Introduction

rain, precipitation in liquid form. It consists of drops of water falling from clouds; if the drops are very small, they are collectively termed drizzle.
Rain plays a key role in the hydrologic, or water, cycle in which moisture from the oceans evaporates, condenses into clouds, precipitates back to
earth, and eventually returns to the ocean via runoff into streams and rivers to begin the cycle again.

rain
Formation of Raindrops
Clouds contain huge numbers of tiny droplets of moisture. Raindrops are formed when these tiny droplets are enlarged, first by moisture from the
surrounding air condensing on them and then by coalescing with other droplets during their descent. Raindrops vary in size from about 0.02 in.
(0.5 mm) to as much as 0.33 in. (8 mm) in thunderstorms. From the time they leave the bottom of the cloud, evaporation takes place and, if the
cloud is high, the air warm and dry, and the raindrops small, so that they fall slowly, they may evaporate completely before they reach the earth. If
they do so, the drops are called virga.

rain
Measurement of Rainfall
There are thousands of stations throughout the world where rainfall observations and records are made. Included in such records is the fall
of snow, reduced to its equivalent in rain. Rainfall is measured, in terms of inches or millimeters of depth, by means of a simple receptacle-andgauge apparatus or by more complex electrical or weighing devices placed where eddies of air will not interfere with the normal fall of the
raindrops. In addition to the daily, monthly, and annual totals, the depth of individual rainfalls and their intensity (amount of rain falling during a
specific period of hours or minutes) and other pertinent facts are recorded.

Distribution of Rainfall
One of the primary elements in climate and a factor of tremendous importance in the distribution of plant and animal life, rainfall varies from less
than an inch annually in a desert to more than 400 in. (1,000 cm) where the monsoons strike the Khasi hills in Assam, India, and on the windward
slopes of Hawaiian mountains. In the United States the range is from less than 2 in. (5 cm) in Death Valley, Calif., to more than 100 in. (250 cm) on
the coast of Washington state; in most of the country the average rainfall is between 15 and 45 in. (38 and 114 cm) annually.
Factors controlling the distribution of rainfall over the earth's surface are the belts of converging-ascending air flow (see doldrums; polar front), air
temperature, moisture-bearing winds, ocean currents, distance inland from the coast, and mountain ranges. Ascending air is cooled by expansion,
which results in the formation of clouds and the production of rain. Conversely, in the broad belts of descending air (see horse latitudes) are found
the great desert regions of the earth, descending air being warmed by compression and consequently absorbing instead of releasing moisture. If

the temperature is low, the air has a small moisture capacity and is able to produce little precipitation. When winds blow over the ocean, especially
over areas of warm water (where evaporation of moisture into the air is active) toward a given coastal area, that area receives more rainfall than a
similar area where the winds blow from the interior toward the oceans. Areas near the sea receive more rain than inland regions, since the winds
constantly lose moisture and may be quite dry by the time they reach the interior of a continent.
The windward slopes of mountain ranges generally receive heavy rainfall; the leeward slopes receive almost no rain. The southwest coast of
Chile, the west coast of Canada, and the northwest coast of the United States receive much rain because they are struck by the moisture-bearing
westerlies from the Pacific and are backed by mountains that force the winds to rise and drop their moisture. The territories immediately east of the
regions mentioned are notably dry.

The Climate of the Philippines is tropical and maritime. It is characterized by relatively high temperature, high humidity and abundant
rainfall. It is similar in many respects to the climate of the countries of Central America. Temperature, humidity, and rainfall, which are
discussed hereunder, are the most important elements of the country's weather and climate.
RAINFALL

Rainfall is the most important climatic element in the Philippines. Rainfall distribution throughout the country varies from
one region to another, depending upon the direction of the moisture-bearing winds and the location of the mountain
systems.
The mean annual rainfall of the Philippines varies from 965 to 4,064 millimeters annually. Baguio City, eastern Samar, and
eastern Surigao receive the greatest amount of rainfall while the southern portion of Cotabato receives the least amount
of rain. At General Santos City in Cotabato, the average annual rainfall is only 978 millimeters.
CLIMATE TYPES

Based on the distribution of rainfall, four climate types are recognized, which are described as follows:

Typhoons have a great influence on the climate and weather conditions of the Philippines. A great portion of the rainfall,
humidity and cloudiness are due to the influence of typhoons. They generally originate in the region of the Marianas and
Caroline Islands of the Pacific Ocean which have the same latitudinal location as Mindanao. Their movements follow a
northwesterly direction, sparing Mindanao from being directly hit by majorty of the typhoons that cross the country. This
makes the southern Philippines very desirable for agriculture and industrial development.

(https://kidlat.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.php/climate-of-the-philippines#rainfall-and-thunderstorm-warning)

Earth rainfall climatology Is the study of rainfall, a sub-field of Meteorology. Formally, a wider study includes water falling as ice crystals,
i.e. hail, sleet, snow (parts of the hydrological cycle known as precipitation). The aim of rainfall climatology is to measure, understand and
predict rain distribution across different regions of planet Earth, a factor of air pressure, humidity, topography, cloud type and raindrop size,
via direct measurement and remote sensingdata acquisition. Current technologies accurately predict rainfall 34 days in advance
using numerical weather prediction.