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ChernobylDisaster:TheWorstNuclearDisasterinHistory100timesmoreradioactivitythanHiroshima
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Chernobyldisaster
1.1.ChernobylDisasterDrNikNorRonaidibinNikMahdi
2.2.ChernobylDisaster:TheWorstNuclearDisasterinHistory100timesmoreradioactivitythanHiroshima
3.3.WhereisChernobyl?InNorthernUkraine10milesawayfromBelarus80milesNorthof
Kievhttp://students.vassar.edu/mezegen/Eastern%20Europe%20Map.gifhttp://studiohousebooks.co.uk/chernobyl/Chernobyl/chernobyl.html
4.4.TheChernobylNuclearPowerPlantLocated11milesnorthofthecityofChernobylPlantconsistedof4reactorsProduced10%ofUkraines
electricityConstructionbeganinthe1970sReactor#4wascompletedin1983Atthetimeoftheaccident,reactors#5and#6wereinprogress.
http://www.rotten.com/library/history/nuclearincidents/chernobyl
5.5.BackgroundType:ReaktorBolshoyMoshehnostyKipyashiy(RBMK)RBMK,aRussianacronymtranslatedroughlymeansreactor(of)high
power(ofthe)channel(type)reactorcooledbywaterandmoderatedbygraphite
6.6.ReactorSchematic
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7.7.ReactorPlantScenario1.Asthereactionoccurs,theuraniumfuelbecomeshot2.Thewaterpumpedthroughthecoreinpressuretubesremovesthe
heatfromthefuel3.Thewateristhenboiledintosteam4.Thesteamturnstheturbines5.Thewateristhencooled6.Thentheprocessrepeats
8.8.Whathappened?Saturday,April26,1986:Reactor#4wasundergoingatesttotestthebackuppowersupplyincaseofapowerloss.Thepowerfell
toolow,allowingtheconcentrationofxenon135torise.Theworkerscontinuedthetest,andinordertocontroltherisinglevelsofxenon135,thecontrol
rodswerepulledout.http://www.ukrainianweb.com/images/chernobyl/chernobyl_reactor.jpg
9.9.Whathappened?contdTheexperimentinvolvedshuttingdownthecoolantpumps,whichcausedthecoolanttorapidlyheatupandboil.Pocketsof
steamformedinthecoolantlines.Whenthecoolantexpandedinthisparticulardesign,thepowerlevelwentup.Allcontrolrodswereorderedtobe
inserted.Astherodswereinserted,theybecamedeformedandstuck.Thereactioncouldnotbestopped.Therodsmeltedandthesteampressure
causedanexplosion,whichblewaholeintheroof.Agraphitefirealsoresultedfromtheexplosion.Tosavemoney,thereactorwasconstructedwithonly
partialcontainment,whichallowedtheradiationtoescape.Thisdispersedlargeamountofradioactiveparticulateandgaseousdebriscontainingcesium
TheChernobylNuclearPowerPlantLocated11milesnorthofthecityofChernobylPlantconsistedof4reactors...
137andstrontium90whicharehighlyradioactivereactorwasteproduct.
10.10.ReasonsfortheaccidentWorkerslackofknowledgeofreactorphysicsandengineering,aswellaslackofexperienceandtrainingDelayThe
nightshiftwasnotpreparedtocarryouttheexperimentButitwasstillcarriedoutTheoperatorsseemtohavebeenunawareofthexenonpoisoning
InsufficientcommunicationbetweenthesafetyofficersandtheoperatorsinchargeoftheexperimentDisabledallsafetysystemsPoorquality(typical
Sovietcraftsmanship)RusheddesignAlotofcornerscuttomeetdeadlineBonusformeetingdeadline
11.11.TheReactorAftertheExplosionAftertheexplosion,mostoftheplantisstillstanding.Somemightthinkfromthispicturethatthedisasterwasntallthat
bad,butwhatmakestheChernobyldisastertheworstinhistoryisthesheervolumeofradioactivematerialsthatwherespewedacrosstheEuropean
continent.
12.12.SummaryofFactsApril26,1986:ChernobylnuclearpowerplantOperatorerrorscauseareactorexplosionExplosionreleases190tonsof
radioactivegassesintotheatmosphereFirestartsthatlasts10daysPeople:7millionlivedincontaminatedareas3millionwerechildrenWind:
Carriesradiationfardistances
13.13.ChernobylCatastropheVictimscomprisefourmaingroupsGroup1:personsinvolvedinthecleanupoperationsattheChernobylNuclear
Plant(liquidators).Group2:Personsevacuatedfromtheexclusionzonein1986(evacuees)Group3:Personsresidentintheterritoriesmonitored
(relocationzone)orresidentthereimmediatelyaftertheaccident(residents)Group4:ChildrenborntoparentsinGroups13(offspring).
14.14.ImmediateImpact231peoplewerehospitalizedimmediatelyduetoacuteradiationsickness.31ofthemeventuallydied.Mostofthesepeople
wereworkersintheplantorlocalfirefighters.http://www.cmc.ec.gc.ca/~arqidor/ctbto/ctbt3.html
15.15.TheCleanUpLiquidatorsThesewerefiremenwhohelpedputoutthefiresandhelpedcleanuptheradiationMostdidnotrealizethedangers
ofradiation.Manylaterdiedfromradiation,becausetheydidntwearprotection.Anestimated8,00020,000todatehavedied(20%fromsuicide)
RobotsUnitedStatessuppliedSpecificallydesignedtoenterreactorcoreandhelpbuildthesarcophagushttp://www.chernobyl
international.com/aboutchernobyl/fateoftheliquidators.asphttp://er1.org/docs/photos/Disaster/Chernobyl%2002%20robotic%20inspector.jpg
16.16.CleanUpApproximately300,000to600,000liquidatorswereinvolvedinthecleanupofthe30kmevacuationzonearoundtheplantintheyears
followingthemeltdown.http://library.thinkquest.org/3426/data/emergency/cleanup.efforts.html
17.17.EvacuationFollowingtheaccidenthundredsofthousandsofpeoplehadtobeevacuatedandbetween1990and1995anadditional210,000people
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wereresettled.Peopleevacuated:May23(1weeklater)10kmarea(45,000people)May430kmarea(116,000people)50,000peoplefrom
Pripyat,Ukrainewereevacuated2daysaftertheaccident.http://library.thinkquest.org/3426/data/emergency/evacuation.html
18.18.LongtermImpactInternationalspreadofradioactivitydetectedoverallofEuropeexceptfortheIberianPeninsulaThenuclearmeltdown
provokedaradioactivecloudwhichfloatedoverRussia,Belarus,UkraineandMoldova,butalsotheEuropeanpartoftheRepublicofMacedonia,
Croatia,Turkey,Bulgaria,Greece,Romania,Lithuania,Latvia,Finland,Denmark,Norway,Sweden,Austria,Hungary,theCzechRepublicandthe
SlovakRepublic,Slovenia,Poland,Switzerland,Germany,Italy,Ireland,FranceandtheUnitedKingdom(UK).
19.19.LongtermImpact(cont)RadioactivereleaseHighlyradioactivecompoundsthataccumulateinthefoodchain,suchassomeisotopesofiodineand
strontiumareparticularlydangerous.Allofthenoblegases,includingkryptonandxenon,containedwithinthereactorwerereleasedimmediatelyintothe
atmospherebythefirststeamexplosion.About55%oftheradioactiveiodineinthereactorwasreleased,asamixtureofvapor,solidparticlesandas
organiciodinecompounds.Plutoniumshalflifeis24,400years.
20.20.CycleofRadioactiveMaterials
21.21.LongtermImpact(cont)ResidualradioactivityintheenvironmentRivers,lakesandreservoirsLevelsofradioactivity(particularlyradioiodine:I
BackgroundType:ReaktorBolshoyMoshehnostyKipyashiy(RBMK)RBMK,aRussianacronymtranslatedroughlymeansreacto...
131,radiocaesium:Cs137andradiostrontium:Sr90)indrinkingwatercausedconcernduringtheweeksandmonthsaftertheaccident.Bio
accumulationofradioactivityinfishweresignificantlyaboveguidelinemaximumlevelsforconsumptionGroundwaterGroundwaterwasnotbadly
affectedsinceradionuclideswithshorthalflivesdecayedawayalongtimebeforetheycouldaffectgroundwatersupplies,andlongerlivedradionuclides
suchasradiocaesiumandradiostrontiumwereadsorbedtosurfacesoilsbeforetheycouldtransfertogroundwaters
22.22.LongtermImpact(cont)Faunaandvegetationpineforestinthe10km2surroundingofthereactorturnedgingerbrownanddied,earningthename
ofthe"RedForestSomeanimalsintheworsthitareasalsodiedorstoppedreproducing.
23.23.LongtermImpact(cont)SocioEconomicalimpactTheaffectedterritoriesaremostlyrural.Themainsourceofincomebeforetheaccidentwas
agricultureTheagriculturalsectorwastheareaoftheeconomyworsthitbytheeffectsoftheaccident.Atotalof784320hectaresofagriculturalland
wasremovedfromserviceinthethreecountries,andtimberproductionwashaltedforatotalof694200hectaresofforest.
24.24.LongtermImpact(cont)SocioEconomicalimpactRestrictionsonagriculturalproductioncrippledthemarketforfoodstuffsandotherproductsfrom
theaffectedareas.Evenwhereremediationmeasureshavemadefarmingsafe,thestigmaofChernobylhascausedsomeconsumerstorejectproducts
fromaffectedareas.
25.25.LongtermImpact(cont)HealthEffectsThyroidcancersAlargeincreaseintheincidenceofthyroidcancerhasoccurredamongyoungchildren
andadolescentsatthetimeoftheaccidentandlivedinthemostcontaminatedareasofBelarus,theRussianFederationandUkraine.Thiswasduetothe
releasedofhighlevelsofradioactiveiodineRadioactiveiodinewasdepositedinpastureseatenbycowswhothenconcentrateditintheirmilkwhichwas
subsequentlydrunkbychildren
26.26.LongtermImpact(cont)HealtheffectsLeukaemiaandnonthyroidsolidcancerIonizingradiationisaknowncauseofcertaintypesofleukaemia
(amalignancyofbloodcells).AnelevatedriskofleukaemiawasfirstfoundamongthesurvivorsoftheatomicbombingsinJapansometwotofiveyears
afterexposure.RecentinvestigationssuggestadoublingoftheincidenceofleukaemiaamongthemosthighlyexposedChernobylliquidators.Reports
indicateasmallincreaseintheincidenceofpremenopausalbreastcancerinthemostcontaminatedareas,whichappeartoberelatedtoradiationdose.
Needconfirmationinwelldesignedepidemiologicalstudies.
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27.27.LongtermImpact(cont)HealtheffectsCataractsThelensoftheeyeisverysensitivetoionizingradiationandcataractsareknowntoresultfrom
effectivedosesofabout2Sv.Theproductionofcataractsisdirectlyrelatedtothedose.Thehigherthedosethefasterthecataractappears.
Chernobylcataractstudiessuggestthatradiationopacitiesmayoccurfromdosesaslowas250mSv.CardiovasculardiseaseAlargeRussianstudy
amongemergencyworkershassuggestedanincreasedriskofdeathfromcardiovasculardiseaseinhighlyexposedindividuals.Whilethisfindingneeds
furtherstudywithlongerfollowuptimes,itisconsistentwithotherstudies,forexample,onradiotherapypatients,whoreceivedconsiderablyhigherdoses
totheheart.
28.28.LongtermImpact(cont)HealtheffectsMentalhealthandpsychologicaleffectsHighlevelsofstress,anxietyandmedicallyunexplainedphysical
symptomscontinuetobereportedamongthoseaffectedbytheaccident.ReproductiveandhereditaryeffectsandchildrenshealthBirthdefects,
infertility
29.29.EconomiccostThescaleoftheburdenisclearfromthewiderangeofcostsincurred,bothdirectandindirect:Directdamagecausedbythe
accidentExpendituresrelatedto:ActionstosealoffthereactorandmitigatetheconsequencesintheexclusionzoneResettlementofpeopleand
constructionofnewhousingandinfrastructuretoaccommodatethemSocialprotectionandhealthcareprovidedtotheaffectedpopulationResearch
onenvironment,healthandproductionofcleanfoodRadiationmonitoringoftheenvironmentandRadioecologicalimprovementofsettlementsand
disposalofradioactivewaste.Indirectlossesrelatingtotheopportunitycostofremovingagriculturallandandforestsfromuseandtheclosureof
ReactorSchematic
agriculturalandindustrialfacilitiesandOpportunitycosts,includingtheadditionalcostsofenergyresultingfromthelossofpowerfromtheChernobyl
andthecancellationofBelarussnuclearpowerprogramme.
30.30.Economiccost(cont)Copingwiththeimpactofthedisasterhasplacedahugeburdenonnationalbudgets.InUkraine,57%ofgovernment
spendingeachyearisstilldevotedtoChernobylrelatedbenefitsandprogrammes.InBelarus,governmentspendingonChernobylamountedto22.3%of
thenationalbudgetin1991,declininggraduallyto6.1%in2002.TotalspendingbyBelarusonChernobylbetween1991and2003wasmorethanUSD
13billion.
31.31.Whathasbeendonetoreduceexposureincontaminatedareas?TheSovietandCommonwealthofIndependentStates(CIS)authoritiesintroduced
awiderangeofshortandlongtermenvironmentalcountermeasurestomitigatetheaccidentsnegativeconsequences:Decontaminationofsettlementsin
contaminatedregionsExclusionofcontaminatedpasturegrassesfromanimaldietsandrejectionofmilkbasedonradiationmonitoringdata.Feeding
animalswithcleanfodderApplicationofCsbinders,suchasPrussianblue,topreventcontaminationofmilkandmeat
32.32.Whathasbeendonetoreduceexposureincontaminatedareas?Restrictions:Restrictionsonpublicandforestworkeraccessasacountermeasure
againstexternalexposureRestrictedharvestingoffoodproductssuchasgame,berriesandmushroomsbythepublicthatcontributedtoreductionof
internaldoses.IntheCIScountriesmushroomsareastapleofmanydietsand,therefore,thisrestrictionhasbeenparticularlyimportantRestricted
collectionoffirewoodbythepublictopreventexposuresinthehomeandgardenwhenthewoodisburnedandtheashisdisposedoforusedasa
fertilizerandAlterationofhuntingpracticesaimingtoavoidconsumptionofmeatwithhighseasonallevelsofradiocaesium.restrictionofdrinking
waterandchangingtoalternativesupplies.Restrictionsonconsumptionoffreshwaterfish
33.33.LessonslearnedfromChernobylThescaleofthematerialandthefinanciallossesinmitigatingtheconsequencesoftheChernobylaccidentprovide
compellingevidenceoftheextremelyhighpriceoferrorsandshortcomingswhenensuringthesafetyofnuclearpowerplantsandoftheneedforstrict
compliancewithinternationalsafetyrequirementsduringtheirdesign,constructionandoperation.Thecostofensuringthesafetyofnuclearfacilitiesis
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significantlylowerthanthatofdealingwithaccidentconsequences.Largescalemanmadeaccidentscausegreatsocialandeconomicdamagetocountries
locatedintheirareaofinfluence.HundredsofbillionsofUSdollarsworthofdirectandindirectdamageshavebeenreportedbyBelarus,Russiaand
UkraineasaresultoftheChernobylnuclearpowerplantaccidentoverthepast20years.
34.34.LessonslearnedfromChernobylTheaccidenthasshowntheimportanceofstrictcompliancewiththebasicandtechnicalsafetyprinciplesfornuclear
powerplants,ofcontinuoussafetyanalysisofoperatingnuclearpowerplantsandoftheirearlyupgradinginordertoeliminatedeviations,ofactivestudy
andtheintroductionofleadingworldexperience,andoftakingthoroughaccountofthehumanfactor.Theaccidenthasdemonstratedtheneedto
establishandsupportahighlevelnationalemergencyresponsesystemincaseofmanmadeaccidents.
35.35.THaNKYoU
36.36.ContentChronologyThesiteandaccidentsequenceThereleaseandnatureofradionuclideEstimationofexposureHumanhealtheffects
clinicalmanifestationandacutevschroniceffectsAgriculturalandenvironmentalimpactsPotentialresidualrisksLessonslearntStudiesdonerelatedto
Chernobyldisaster
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ChernobylCatastropheVictimscomprisefourmaingroupsGroup1:personsinvolvedinthecleanupoperationsatth...

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ImmediateImpact231peoplewere...

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TheCleanUpLiquidatorsThesewerefiremenwhohelpedputoutthefiresandhelpedcleanuptheradiation...

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CleanUpApproximately300,000to600,000...

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EvacuationFollowingtheaccidenthundredsof...
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LongtermImpactInternationalspreadofradioactivitydetectedoverallofEuropeexceptfortheIberianPeninsula...

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LongtermImpact(cont)RadioactivereleaseHighlyradioactivecompoundsthataccumulateinthefoodchain,suchas...

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CycleofRadioactiveMaterials

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LongtermImpact(cont)ResidualradioactivityintheenvironmentRivers,lakesandreservoirsLevelsofradioac...

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LongtermImpact(cont)Faunaandvegetationpineforestinthe10km2surroundingofthereactorturnedgingerbrow...

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LongtermImpact(cont)SocioEconomicalimpactTheaffectedterritoriesaremostlyrural.Themainsourceofincomebefo...

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LongtermImpact(cont)SocioEconomicalimpactRestrictionsonagriculturalproductioncrippledthemarketforfoodstuff...

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LongtermImpact(cont)HealthEffectsThyroidcancersAlargeincreaseintheincidenceofthyroidcancerhas...

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LongtermImpact(cont)HealtheffectsLeukaemiaandnonthyroidsolidcancerIonizingradiationisaknowncaus...

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LongtermImpact(cont)HealtheffectsCataractsThelensoftheeyeisverysensitivetoionizingradiationand...

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Chernobyldisaster

LongtermImpact(cont)HealtheffectsMentalhealthandpsychologicaleffectsHighlevelsofstress,anxietyan...

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Chernobyldisaster

EconomiccostThescaleoftheburdenisclearfromthewiderangeofcostsincurred,bothdirectandindirect:Dire...

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Chernobyldisaster

Economiccost(cont)Copingwiththeimpactofthedisasterhasplacedahugeburdenonnationalbudgets.InUkraine,5...

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Chernobyldisaster

Whathasbeendonetoreduceexposureincontaminatedareas?TheSovietandCommonwealthofIndependentStates(C...

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Chernobyldisaster

Whathasbeendonetoreduceexposureincontaminatedareas?Restrictions:Restrictionsonpublicandforestw...

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Chernobyldisaster

LessonslearnedfromChernobylThescaleofthematerialandthefinanciallossesinmitigatingtheconsequencesofthe...

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Chernobyldisaster

LessonslearnedfromChernobylTheaccidenthasshowntheimportanceofstrictcompliancewiththebasicandtechnicals...

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Chernobyldisaster

THaNKYoU

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Chernobyldisaster

ContentChronologyThesiteandaccidentsequenceThereleaseandnatureofradionuclideEstimationofexposure...

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Chernobyldisaster

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Chernobyldisaster

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Chernobyldisaster

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Chernobyldisaster

Loadingin5

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