Sub-station

The assembly of apparatus used to change

some characteristic ( e.g. voltage , ac to dc,
frequency, pf, etc) of electric supply.

Sub-station

Laying out a substation

1. It should be located at a proper site. As much
as possible, it should be located at the load
center.
2. It should provide safe and reliable
arrangement. For safety, consideration must
be given to the maintenance of regulation
clearances, facilities for carrying out repairs
and maintenance, abnormal occurrences
such as possibility of explosion etc.
4

Laying out a substation

3. It should be easily operated and

maintained.
4. It should have a low initial cost
and low operational and
maintenance costs.

Classification of Sub-station
According to service
equipment
According to constructional
features

 According to service equipment - called to a

substation to change voltage level or improve
power factor or convert ac to dc power
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Transformer sub-stations
Switching sub-station
Power factor correction sub-station
Frequency changer sub-stations
Converting sub-stations
Industrial sub-stations
7

Transformer sub-stations
Change the
voltage level
of electric
supply
Transformers
are the main
component

Switching sub-stations
Voltages are
not changed
Simply
performs the
switching
operations of
power lines
9

Power factor correction

sub-stations
Improve the power factor
of the system
Generally located at the
receiving end of the lines
Generally uses
synchronous condensers
as the power factor
improvement equipment

10

Frequency changer
sub-stations
Change the
supply
frequency
Uses VFTs or
VFDs

11

Converting sub-stations
Changes ac
power into dc
power

12

Industrial sub-stations
Specialized substations supplying to specific
industrial requirements

13

 According to constructional features

1.
2.
3.
4.

Indoor sub-stations
Outdoor sub-stations
Underground sub-station
Pole-mounted sub-station

14

Indoor sub-stations
For voltages of
66kV

15

Outdoor sub-stations
For voltages beyond
66kV
For high voltages, the
clearances between
conductors and the
space required for
equipment becomes
large that it is not
economical to install
the equipment
indoor.

16

Underground sub-stations
Used for:
highly populated
areas
when space available
for equipment and
building is limited
when cost of land is
high.

17

Underground sub-stations
While laying out an underground sub-station, the
following points must be kept in view:
1. The size of the station should be as minimum as
possible.
2. There should be reasonable access for both equipment
and personnel.
3. There should be a provision for emergency lighting and
protection against fire.
4. There should be good ventilation.
5. There should be provision for remote indication of
excessive rise in temperature.
6. The transformers, switches, and fuses should be air
cooled to avoid bringing oil into the premises.

18

Pole-mounted sub-stations
This is an outdoor
substation with
equipment installed
overhead on H-pole
or 4-pole structure.
The cheapest form
of sub-stations for
voltages not
exceeding 11kV ( or
33 kV in some
cases)

19

Pole-mounted sub-stations
The following points may be noted
about pole mounted sub-stations:
1. There should be periodical check up of
the dielectric strength of oil in the
transformer and oil circuit breakers.
2. In case of repair of transformer or oil
circuit breakers, gang isolator should be
open and the circuit breaker should be
isolated.
20

Transformer sub-stations
Classifications
1.
2.
3.
4.

Step-up sub-station
Primary grid sub-station
Secondary sub-station
Distribution sub-station

21

Step-up sub-stations
The generation voltage (13.8 kV to 24 kV) is
stepped up to high voltage (115 to 500 kV).
Outdoor type

22

Primary grid sub-stations

Here, electric power is received by the
primary grid sub-station which reduces the
voltage level to 66kV to 115kV for secondary
transmission.
Generally of outdoor type

23

Secondary sub-stations
Here, the voltage is further stepped
down to 4.16kV to 34.5kV. The lines
run along the important road sides of
the city.
Generally of out-door type

24

Distribution sub-stations
The electric power from 4.16kV to
34.5kV lines is delivered to distribution
sub-stations.
Located near the consumers localities
and step down the voltage to 230V, 3phase, 4-wire for supplying to the
consumers.
Majority of distribution sub-stations are
pole-mounted type

25

Equipment in a Transformer substation

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Bus-bars
Insulators
Isolating switch
Circuit breaker
Power transformers
Instrument transformers
Metering and indicating instruments
Others

26

REFERENCE:
PRINCIPLES OF POWER SYSTEM BY MHETA
27