calculation can be spent in such sequence.

Fig. 7.3. Calculation scheme of one-rack press case

1. Choose a case material (cast iron or cast steel 20, 40) and a profile of
section II in relative units (for example, a T-section like in fig. 7.4, which has min26

imum Wx = 0,029 h3). Define the characteristic size h = hI from calculation on a

bend
M
FH
b =
=
[ b ] ,
W x 0 ,029 h 3
where [b] allowable bending stress of case material (see appendix 1).

b2

h1

b1 = 2/3 h
b2 = 1/8 h
h1 = 1/4 h
c = 0,3h
A = 0,27h2
W1 = 0,029h3
W2 = 0,067h3

b1

Fig. 7.4. The T-section

2. Accept the size hII 1,1hI and check section IIII on strength taking into
account stress of a bend and a tension/compression:
t =

F( H + a ) F
F( H + a ) F
+ [ ] and C =
[ ] ,
Wt
A
WC
A

(7.6)

where t, stress of a tension and compression accordingly; Wt and W the

flexural section modulus for the tension and compressed fibres. In a case of Tsection with parameters according to fig. 7. 4 (and only for this section!) the flexural section modulus accordingly are Wt = 0,067h3, W = 0,029h3.
Calculation of section IIIIII is spent similarly to calculation of section IIII.
Theme 8
DESIGNING OF MECHANISMS WITH
THE SCREWNUT TRANSMISSION
Calculation of mechanisms should be carried out simultaneously with design
drawing as many sizes necessary for calculation it is possible to define only from
the drawing. At the same time step-by-step drawing of a design in the course of calculation serves as check of this calculation. The wrong result is usually shown in
proportionality infringement. Some sizes of elements of mechanisms at designing
are not counted, and accept according to experience of designing of similar constructions.
Various elements and fragments of designs which can be applied depending
on the scheme of the mechanism and conditions of its work are shown on figures
27

stated below. As a result of configuration of fragments of designs the mechanism

design as a whole, corresponding to the given scheme is created.
On fig. 8.1 cast and welded cases of screw jacks are drawn. Cast designs of
cases (see fig. 8.1, a, b) could be manufactured from aluminum alloys (4,
9); cast iron (15, 18) and steel (20, 25). Easy alloys are used for
jacks with load capacity to 10 000 N, for jacks load capacity more than 30 000 N
cast steel, between these values any of the listed materials can be used.
The case form can be conic or cylindrical with a ring or square basic plate.
On fig. 8.1, c the welded design is made of a steel pipe which diameter gets
out any way, and a thickness of a wall is proved by calculation on compression.
Into one end of the pipe the transitive bush is welded, and on the other a support
surface. The nut can be screwed on a pipe thread directly, without the transitive
bush.
Pay attention to that both welded seams do not transfer axial load, they serve only for fixing of elements in demanded position.

On fig. 8.2 support units of power screws (a cup, a crown, a pillow, boots)
different types (a a flat pivot, b a spherical pivot, c the non-standard bearing,
d, f, g standard) are represented.
In all designs locks the devices to avoid dismantling of unit are provided. There are many types of locks, such as: a bent soft wire staples (fig. 8.2, b);
screws with cylindrical (fig. 8.2, c) or conic (fig. 8.2, d) end; lock cutting rings (fig.
8.2, e); the usual screws twisted in an end face of the lead screw (fig. 8.2, f). In a
design represented on fig. 8.2, a the ball serves as the lock. For lubrication of rubbing surfaces nipples and seals are sometimes provided in a design.

28

c
. 8.1. Jacks cases:
, b cast; weld
29

Fig. 8.2. Devices for supporting screws:

a a flat pivot, fixing by a ball; b a spherical pivot, fixing by staple; c the
non-standard bearing, fixing by adjusting screws with a cylindrical end; d the
standard bearing, fixing by adjusting screws with a conic end; e the standard
bearing, fixing by a lock cutting ring; f the standard bearing, fixing by the screw
Screw moving limiters are shown on fig. 8.3.

. 8.3. Screw moving limiters:

plate; b washer; c stop

b
30

They are necessary to prevent full the screw unscrewing. In drawings variants with a plate (fig. 8.3, a), a washer (fig. 8.3, b) and a fixed stop (fig. 8.3, c) are
presented. Last design often uses in power screw of airplane control mechanisms.

Fig. 8.4. Nut fixing in a case:

by adjusting screw; by pin
Nuts are usually demountable bushes pressed or screwed in the case (see
fig. 2.6). To prevent nuts turning and to use easier fit various fixing devices like
screws (fig. 8.4, a), pins (fig. 8.4, b) etc. are provided.
On fig. 8.5 variants of connection of handle and knob are shown. In a variant "a" a handle end (made, as a rule, from a soft material) is flattened out by
hammer impacts on an end face. Being deformed, handle metal fills a gap between a
knob and the handle and a conic space. As a result the knob is fixed in an axial direction, and from a turn too.
In cases b knobs are welded either in hollow or outside.
The variant "c" shows the standard handle and the plastic spherical knob according to GOST 892469. In this case knob screwed on a handle end. In a variant
d the non-standard handle and knob are connected by means of thread too.
On fig. 8.5, e the way of connection in that case when the handle is a pipe is
shown. In this case a thin pipe end is beaded.
Probably also fastening by means of the usual screw with a countersunk
head (fig. 8.5, f), and many other variants.
For power screws of the big load capacity the handle often extends by means of a pipe
selected in a place. If such possibility is provided, the handle should be pressed at the one end and
without the knob.

On fig. 8.6 versions of removers are represented: with flat rotary grips
(fig. 8.6, a) and short console grips with cylindrical or square (fig. 8.6, b) sections.
In the first design standard axles in accordance with GOST 965080 serve
as axes of grips rotation, the nut is fixed in the case by a cylindrical pin
(GOST 312870).
In the second variant (see fig. 8.6, b) grips move in a radial direction and
tightening screws fix them in demanded position.
31

e
f
. 8.5. Handle and knob connections:
by flatten; b by weld; c, d by thread; e by bead; f by screw

Fig. 8.6. Cases of bearing removers:

with a rotary grips; b with movable grips
32

On fig. 8.7 the example of a cast case design of one-rack press is presented.
In this variant the movable plate is supplied by the ledges sliding on directing rack.
The rack has T-section with unequal height in upper and lower sections. The basis is
a continuous plate with rigidity edges on the bottom. In some cases in a plate do
hole for shaft from which the bearing is removed (see fig. 1.7), etc.

Fig. 8.7. Cast case of one-rack press

33

THE ORDER OF DESIGN

1. Definition of initial data:
Basic data at designing of power screw mechanisms are the axial force F acting
on the screw, and a screw length. The technical project can define and other parameters. The sizes of the removed bearing necessary for calculation are specified in catalogues;
If screw and nut materials are not given student must choose them. Materials
for a sliding power screws see in tab. 3.1 and 4.1.
2. Screw calculation:
draw a force and torque distributions along a screw axis (see fig. 3.1) and find dangerous section;
choose, if it is not given, thread type;
define diameter of the screw on a wear resistance condition (see formula (3.1));
choose the nearest standard thread which has diameter d2 more than calculated one.
The sizes of the trapezoidal and buttress thread see below;

The sizes of standard trapezoidal thread

Diameters, mm, in order to increasing d2
pitch d2
internal d1
nominal d
12,5
11,0
14
13,0
12,0
14
14,0
12,0
16
15,0
14,0
16
16,0
14,0
18
17,0
16,0
18
18,0
14,0
22
18,0
16,0
20
19,0
18,0
20
19,5
17,0
22
20,0
16,0
24
20,5
19,0
22
21,0
20,0
22
21,5
19,0
24
22,0
18,0
26
22,5
21,0
24
23,0
22,0
24
23,5
21,0
26
24,0
20,0
28
24,5
23,0
26
25,0
20,0
30
25,0
24,0
26
25,5
23,0
28
26,5
25,0
28
27,0
22,0
32
27,0
24,0
30
27,0
26,0
28
28,5
27,0
30
29,0
24,0
34
29,0
26,0
32

34

pitch ,
mm
3
2
4
2
4
2
8
4
2
5
8
3
2
5
8
3
2
5
8
3
10
2
5
3
10
6
2
3
10
6

30,5
31,0
31,0
32,5
33,0
33,0
34,5
34,5
35,0
35,0
36,5
36,5
37,0
37,0
38,0
38,5
38,5
39,0
40,0
40,5
40,5
41,0
42,0
42,5
43,0
44,0
44,5
45,0
46,0
46,5
48,5

29,0
26,0
28,0
31,0
28,0
30,0
31,0
33,0
30,0
32,0
33,0
35,0
32,0
34,0
32,0
35,0
37,0
36,0
36,0
37,0
39,0
36,0
38,0
41,0
38,0
40,0
43,0
40,0
42,0
45,0
47,0

32
36
34
34
38
36
38
36
40
38
40
38
42
40
44
42
40
42
44
44
42
46
46
44
48
48
46
50
50
48
50

3
10
6
3
10
6
7
3
10
6
7
3
10
6
12
7
3
6
8
7
3
10
8
3
10
8
3
10
8
3
3

The sizes of standard buttress thread

Diameters, mm, in order to increasing d2
pitch d2
internal d1
nominal d
8,50
7
10
10,50
9
12
12,50
11
14
14,50
13
16
16,00
10
22
16,50
15
18
18,00
12
24
18,25
14,5
22
18,50
17
20
20,00
14
26
20,25
16,5
24
22,00
16
28
22,25
18,5
26
22,50
15
30
24,25
20,5
28
24,50
17
32
25,50
21
30

35

pitch ,
mm
2
2
2
2
8
2
8
5
2
8
5
8
5
10
5
10
6

27,50
27,75
28,50
29,75
31,50
32,50
35,50

23
25,5
21
27,5
27
25
31

32
30
36
32
36
40
40

6
3
10
3
6
10
6

write out code of the chosen thread;

check the self-locking condition + 1 < ' and efficiency of the screw-nut
transmission (see expression (2.1)). Efficiency could not exceed 50 % and it is undesirable to have it less than 20 %. If these conditions are not satisfied choose
another thread dimensions;
check the screw on strength in dangerous section under the formula (3.2). To calculate the torsional moment in dangerous section (see fig. 3.1) it is necessary to
know t (the torque of screw pair, see formula (2.2)) and f (the friction moment in
a pivot, when type of a pivot is accepted);
calculate diameter of a sliding pivot (flat or ring) under formulas (5.1) and (5.2),
and then the friction moment under formulas (5.5) and (5.6) (allowable bearing
pressure are presented in tab. 3.2);
or calculate a sphere radius of a spherical pivot from the contact strength condition on the formula (5.3) (allowable contact stress [] depends on hardness of contacted surfaces which should be not less HRC 45), then find the friction moment in
a pivot under formulas (5.5);
or select the standard bearing for the pivot with a rolling bearing according to static load capacity is found from the formula (5.4) and determinate a friction moment
under the formula (5.8).
It is possible to use section 5 recommendations to design pivot.
3. Nut calculation and designing:
choose a nut design under the subsection 4 recommendations and fig. 4.2;
define threads number and nut height (see the formula (4.1));
check nut threads on a shear (see the formula (4.2)) in dangerous section;
define external diameter of a nut body (see the formula (4.4)) and, at necessity, its

thrust fillet size and height (see fig. 4.4 and formulas in subsection 4);
choose a type of mechanical fastening of a nut to the case (see fig. 4.5) and find
diameter and quantity of fix elements on strength conditions (see formulae 4.7).
draw the full-scale sketch of the screw-nut pair and coordinate it with the instructor.
It is possible to use section 5 recommendations to design of screw, pivot, nut
and fastening elements.
4. Calculation and handle designing:
define length of the handle;
choose a handle material (see appendix 1);
define diameter of the handle from a bend strength condition in dangerous section
36

(see subsection 6), then round it to normal, corresponding to the standard size of rod
or pipe.
design the handle and knob under section 5 recommendations and draw them to
the sketch.
5. Definition of efficiency of the mechanism.
Define efficiency under the formula
A
FPi
= U =
,
S 2 ( Tt + T f )
where U is a useful work for one turn; S the spent work.
The mechanism efficiency should differ from the efficiency of a power screw
defined under the formula (2.1) a little. At the big difference of these efficiencies it
is necessary to change a design of a pivot for reduction of losses by a friction.
6. Case designing:
choose a design of the case of the mechanism under section 5 recommendations,
by means of albums of designs, etc., then check it on strength according to the subsection 7 recommendations;
calculate and draw case elements on the same sketch, coordinating their sizes with
the sizes of other elements. The sketch would be coordinated with the instructor.
7. Documentation:
Draw the whole mechanism on the basis of the coordinated sketch. To make
the design clear additional views, cuts and projections are provided in the drawing.
Coordinate number of additional views with the instructor.
Such dimensions should be put down on the drawing:
overall mechanism dimensions and distance between extreme positions of moving
parts (for example, a screw operation movement);
the connecting sizes of elements with which the mechanism contacts to surrounding elements: diameters and center distances of holes for mechanism fastening, dimensions of a pivot, of a support part, etc.;
the sizes on which there is a connection of elements at assembly operations:
fitting of bearing to shaft and in the case, nuts in the case, fastening elements in a
nut and the case, pins, axles, etc.; threads.
Put technical requirements and a product technical characteristic in the drawing over the basic inscription. In technical requirements specify:
lubricating elements numbers, a way and type of lubricant;
data on product colouring.
In a technical characteristic put down the given data and main parameters of
the designed mechanism: efficiency, force on the handle (for products with a mechanical drive required capacity), etc.
The text part consists of an explanatory note and the specification.

37

Appendix 1
Mechanical properties and allowable stresses of some materials
Allowable stresses, MPa
Steel

. 5
. 6
20
45
35
20
35

45
40
40
65
30

Heat
treatment

tensilecompression

N
N
N
N
N
N
N
T
C
T
C
T
C
N

bending

bearing

shear

torsion

[ b]

[br]

[s]

[ t ]

275
315
220
320
340
250
320
380
650
450
650
650
1100
460

[tc]
165
195
90
125
140
140
180
210
330
240
300
270
440
260

200
230
110
150
170
170
210
260
400
290
360
320
530
310

250
290
135
190
210
210
270
520
500
360
450
400
670
390

100
115
50
70
75
85
110
130
200
145
185
160
270
155

125
145
63
90
100
105
135
160
250
185
230
200
330
190

C
T

1000
700

410
300

490
360

620
450

250
185

310
230

C
T
C

1250
850
1300

500
370
510

600
440
620

760
550
760

300
220
310

380
280
390

1100

440

550

C
1700
740
890
15
tensile
bending
Cast
u
iron
[ t ]
[ b]
150
33
60
15
200
45
73
20
N normalizing; T tempered; C casehardening

38

compression

torsion

[ c ]
145
165

[ t ]
40
45

Appendix 2
Basic load capacity and dimensions for ball thrust bearings

Bearing
No
8100
8101
8102
8103
8104
8105
8106
8107
8108
8109
8201
8202
8204
8205
8206
8207
8208
8209
8305
8306
8307
8308
8309
8405
8406
8407
8408
8409

Dimensions, mm
d
10
12
15
17
20
25
30
35
40
45
12
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
25
30
35
40
45
25
30
35
40
45

D
24
26
28
30
35
42
47
52
60
65
28
32
40
47
52
62
68
73
52
60
68
78
85
60
70
80
90
100

H
9
9
9
9
10
11
11
12
13
14
11
12
14
15
16
18
19
20
18
21
24
26
28
24
28
32
36
39

r
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
2,0
2,0
2,0

39

d1

35
42
47
52
60
65
14
17
40
47
52
62
68
73
52
60
68
78
85
60
70
80
90
100

Load capacity, kN
dynamic
static

0
10,0
11,8
10,4
12,9
10,6
14,0
11,4
16,6
15,0
22,4
18,0
30,0
19,0
33,5
20,0
39,0
27,0
53,0
28,0
58,5
13,2
16,0
16,6
20,8
22,4
32,0
28,0
42,5
25,5
40,0
35,5
57,0
46,5
83,0
39,0
67,0
34,5
46,5
38,0
55,0
50,0
75,0
61,0
95,0
75,0
118,0
45,5
57,0
69,5
95,0
76,5
106,0
96,5
143,0
122,0
186,0