Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Authorization
This investigation was undertaken according to the contract
signed on May 2009 between the client, General Commission
for Dams and Reservoirs of the Ministry of Water Resources, and
the contractor, Engineering Consultancy Bureau, University of
Al-Mustansiriya.
.
2. FIELD EXPLORATION
2.1
Boreholes location
3
August, 2009
B.H No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
2.2
G.P.S Coordination
E
N
o
o
46 17.751 32 50.647
46o17.734 32o50.687
46o17.780 32o50.720
46o17.715 32o50.720
46o17.670 32o50.772
46o17.670 32o50.754
Core rotary driving was used for advancing the hole. Thin
walled samplers, 102 mm diameter (Shelby tubes) as well
as cores were employed for obtaining undisturbed samples
of high quality when a clayey material is encountered. The
tubes were hydraulically jacked into the ground. Disturbed
samples were collected from the auger.
The Shelby tubes were covered from both ends with wax;
disturbed and undisturbed samples were labeled and
placed in wooden boxes.
The core recovery percent (C.R. %) was used earlier to
indicate the quality of rock (Bowles, 1996). Recently the
Rock Quality Designation (RQD %) is being used as an
index of the quality of a rock mass. However these
measures are not used for clay and sand. The ground layers
encountered in the present investigation were silty sand
and silty clay with some gravel. Therefore the C.R. % and
the RQD % were not of significance.
Description of soils (Visual - Manual Procedure) has been
carried out in accordance with local codes and ASTM D
2488.
The test pits were excavated to a depth of around 3 m using
both mechanical and manual methods. Samples were
extracted from the pits in intervals of 1 m in depth.
Photographs of field work are available in Appendix E.
4
August, 2009
2.3
Field Tests
k = permeability
Q = constant rate of flow into the hole
r = internal radius of casing, and
H = differential head of water
L = length of portion of the hole tested
5
August, 2009
Degree of Permeability
Range Coefficient of
Permeability , k, cm/s
> 10-3
High
Medium
10 -1 10-3
Low
10-3 10-5
Very Low
10-5 10-7
Impervious
< 10-7
6
August, 2009
2.4 Standards
Table (2) presents the standards that have been adopted for
field works.
Table (2) Standards for Field Exploration
Work description
Practice for using hollow stem
augers for Geotechnical
Exploration and Sampling
ASTM D-6151
ASTM D-1586
ASTM D-1587
ASTM D-4220
ASTM D-2488
3.
The Standard
Earth Manual
Designation E-18
LABORATORY TESTING
1) Classification tests
- Liquid Limit (L.L)
- Plastic Limit (P.L)
fine- grained soil
-Hydrometer testing
- Sieve testing
- Water content (w) and density () determination
2) Consolidation (compressibility) test (for fine-grained
soil)
3) Shear strength tests
- Unconfined compressive test (qu) (for finegrained soil)
4) Chemical tests
- CaCO3 content
- Organic matter content (OM)
- Gypsum Content
- Total Soluble Salts
5) Compaction tests (only for samples from the test pits).
Photographs of Laboratory work are available in Appendix
E.
3.2 Standards
Laboratory tests were carried out in accordance with the
standards given in Table (3)
Table (3) Standards for Laboratory Testing.
Test
Naturel Moisture Content (wc)
Unit Weight (wet , dry ).
Specific Gravity ( GS)
Liquid and Plastic Limits ( L.L ,
P.L )
Grain Size Analysis
One- Dimensional
Consolidation (e , cc , cr , Pc )
Unconfined Compression Test
Organic content
SO3
CO3
August, 2009
The Standard
ASTM D-2488
ASTM D-2488
ASTM D-854
ASTM D-4318
ASTM D-422
ASTM D-2435
ASTM D-2166
ASTM D-2974
BS 1377
ASTM D4373
Sands
No. of
blows per
30 cm (1 ft)
0-4
4-10
10-30
30-50
>50
Relative
Density
Very loose
Loose
Medium
Dense
Very
Dense
Clays
No. of blows
per 30 cm (1
Consistency
ft)
0-2
Very soft
2-4
Soft
4-8
Medium
8-15
Stiff
15-30
Very Stiff
>30
Hard
10
August, 2009
q u cN c 0.5BN DN q
where q u ultimate bearing capacity
c cohesion
density
N c , N and N q are bearing capacity factors
B footing width
D footing depth
The calculated values should be considered in conjunction
with engineering judgment and taking into account the site
heterogeneity and the existence of gypsum.
The value of the recommended net allowable bearing
capacity is:
qa = 120 kN/m2 ~ 12 Ton/m2
12
August, 2009
45
o
40
35
30
25
10
20
30
40
50
60
5. QUARRIES
In order to ascertain the existence of nearby raw materials
for the construction of the dam, an investigation was
conducted to find out the available quarries near the dam.
The number of quarries test pits was ten. The depth of each
pit was bout 3m. Gravelly, sandy and clayey quarries were
found.
Samples were extracted every 1m. Grading tests have been
conducted on all the samples. In addition, compaction and
chemical tests have been performed on the clay in order to
determine the maximum dry density and optimum moisture
content and ascertain the suitability of the material. The test
results are given in Appendix C. The designer of the dam
may review this information in order to approach an
economical design according to the requirements of each
dam. Fig. 5 below shows the location of gravel, sand and
clay quarries and their approximately area with respect to
the shahabi dam location.
14
August, 2009
15
August, 2009
Geotechnical Eng.
Gitath A. S. Al-Sharifi
Geotechnical Eng.
Mohammed H. Al-Dahalki
7. REFERENCES
1. American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM),
1989.
2. Peck, R., Hansen, W. and Thornburn, T. Foundation
Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, 1974.
3. Bowles, J.E., Foundation Analysis and Design, 5th
Edition, 1996.
4. Lambe, T.W.and Whitman, R.V., Soil Mechanicals
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1969.
5. Teng,W.C. " Foundation Design ", Prentice Hall ,
New Jersey , 1974.
6. Terzaghi , K.and Peck , R.,B.,"Soil Mechanics in
Engineering Practice" ,1967
7. Tomlinson, M.J., Foundation Design & Construction,
Pitman, 3rd Edition, 1975.
10. Singh, B. and Prakash, S. (1970). Soil mechanics
and Foundation Engineering. New Chand and Bros
Rookee.
11. Earth Manual (1980) U.S. Department of the Interior
Water and Power Resources Service.
12. "Dam Foundations" Commission International des
Grands. Bds Haussmann, 75008 Paris, 2000.
17
August, 2009
APPENDIX A
Borehole Logs
(Boreholes + Quarries)
&
Geological Cross Section
for Dam Axis
A0
August, 2009
A1
August, 2009
A2
August, 2009
A3
August, 2009
A4
August, 2009
A5
August, 2009
A6
August, 2009
A7
August, 2009
A8
August, 2009
A9
August, 2009
A10
August, 2009
A11
August, 2009
A12
August, 2009
A13
August, 2009
A14
August, 2009
A15
August, 2009
A16
August, 2009
A17
August, 2009
A18
August, 2009
APPENDIX B
Tables of Test Results
BOREHOLES (1-6)
&
SPT Records
U Undisturbed Sample
D- Disturbed Sample
SS- Split Spoon Sample
C Core Sample
B0
August, 2009
Borhole No. :1
Depth:25
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Sample
Depth
(m)
Typ
e
0.0-1.5
1.5-3.0
3.0-3.5
3.5-4.0
4.0-5.5
5.5-6.0
6.0-6.5
6.5-8.0
8.0-9.5
9.5-10
10-11.5
11.5-13
13-13.5
13.5-15
15-16.5
16.5-17
17-18.5
18.5-20
20-20.5
20.5-22
22-23.5
23.5-24
24-25.5
C
C
US
SS
C
US
SS
C
C
SS
C
C
SS
C
C
SS
C
C
SS
C
C
SS
C
Index properties
L.L
P.I
USCS
%
%
w.c
%
Dry
Density
kN/m3
Gs
46.81
40.32
45.24
38.86
39.62
39.93
40.86
40.84
34.84
-
15.3
17.1
-
16.74
17.07
-
2.66
2.69
2.68
2.67
2.68
2.67
2.67
2.68
2.68
-
25.01
20.9
23.08
20.66
20.72
19.82
21.04
20.18
17.54
-
SM
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
65.2
34.8
12.6 55.6 31.8
12.4
87.6
41.4
58.6
23.5
76.5
33.6
66.4
28.2 36.4 35.4
44.9
55.1
7.1
92.9
12.1 48.6 39.3
5.4
94.6
6.7
93.3
W.T = 12.0 m
qu
kPa
Chemicals tests
T.S.S CaCo3 O.M Gyp.
%
%
%
%
134
145
-
8.02
7.82
13.04
12.05
9.08
-
Consolidation Test
eo
Pc,
kPa
Cc
Cr
0.576
115
0.102
0.009
0.534
121
0.113
0.012
24.03
10.71
7.12
13.65
8.34
-
2.31
1.73
6.0
2.36
1.81
-
B1
August, 2009
1.93
2.08
28.2
12.47
56.9
6.77
1.30
-
Borhole No. :2
Depth:20
Sample
Index properties
No.
Depth
(m)
Typ
e
L.L
%
P.I
%
USCS
w.c
%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
0.0-1.5
1.5-3.0
3.0-3.5
3.5-5.0
5.0-6.5
6.5-7.0
7.0-8.5
8.5-10
10-10.5
10.5-12
12-13.5
13.5-14
14-15.5
15.5-17
17-17.5
17.5-19
19-20.5
C
C
SS
C
C
SS
C
C
SS
C
C
SS
C
C
SS
C
C
36.32
-
18.78
-
SM
SM
SM
SM
SM
SM
SM
SM
SM
SM
SM
SM
SM
CL
CL
CL
CL
Dry
Density
kN/m3
Gs
2.66
2.67
2.67
2.68
2.68
-
Grav.
%
2.9
30.0
8.5
1.2
15.2
29.6
24.8
-
Sand
%
Silt
%
Clay
%
51.2
48.8
78.3
18.8
79.6
20.4
56.6
15.4
75.4
16.1
76.3
23.7
77.1
21.7
73.4
26.6
74.4
25.6
62.6
22.2
11.2
32.8
26.4
9.4
65.8
W.T = 5.20 m
eo
-
Consolidation
Test
Pc,
Cr
Cc
kPa
-
qu
kPa
-
Chemicals tests
T.S.S
%
CaCo3
%
O.M
%
Gyp.
%
7.19
9.53
7.66
-
8.32
9.43
13.65
-
2.05
0.71
1.82
-
4.73
2.61
1.91
-
B2
August, 2009
Borhole No. :3
Depth:15
No.
Sample
Depth
(m)
Typ
e
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
0.0-1.5
1.5-3.0
3.0-3.5
3.5-5.0
5.0-6.5
6.5-7.0
7.0-8.5
8.5-10
10-10.5
10.5-12
12-13.5
13.5-14
14-15.5
C
C
SS
C
C
SS
C
C
SS
C
C
SS
C
Index properties
L.L
P.I
USCS
%
%
39.99
-
20.91
-
GM
SM
GM
SM
GM
GM
SM
SM
SM
CL
CL
CL
CL
w.c
%
Dry
Density
kN/m3
Gs
2.68
2.68
42.5
50.8
45.2
56.1
39.9
10.2
12.1
13.2
12.5
-
16.4
33.6
45.5
20.9
17.2
14.8
33.3
34.7
15.3
14.6
70.1
13.1
13.8
34.1
39.0
W.T = At the Ground Surface
Consolidation Test
Pc,
Cr
eo
Cc
kPa
-
qu
kPa
-
T.S.S
%
8.04
7.61
9.27
-
Chemicals tests
CaCo3 O.M Gyp.
%
%
%
11.01
8.73
10.66
-
0.52
1.28
1.05
-
B3
August, 2009
1.02
3.71
2.06
-
Borhole No. :4
Depth:15
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Sample
Depth
Type
(m)
Index properties
L.L
P.I
USCS
%
%
0.0-1.5
1.5-3.0
3.0-3.5
3.5-5.0
5.0-6.5
6.5-7.0
7.0-8.5
8.5-10
10-10.5
10.5-12
12-13.5
13.5-14
14-15.5
36.20
37.42
-
C
C
SS
C
C
SS
C
C
SS
C
C
SS
C
18.31
19.01
-
SM
SM
SM
SM
SM
SM
SM
GM
SM
CL
CL
CL
CL
w.c
%
Dry
Density
kN/m3
Gs
2.68
2.68
Consolidation Test
Pc,
Cr
eo
Cc
kPa
-
qu
kPa
-
T.S.S
%
7.91
8.24
6.28
5.13
-
Chemicals tests
CaCo3
O.M
%
%
8.33
4.02
7.41
24.99
-
0.83
1.01
1.15
3.00
-
B4
August, 2009
Gyp.
%
2.09
3.62
2.03
1.72
-
Borhole No. :5
Depth:25
No
.
Sample
Depth
(m)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
0.0-1.5
1.5-3.0
3.0-3.5
3.5-4.0
4.0-5.5
5.5-7.0
7.0-7.5
7.5-8.0
8.0-9.5
9.5-11
11-11.5
11.5-12
12-13.5
13.5-15
15-15.5
15.5-16
16-17.5
17.5-19
19-19.5
19.5-21
21-22.5
22.5-23
23-24.5
24.5-25
25-25.5
Typ
e
C
C
US
SS
C
C
US
SS
C
C
US
SS
C
C
US
SS
C
C
SS
C
C
SS
C
US
SS
Index properties
L.L
P.I
USCS
%
%
w.c
%
Dry
Density
kN/m3
36.62
35.35
42.91
44.96
39.9
36.47
41.5
-
12.4
21.7
20.7
21.2
23.4
-
18.01
16.63
16.92
16.16
-
19.21
18.76
22.65
23.98
20.1
18.85
21.05
-
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
SM
SM
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
Gs
2.68
2.66
2.69
2.68
2.67
2.68
2.69
2.66
2.67
2.69
2.66
2.68
2.67
21.3
49.2 29.5
33.4
66.6
22.7
77.3
20.8
45.8 33.4
6.7
53.0 40.3
12.9
87.1
14.3
45.5 40.2
17.4
82.6
54.7
45.3
20.4
43.8 35.8
22.7
77.3
25.0
44.2 30.8
38.1
40.3 21.6
W.T = 6.50 m
Consolidation Test
eo
Pc,
kPa
Cc
Cr
qu
kPa
0.449
0.581
0.554
0.627
-
88
109
138
154
-
0.101
0.138
0.147
0.176
-
0.008
0.011
0.010
0.012
-
100
141
176
196
-
Chemicals tests
T.S.S CaCo3 O.M Gyp.
%
%
%
%
8.66
8.71
7.74
9.75
4.52
17.07
7.57
12.31
10.02
9.72
28.42
18.87
2.01
1.02
1.25
2.06
2.33
1.39
B5
August, 2009
3.03
1.51
2.19
1.31
1.29
15.98
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Borhole No. :6
Depth:20
Sample
Index properties
Depth Typ L.L
P.I
USCS
(m)
e
%
%
0.0-1.5
1.5-3.0
3.0-3.5
3.5-4.0
4.0-5.5
5.5-7.0
7.0-7.5
7.5-8.0
8.0-9.5
9.5-10
10-11.5
11.5-13
13-13.5
13.5-14
14-15.5
15.5-16
16-17.5
17.5-19
19-19.5
19.5-21
21-21.5
21.5-22
C
C
US
SS
C
C
US
SS
C
SS
C
C
US
SS
C
SS
C
C
SS
C
US
SS
32.98
44.94
48.16
42.58
48.67
37.99
39.82
-
16.18
22.84
23.92
21.97
24.56
19.79
20.11
-
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
SM
CL
CL
SM
SM
SM
SM
w.c
%
Dry
Density
kN/m3
Gs
14.8
24.9
23.7
23.6
-
16.61
15.73
16.15
-
2.68
2.67
2.68
2.69
2.67
2.69
2.70
2.69
2.68
-
28.1
13.2
11.8
10.5
38.8
20.1
22.2
51.4
31.8
59.6
51.9
Consolidation Test
Pc,
eo
Cc
Cr
kPa
71.9
86.8
61.2 38.2
51.2 37.0
89.5
61.2
49.8 30.1
77.8
48.6
68.2
40.4
48.9
0.577
97
0.101
0.007
0.665
90
0.175
0.011
0.640
86
0.151
0.010
qu
kPa
Chemicals tests
T.S.S CaCo3 O.M Gyp.
%
%
%
%
115
101
95
-
7.54
8.25
15.87
20.22
16.37
8.22
6.31
20.7
12.03
11.81
1.59
2.5
2.4
0.98
1.47
W.T = 6.70 m
B6
August, 2009
1.29
27.5
11.39
45.5
12.04
SPT - Records
B.H. No
Depth m
S.P.T Number
3.5-4.0
6.0-6.5
9.5-10
13-13.5
16.5-17
20-20.5
23.5-24
3.0-3.5
6.5-7.0
10-10.5
13.5-14
17-17.5
3.0-3.5
6.5-7.0
10-10.5
13.5-14
46
51
57
74
51
83
82
28
13
28
26
33
22
27
29
32
B.H. No
4
Depth m
S.P.T Number
3.0-3.5
6.5-7.0
10-10.5
13.5-14
3.5-4.0
7.5-8.0
11.5-12
15.5-16
19-19.5
22.5-23
25-25.5
27
29
38
34
34
54
70
41
78
80
87
3.5-4.0
7.5-8.0
9.5-10
13.5-14
15.5-16
19-19.5
21.5-22
39
60
40
34
37
69
53
B7
August, 2009
APPENDIX C
C1
August, 2009
C2
August, 2009
Consolida
tion Test
Triaxi
al
Test
Max. dry
density kN/m3
O.M.C%
L.L%
P.L%
P.I%
c,
kPa
qu kPa 238
eo
Pc
Cc
Cr
F.S,
Swelling %
Char.
S.P.,
kPa
USCS
Gravel %
Sand %
Silt & Clay
T.S.S %
CaCo3%
O.M %
Gyp. %
Quarry N0.1
Quarry N0.2
Quarry N0.3
Quarry N0.4
Depth1 Depth Depth Depth Depth Depth Depth Depth Depth Depth Depth Depth
1m
2m
3m
1m
2m
3m
1m
2m
3m
1m
2m
3m
1.761
1.848
1.791
1.698
1.799
1.779
1.658
1.844
1.908
1.865
1.868
1.881
18.10
45.65
23.89
21.76
15.48
31.54
15.01
16.53
17.07
41.55
20.04
21.51
18.02
48.02
24.66
23.36
16.61
36.49
16.56
19.93
17.43
38.46
18.05
20.41
18.13
54.22
26.71
27.51
13.23
34.87
16.81
18.06
12.20
33.01
16.02
16.81
14.04
32.81
15.88
16.93
14.12
33.03
17.32
15.71
13.18
28.65
14.23
14.42
208
225
205
218
188
193
131
3.8
285
0.439
178
0.096
0.010
262
-
278
-
3.1
226
0.500
142
0.116
0.014
0.628
119
0.132
0.017
7.6
-
8.3
-
5.5
0.426
123
0.084
0.009
5.7
-
9.8
10.3
8.7
7.8
13.5
10.8
24.2
17.6
21.4
33.7
19.5
CL
5.4
9.3
85.3
-
CL
12.3
87.7
7.81
7.02
1.35
1.75
CL
8.7
10.2
81.1
-
CL
3.8
96.2
-
CL
1.4
98.6
7.22
5.60
2.53
1.94
CL
4.9
95.1
-
CH
0.9
99.1
-s
CL
23.7
76.3
5.27
11.9
2.90
2.06
CL
22.2
77.8
-
CL
14.9
85.1
-
CL
15.2
84.8
8.93
7.01
1.54
2.79
CL
39.2
60.8
-
C3
August, 2009
100
100
90
90
80
Depth = 1 m
Depth = 1 m
70
Depth = 2 m
70
Depth = 2 m
60
Depth = 3 m
60
Depth = 3 m
% Finer
% Finer
80
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
0.01
0.10
1.00
Graine Diameter mm
10.00
100.00
0.01
0.10
1.00
Graine Diameter mm
10.00
100.00
C4
August, 2009
100
100
90
90
Depth = 1 m
80
70
Depth = 2 m
70
60
Depth = 3 m
60
% Finer
% Finer
80
50
40
Depth = 1 m
Depth = 2 m
Depth = 3 m
50
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0.01
0.10
1.00
Graine Diameter mm
10.00
100.00
0
0.01
0.10
1.00
Grain Diameter mm
10.00
100.00
C5
August, 2009
100
100
90
90
Sand Quarry No.2
70
% Finer
60
Depth = 1 m
70
Depth = 2 m
Depth = 3 m
60
% Finer
80
50
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0.10
1.00
Grain Diameter mm
10.00
100.00
Depth = 2 m
Depth = 3 m
50
40
0.01
Depth = 1 m
0.01
0.10
1.00
Grain Diameter mm
10.00
100.00
C6
August, 2009
APPENDIX D
D0
August, 2009
Permeability Test
Sample of calculations
B.H. No. 2 depth 19-20 m
H =5.2 m
L = 1.0 m
r = 6.35 cm
(radius of hole)
D1
August, 2009
B.H. No. 1
Test No. (1)
Tested depth- 4 to 5m
Head = 6.5m
Time
Discharge
"minute"
"liter"
0-5
15.8
5-10
10.5
10-15
4.3
15-20
3.1
20-25
2.5
25-30
2.3
D2
August, 2009
B.H. No. 2
Test No. (1)
Tested depth- 4 to 5m
Head = 6.5m
Time
Discharge
"minute"
"liter"
0-5
75.3
5-10
50.4
10-15
33.8
15-20
25.7
20-25
21.5
25-30
18.6
D3
August, 2009
B.H. No. 3
Test No. (1)
Tested depth- 4 to 5m
Head = 2.0m
Time
Discharge
"minute"
"liter"
0-5
157
5-10
155
10-15
149
15-20
139
20-25
142
25-30
137
D4
August, 2009
B.H. No. 4
Test No. (1)
Tested depth- 4 to 5m
Head = 2.0m
Time
Discharge
"minute"
"liter"
0-5
77.3
5-10
82.2
10-15
78.8
15-20
71.2
20-25
71.6
25-30
70.9
D5
August, 2009
B.H. No. 5
Test No. (1)
Tested depth- 4 to 5m
Head = 6.5m
Time
Discharge
"minute"
"liter"
0-5
12.3
5-10
5.2
10-15
3.1
15-20
1.0
20-25
0.83
25-30
0.84
D6
August, 2009
B.H. No. 6
Test No. (1)
Tested depth- 4 to 5m
Head = 6.5m
Time
Discharge
"minute"
"liter"
0-5
5.5
5-10
4.1
10-15
1.8
15-20
1.21
20-25
0.77
25-30
0.81
D7
August, 2009
Appendix E
Documentation of
Field
&
Laboratory Works
August, 2009
1 Field Works:
August, 2009
August, 2009
August, 2009
August, 2009
August, 2009
August, 2009
August, 2009
2 Laboratory Works
August, 2009
August, 2009