Professional Documents
Culture Documents
IPEMC 2006
200
150
Functions
50
0
Power flow
Year
Power converter
2-3
2-3
(a)
Wind
Photo-voltaic
Fuel cell
Other sources
Control
Reference (local/centralized)
Size (volume)
Weight
19
68
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
19
98
Load /
generator
19
88
Appliance
Industry
Communication
Components
100
19
68
19
83
19
88
19
93
19
98
Relative unit
Year
(b)
Fig. 2. Development of a 4 kW standard industrially adjustable speed
drive during the last 25 years [5].
a) Relative number of components and functions
b) Relative size and weight
Diode
Silicon carbide FETs
MOS-gated thyristors
Trench
Insulated-gate
bipolar transistors
Silicon
Coolmos
MOSFETs
IGCT
IGTO
Bipolar transistors
1950
?60
?70
?80
?90
Year
Electrical Power
Wind power
Gearbox (optional)
Rotor
Power converter
(optional)
Generator
Supply grid
C o n sConsumer
u m e r / lo a d
Power transmission
Power conversion
Power transmission
Wind Energy
Source
MMechanical
e c h a n ic a l EEnergy
n e rg y S
ou rc e
Fixed/Variable
V a r ia b le S p eSpeed
ed
Inp u t
D ir e c t
T r a n s m is s io n
G e arbo x
H e a t lo s s
d u m p lo a d
M u lti p o l a r S y n c h r o n o u s
& N o v e l M a c h in e s
M a c h in e
ty p e
C o n v e n ti o n a l
S y n c h r o n o u s M a c h in e s
In d u c ti o n M a c h i n e s
Power
c o n v e rs io n
R o to r
W o u n d R o to r
( fie ld c o n tr o l)
P e rm a ne n t
M agnet
C age
R o to r M /C
W o u n d R o to r o r
B r u s h le s s D F
S ta to r
W ound
W oun d
W ound
W oun d
G r id
c o n n e c t io n
L a rg e P E
c o n v e r te r
L a rg e P E
c o n v e r te r
L arge P E
c o n v e r te r
S m a ll P E
c o n v e r te r
E le c tr i c a l E n e r g y S o u r c e
F ix e d F re q u e n c y o r D C
O u tp u t
Fig. 5. Road-map for wind energy conversion. PE: Power Electronics. DF: Doubly-fed [15], [22].
but they are not able very fast (within a few ms) to
control the active power. Furthermore wind-gusts may
cause torque pulsations in the drive-drain and load the
gear-box significantly. The basic power characteristics of
the three different fixed speed concepts are shown in Fig.
7 where the power is limited aerodynamically.
Power [PU]
I
Induction
generator
Stall control
1
Grid
0.75
Gearbox
0.50
Pitch
0.25
Reactive
compensator
(a)
1
1
2
0Vindhastighed
5
0
Wind speed
[m/s]
[m/s]
2
5
3
0
(a)
II
Induction
generator
Power [PU]
Grid
Gearbox
1
0.75
Stall
0.50
Reactive
compensator
0.25
3
0
(b)
Induction
generator
2
0
2
5
3
0
Pitch
Power [PU]
Gear
1
5
III
Grid
1
0
1
0.75
Active
Stall
Reactive
compensator
0.50
(c)
0.25
c)
b)
1
5
2
0
1
0
2
5
3
0
(a)
V
Doubly-fed
induction generator
Grid
Gearbox
Pitch
AC
DC
AC
DC
Pref
Q ref
(b)
Fig. 8. Wind turbine topologies with partially rated power electronics
and limited speed range.
a)
b)
II
III
IV
VI
VII
VIII
IX
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Limite
Limite
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
limit
limit
limit
limit
Limite
d
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
contribute
contribute
contribute
contribute
No/Ye
s
contribute
1-10 s
1-10 s
1-10 s
100 ms
1 ms
0.5-1 ms
0.5-1 ms
0.5-1 ms
0.5-1 ms
Standby function
No
No
No
No
Yes +
Yes ++
Yes ++
Yes ++
Yes ++
Flicker (sensitive)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Softstarter needed
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes/No
Yes/No
Yes/No
Yes
Yes,
partly
Yes
No
Yes
Yes,
partly
Yes
Yes,
partly
Yes
Yes/N
Island operation
No
No
No
No
Investment
++
++
++
++
Maintenance
++
++
++
++
VI
Induction
generator
Grid
AC
Gearbox
DC
DC
Pitch
AC
Pref
Qref
(a)
(b)
DC
VIII
AC
Synchronous
Generator
Multi-pole
AC
Grid
DC
DC
Pitch
AC
Pref Qref
(c)
(Source: [4])
Turbine Concept
IX
PM-synchronous
Generator
Multi-pole
AC
DC
Pitch
Grid
DC
Pref
AC
Qref
(d)
Fig. 9. Wind turbine systems with full-scale power converters.
a) Induction generator with gear (System VI)
b) Synchronous generator with gear (System VII)
c)
World-Market Share
28%
5%
47%
20%
100%
TOTAL
Fig. 10. Control of wind turbine with doubly-fed induction generator system [35 ].
(a)
(b)
Fig. 11. Basic control of active and reactive power in a wind turbine [17].
a) Doubly-fed induction generator system (System V)
b) Multi-pole synchronous PM-generator system (System IX)
Park A
ac-grid
On-shore
Gearbox
Pitch
AC
DC
AC
DC
Pref
Qref
Gearbox
Pitch
Doubly-fed
induction generator
AC
DC
AC
DC
Pref
Qref
(a)
Park B
Induction
generator
ac-grid
On-shore
Gearbox
Reactive
compensator
Gearbox
Pitch/
active stall
ASVC/STATCOM
(b)
Park D
Induction
generator
On-shore
dc-grid
AC
Gearbox
DC
AC
DC
Pref
Qref
Gearbox
(c)
Pitch /
active stall
Park C
Induction
generator
On-shore
dc-grid
AC
Gearbox
DC
P1
AC
Qref
AC
Gearbox
Pitch
DC
DC
P2
(d)
b)
c)
d)
change this.
The power scaling has been an important tool to
reduce the price pr. kWh. Fig. 14 shows the average size
of the installed wind turbines in Denmark as well as their
produced energy pr. m2 swept area pr. year. It can be
seen that the technology is improving and it is possible to
produce more than 900 kWh/m2/year. This depends of
course on location and from experience off-shore
wind-farms are able to produce much more energy
The influence on the power scaling can also be seen
at the prices pr. kWh for different wind-turbine sizes in
two different landscape classes and it is shown in Fig. 15.
The key to reduce price is to increase the power and
today prototype turbines of 4-5 MW are seen around the
world being tested. Finally, the development of wind
turbines is illustrated in Fig. 16. It is expected 10 MW
wind turbines will be present in 2010.
IX. CONCLUSIONS
(Fig. 12)
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Centralized
Yes
Yes
Partly
Partly
Yes
Yes
Contribute
Contribute
No
No
Control bandwidth
10-100 ms
200ms - 2s
10 -100 ms
10 ms 10 s
Standby-function
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Softstarter needed
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Partly
Yes
Yes
Redundancy
Yes
Yes
No
No
Investment
++
Maintenance
++
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
Mohan,
T.M.
Undeland,
W.P.
Robbins.
Power
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
Z.
Chen,
E.
Spooner,
Grid
Power
Quality
with
15
[10]
13,5
US cent/kWh
F. Iov,
12
10,5
9
Class 1
7,5
Class 2
[11]
6
4,5
[12]
1,5
0
95
150
225
300
500
Wind turbine size kW
600
1000
[13]
pp.31-37.
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[33]
231-241.
[20]
[21]
[35]
[37]
Bhowmik,
R.
Spee,
J.H.R.
Enslin,
pp. G1.
[38]
Double-Fed
Z. Saad-Saoud, N.
[39]
[40]
mit
[41]
geringen
[42]
Netzrckwirkungen,
896-905.
[43]
O.
Warneke,
Einsatz
einer
doppeltgespeisten
Windenergie-anlage
364-367.
[32]
[31]
Asynchronmaschine
[30]
Germany.
[29]
[28]
[27]
[26]
Performance
[25]
2000.
[24]
Proc. of the Int. Conf. in Wind Power for the 21st Century,
[23]
[22]
935-951.