1

PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF TALL BUILDINGS WITH

SOFT STOREY
PHASE-1 REPORT
Submitted by

T.ANISHA
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

BETHLAHEM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

DECEMBER 2015

ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this Report titled PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF TALL
BUILDINGS WITH SOFT STOREY is the bonafide work of T.ANISHA

(960314413005) who carried out the work under my supervision. Certified further that
to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any other
thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an
earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

Mr.L.LEEBAN, M.Tech.,
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
Department of Civil Engineering
Bethlahem Institute of Engineering
Karungal.

Miss.R.JENIHA ANCY,M.E.,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Department of Civil Engineering
Bethlahem Institute of Engineering
Karungal.

Submitted to main project and viva examination held on -----------------------

INTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ABSTRACT
Open first storey is a typical feature in the modern multistory constructions in
urban India. Such features are highly undesirable in buildings built in seismically
active areas; this has been verified in numerous experiences of strong shaking during
the past earthquakes. Though multistoried buildings with open (soft) ground floor are
inherently vulnerable to collapse due to earthquake load, their construction is still
widespread in the developing nations like India. Social and functional need to provide
car parking space at ground level and for offices open stories at different level of
structure. Therefore in addition to ground soft storey, soft storey is required on
different levels in building.

In present study, analysis is carried out to find the best place for soft stories in
high rise buildings. In an attempt to investigate the effect of soft storey for
multistoried reinforced concrete building models (5, 10, and 15 storey) with both
regular and irregular building plans were analyzed. Masonry walls are provided for
the stories other than soft stories. Earthquake load was provided at each diaphragms
mass centre as a source of lateral load. The soft storey level was altered from ground
floor to top floor for each model and equivalent static analysis was carried away using
ETABS 2013 analysis package.

.
;
. ()

, .

. ,
. ,
.
, (5, 10, 15 )
.
.
. 2013 ETABS
.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We acknowledge that it is by GRACE OF GOD we were able to complete

our work successfully.

We are our heartfelt and obligation to our revered correspondent, Mr.JERALD
SELVA RAJA., for his support extended towards us.
We are very much thankful to Dr.SAMCHANDREN., M.Sc,(Engg.) Ph.D.
principal for helping us in all the aspect to complete this project.
We express our sincere regard and deep appreciation to our Director,
Prof.STPHEN KINGLSY.,

M.Sc,(Engg.) Ph.D., B.G.L., M.B.A.

for his

irreplaceable help in providing all facilities to carry out the work in an effective
manner.
We are very thankful to Prof. R.I. RAJIDAP NESHTAR B.Tech., M.E.,(Ph.D)

chief academic Coordinator for helping us in all the aspect to complete this project.
Its my great pleasure to express my heartiest thanks to our Head of the
Department Prof. L.LEEBAN, M.Tech for his valuable support in my project.
We are very much thankful to Miss. J. MERCURY UDHAYAM, M.E. Project
Coordinator for helping us in all the aspect to complete this project.
I greatly indebted to thank my guide Miss.R.JENIHA ANCY,M.E., for his
valuable guidance and suggestions which helped us to complete my project
successfully.
We thank all the members of the Department of Civil Engineering, both
teaching and non - teaching staff and all our friends.
[ T. ANISHA ]

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO.

1.

TITLE

PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT(ENGLISH)
ABSTRACT(TAMIL)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
LIST OF TABLES

iii
iv
v
viii

LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF SYMBOLS ABBREVATIONS

ix
x

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

1.2 DEFINITION

1.3 PUSHOVER ANALYSIS

1.3.1 Application

1.4 ETABS

1.5 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

2.

LITERATURE REVIEW

3.

METHODOLOGY

15

4.

MODELING & ANALYSIS

17

4.1 INTRODUCTION

17

4.1.1 Creation of Model

17

4.2 DEFINING MATERIAL &

21

SEISMIC PROPERTIES

5.

4.3 DEFINING VARIOUS LOADS

22

4.4 ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURE

23

RESULT & DISCUSSION

5.1 INTRODUCTION

24
24

5.2 OUTPUT FOR GL +5 BUILDING

24

5.3OUTPUT FOR GL +10 BUILDING

26

5.4 OUTPUT FOR GL +15 BUILDING

28

5.5 COMPARISON OF RESULTS

29

5.7 DISCUSSION

30

REFERENCES

xi

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE

TITLE

PAGE NO.

4.1

Building data

21

5.2

Displacement &story Drift (SS at GL+5)

25

5.3

Displacement &story Drift (SS at GL+10)

27

5.4

Displacement &story Drift (SS at GL+15)

28

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE

TITLE

PAGE NO.

4.1

Plan of the building

17

4.2

Elevation (SS at GL+5)

18

4.3

Elevation (SS at GL+10)

18

4.4

Elevation (SS at GL+15)

19

4.5

3D View (SS at GL+5)

19

4.6

3D View (SS at GL+10)

20

4.7

3D View (SS at GL+15)

20

4.8

Floor Finish Load

22

4.9

Live Load

23

5.2

Displacement Graph (SS at GL+5)

24

5.3

Displacement Graph (SS at GL+10)

26

5.4

Displacement Graph (SS at GL+15)

26

5.5

Comparison of Displacement

29

5.6

Comparison of soft storey

30

LIST OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVATIONS

CBF

Concentrically Braced Frame

CR

Column Retrofit

CSM

Capacity Spectrum Method

ETABS

Extended Three Dimensional Analysis of Building Systems

GL

Ground Level

HDC

High Ductility Class

SS

Soft Storey

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
India at present is fast growing economy, which brings about demands in
increase of infrastructure facilities along with the growth of population. The demand
of land in urban regions is increasing day by day. It is imperative that land available
for farming and agriculture remains intact. To cater the land demand in these regions,
vertical development is the only option. This type of development brings challenges to
counteract additional lateral loads due to wind and earthquake. This demands changes
in the current structural system which needs to be implemented to resist these forces.
Much research has been carried which describes the suitability of various lateral load
resisting system against deformation and shear exerted due to the earthquake and wind
forces.
Soft storey irregularity is one of the main reasons of building damages during
recent earthquakes in the world as mentioned in almost all reconnaissance reports and
studies. According to Deshmukh and Rahman (2013), soft story may arise not only
because of sudden changes in the structural system (like the height of the stories) but
also due to abrupt changes in amount of infill walls between stories which are usually
not considered as a part of the load bearing system.
Open first storey is a typical feature in the modern multistory constructions in
urban India. Such features are highly undesirable in buildings constructed in
seismically active areas. This has been verified in the study made by Abidi (2012).
Though multistoried buildings with soft (open) ground floor are inherently vulnerable
to collapse due to earthquake load, their construction is still widespread in the

10

developing nations like India. This is because of the social and functional need to
provide car parking space at ground level and for offices at different level of structure.
Therefore in addition to ground soft storey, soft storey is required on different levels
of building.
1.2 DEFINITION
A soft story (SS) building is a multi-story building with one or more floors
which are soft due to structural design. These floors can be especially dangerous in
earthquakes, because they cannot cope with the lateral forces caused by the swaying
of the building during a quake. As a result, the soft story may fail, causing what is
known as a soft story collapse.

Soft story buildings are characterized by having a story which has a lot of open
space. Parking garages, for example, are often soft stories, as are large retail spaces or
floors with a lot of windows. While the unobstructed space of the soft story might be
aesthetically or commercially desirable, it also means that there are fewer
opportunities to install shear walls, specialized walls which are designed to distribute
lateral forces so that a building can cope with the swaying characteristic of an
earthquake.

1.3 PUSHOVER ANALYSIS

Pushover analysis is a static, nonlinear procedure in which the magnitude of the
structural loading is incrementally increased in accordance with a certain predefined
pattern. With the increase in the magnitude of the loading, weak links and failure
modes of the structure are found. According to Tarta and Pintea(2012) the loading is
monotonic with the effects of the cyclic behaviour and load reversals being estimated
by using a modified monotonic force-deformation criteria and with damping
approximations. Static pushover analysis is an attempt by the structural engineering
profession to evaluate the real strength of the structure and it promises to be a useful
and effective tool for performance based design.

11

Pushover analysis is a performance based analysis. According to ATC 40, there

are two key elements of a performance-based design procedure - demand and
capacity. Demand is the representation of earthquake ground motion or shaking that
the building is subjected to. In nonlinear static analysis procedures, demand is
represented by an estimation of the displacements or deformations that the structure is
expected to undergo. Capacity is a representation of the structures ability to resist the
seismic demand. The performance is dependent on the manner that the capacity is able
to handle the demand. In other words, the structure must have the capacity to resist
demands of the earthquake such that the performance of the structure is compatible
with the objectives of the design.
Pushover analysis is performed by Displacement coefficient method/Capacity
spectrum method. The Capacity Spectrum Method (CSM), a performance-based
seismic analysis technique, can be used for a variety of purposes such as rapid
evaluation of a large inventory of buildings, design verification for new construction
of individual buildings, evaluation of an existing structure to identify damage states,
and correlation of damage states of buildings to various amplitudes of ground motion.
The procedure correlation of damage states of buildings to various amplitudes of
ground motion. The procedure compares the capacity of the structure (in the form of a
pushover curve) with the demands on the structure. The objective of Displacement
coefficient method is to find target displacement which is the maximum displacement
that the structure is likely to be experienced during the design earthquake. It provides
a numerical process for estimating the displacement demand on the structure, by using
a bilinear representation of capacity curve and a series of modification factors,
or coefficients, to calculate a target displacement.
1.3.1 APPLICATION
Pushover analysis may be applied to verify the structural performance of newly
designed and the existing buildings for the following purposes:
1. To verify the over strength ratio values.
2. To estimate the expected plastic mechanism and the distribution of damage.
3. To assess the structural performance of existing or retrofitted buildings.

12

4. As an alternative to the design based on linear analysis.

1.4 ETABS
ETABS (Extended Three Dimensional Analysis of Building Systems)
is

special-purpose

and Structures,

computer

program

developed

by

Computers

Inc. specifically for structural analysis and design of

building structures. It provides

the Structural Engineer with all the tools

necessary to create, modify, analyze, design,

and optimize building models.

These features are fully integrated in a single, Windows-based,

user interface that is unmatched in terms

graphical

of ease-of-use, productivity, and

capability.

ETABS is a powerful program that can greatly enhance an engineer's

analysis and design capabilities for structures. Part of that power lies in
an

array of options and features. The other part lies in how simple it is to use. The

basic approach for using the program is very straightforward. The user
establishes grid lines, places structural objects relative to the gridlines using
joints, frames and shells, and assigns loads and structural properties to those
structural objects (for example, a frame object can be assigned section
properties; a joint object can be assigned spring properties; a shell object
can be assigned slab or deck properties). Analysis, design, and detailing
are then performed based on the structural objects and their assignments. Results
are generated in graphical or tabular form that can be printed to a printer or to a file
for use in other programs.

13

1.5 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The objective of the project is to find thebest place for providing soft storey in
a G+15 storey building by pushover analysis using ETABS software. The structural
behavior of tall buildings of both regular and irregular shapes is to be studied. The
following are the different shapes to be studied to understand the effect of providing
soft stories at different levels.
1. Regular Building
Square Shaped Building
2. Irregular Building
L-Shaped Building
T-Shaped Building
Plus-Shaped Building
The above buildings are to be analyzed to evaluate the following parameters.
Base shear
Story drift
Lateral displacements

14

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

1. ARI WIBOWO, JOHN L. WILSON (2010) 1925-1936. COLLAPSE MODELLING

ANALYSIS OF A PRECAST SOFT STOREY BUILDING IN AUSTRALIA
ENGINEERING STRUCTURES, PG. 32.
A unique experimental field test study that provides insight into the
push-over load-deflection and collapse behavior of a soft storey building is
reported in this paper. The five storey building had been identified as being
particularly

vulnerable

to

weak connections at
that
to

earthquake

excitation

due

to

the

particularly

each end of the ground floor precast columns

constituted the soft storey. Consequently, four field tests were undertaken
investigate

storey

the

actual

lateral

force-deflection

behavior

of

the

soft

columns. Interestingly, the tests indicated that the soft storey columns

possessed significant displacement capacity despite significant strength degradation.

An analytical model developed to predict the overall force-displacement relationship
that was influenced by

the three component mechanisms of (a) connection

strength at column ends, (b) gravity rocking strength and (c) ground slab
interaction,

was

experimental
provided

found

to

be

in

excellent

agreement

with

the

test results. The presence of the `non-structural' ground slab

additional lateral strength to the system and greatly influenced the

`as-built' performance. The displacement capacity of the precast soft storey

system was
rocking

much greater than an equivalent in situ system, due to the rigid body
behavior of the columns. The precast soft storey system was

found to have

sufficient displacement capacity for

but the performance

lower seismic regions,

was considered marginal for higher seismic regions .

2. DIPTI RANJAN SAHOO, DURGESH C. RAI (2013) 19331944. DESIGN AND

15

EVALUATION OF SEISMIC STRENGTHENING TECHNIQUES FOR

REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMES WITH SOFT GROUND STORY
ENGINEERING STRUCTURES, PG.56.
This paper presents a design procedure and analytical evaluation of two
strengthening techniques to improve the seismic performance of the existing nonductile RC frames with soft-story at the ground story level. The first technique, termed
as column retrofit (CR), uses only partial steel jacketing (or caging) to enhance the
lateral strength and plastic rotational capacities of the deficient columns at the ground
story level. The later technique, termed as full retrofit (FR), considers the aluminum
shear links as supplemental energy dissipation devices in addition to the strengthened
ground story columns. Steel collector beams and chevron braces are used to transfer
the lateral load from the RC frame to these dissipating devices. Performance-based
plastic design approach is used to proportion various elements of the strengthening
techniques. Nonlinear static and dynamic analyses are carried out to evaluate the
performance of the existing and the strengthened frames. The main parameters
investigated are (a) inter-story drift, (b) residual drift, (c) yield mechanism, (d) energy
dissipation, and (e) lateral strength. The FR frame effectively controlled the drift
response by avoiding the soft-story collapse because of the significant energy
dissipation in the shear links. Moreover, the FR frame achieved the desired yield
mechanism without exceeding the design target drift level.
3. GIORDANO . A, GUADAGNUOLO . M (2013) PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF PLAN
IRREGULAR MASONRY BUILDINGS PROCEDIA ENGINEERING PG. 341 352.
The paper investigates the seismic response of plan irregular masonry building
structures and the applicability of 3D pushover analysis for assessing the behavior
under earthquakes. As test example simple plan asymmetric two-storey masonry
building is selected. The nonlinear dynamic response obtained under both several
generated records and selected earthquake ground motions is initially compared with
the one obtained for a symmetric building variant. Subsequently, the nonlinear
dynamic analysis results are compared with the pushover analysis results. The result
shows that the wall displacement is increased upto 20% than plan regular building.

16

4. GIRISH DESHMUKH, SHAIKH ABDUL AIJAJ ABDUL RAHMAN, 2013 SEISMIC

RESPONSE OF VERTICALLY IRREGULAR RC FRAME WITH STIFFNESS
IRREGULARITY AT FOURTH FLOOR IJETAE VOLUME - 3,ISSUE-8.
The present paper attempts to investigate the proportional distribution of lateral
forces evolved through seismic action in each storey level due to changes in stiffness
of frame on vertically irregular frame. As per the Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS)
1893:2002(part1) provisions, a G+10 vertically irregular building is modeled as an
simplified lump mass model for the analysis with stiffness irregularity at fourth floor.
The response parameters like story drift, story deflection and story shear of structure
under seismic force under the linear static & dynamic analysis is studied. This analysis
focuses on the base shear carrying capacity of a structure and performance level of
structure under severer zone of India. The result remarks the conclusion that, a
building structure with stiffness irregularity provides instability and attracts huge
storey shear. A proportionate amount of stiffness is advantageous to control over the
storey and base shear. The soft computing tool and commercial software CSI-ETABS
(version 9.7) is used for modeling and analysis.
5. KHAN.G, PROF. VYAWAHARE.M.R, 2013, PUSH OVER ANALYSIS OF TALL
BUILDING WITH SOFT STORIES AT DIFFERENT LEVELS IJERA VOLUME-3
ISSUE 4, PG.176-185.
In this paper the seismic vulnerability of building is shown with an Example of
G+20. Earthquake analysis would be carried out on a RCC moment resisting framed
tall building without Infill wall on different stories with the help of Software
ETABS12.The objective of this study is to see the variation of load- displacement
graph and check the maximum base shear and displacement of the frame with soft
stories at different levels. In the present study, non-linear response of RC frame high
rise building with soft storey at different levels in addition to one at ground floor using
ETABS under the loading has been carried out. From present analysis model in
ETABS it can be concluded that, As the soft storey is shifted to higher level the
intensity of hinge formation becomes lower and lower and at the same time
displacement increases and base shear also. Maximum yielding occurs at the base
storey, because of soft stories maximum plastic hinges are forming though the base

17

force is increasing. As the soft storey is shifted to higher level yielding is less than
lower level soft storey and lower intensity hinges are forming after maximum number
of pushover steps. As the soft storey is shifted to higher level it can be seen from
pushover and capacity spectrum curves that Teff. goes on reducing from 1.52 Sec. for
3rd floor soft storey to 1.29 Sec. at 20th floor soft storey. Which means soft storey is
safer at higher level in high rise building. The results obtained in terms of demand,
capacity and plastic hinges gave an insight into the real behavior of structures. It is
advisable to provide soft storey at higher levels in addition to ground soft storey.
6. MAGLIULO.G, 2012 SEISMIC PERFOMANCE OF R/C FRAMES WITH
REGULAR & IRREGULAR STRENGTH VERTICAL DISTRIBUTIONS IJEAT
VOLUME-6.
The paper presents the results of a research study concerning the seismic
response and design of RC frames with strength discontinuities in elevation. The
irregularities are obtained assigning over strengths either to the beams or to the
columns of a regular frame (assumed as reference). The regular frame is designed
according to the Euro code 8 (EC8) High Ductility Class (DCH) rules. The storey
strengths are computed by two different methods: the first one only takes into account
the flexural resistance of columns, while the second one also considers the beam
flexural resistance. Nonlinear static and dynamic analyses are performed. The two
considered methods for the evaluation of the storey strength provide equal results.
The regularity limit of variation of the over strength between adjacent stories equal
to 20%, provided by the Italian Code and by some

Authors according to analyses

made on shear type frames, seems to be too low.

7. MISAM ABIDI, 2012. REVIEW ON SHEAR WALL FOR SOFT STORY HIGHRISE BUILDINGS IJEAT VOLUME-1, ISSUE-6.
This paper discusses the effect of adding shear wall to the building in
different arrangement in order to reduce soft story effect on structural seismic
response in earthquake excitation. Recent earthquakes that occurred have
shown that a large number of existing reinforced concrete buildings are vulnerable
to damage or even collapse during a strong earthquake. While damage

18

and collapse due to soft story are most often observed in buildings, they can
also be developed in other types of structures. The lower level containing
the concrete columns behaved as a soft story in that the columns were unable
to provide adequate shear resistance during the earthquake. A combination
of the two structural components leads to a highly efficient system, in
which the shear wall resists the majority of the lateral loads in the lower
portion

of

the

building,

and

the

frame

supports

the

majority

of

the

lateral loads in the upper portion of the building. It was found that location, number
and curtailment of shear wall acts as an important factor for the soft story
structures to displace during earthquake. It is shown that the use of shear
wall has more stable behavior and appears to be a novel approach to reduce
effect of soft story in seismic response. Also, vulnerability level of existing
high rise building can be increased by adding different arrangement of shear
wall on building and it will help for retrofitting of structure to resist the
major portion of lateral load induced by an earthquake.
8. NIVEDITA N. RAUT (2013) PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF MULTISTORIED
BUILDING JOURNAL OF RESEARCHES IN ENGINEERING ,VOLUME - 13.
A large number of multi-storey reinforced concrete (R/C) framed building
structures in urban India are constructed with masonry in fills for architectural,
aesthetic or economic reasons. The effect of the layout of masonry infill panels over
the elevation of masonry in filled R/C frames on the seismic performance and
potential seismic damage of the frame under strong ground motions using nonlinear
static push-over analysis based on realistic and efficient computational models is
investigated in this study. The Base shear and Displacement results obtained from
output nonlinear analysis is compared for bare frame and infill wall frame. It is seen
that at roof level, displacement in bare frame is more than the infill wall frame and
displacement at ground floor in weak story is more. Mostly hinges are formed in beam
than in column.
9. PUJOL. S FICK . D (2010) THE TEST OF A FULL-SCALE THREE-STORY RC

19

STRUCTURE WITH MASONRY INFILL WALLS ENGINEERING STRUCTURES

PG:3112-3121.
Masonry infill walls are used as partitions in many countries. There is no
consensus on whether infill walls make a reinforced concrete frame more or less
vulnerable to the effects of strong ground motion. To provide hard evidence to address
this question a full-scale three-story reinforced-concrete structure was tested with and
without infill walls made out of solid clay bricks. During the test without the walls,
the structure experienced a punching shear failure at a slab-column connection. After
this first test, infill walls were built with solid bricks. It was observed that the walls
increased the stiffness and the strength of the structure. The drift capacity of the
structure with walls was observed to be 1.5%.Up to this level of deformation, masonry
infill walls in structures can be expected to help control inter-story drift.
10. ROOHOLLAH JAZANY, HAMIDREZA FARSHCHI

(2013) INFLUENCE OF

MASONRY

PERFORMANCE

INFILL

ON

THE

SEISMIC

OF

CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAMES JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTIONAL

STEEL RESEARCH PG:150163.

This paper presents an experimental and analytical study to investigate the
effect of masonry infill on the seismic performance of special Concentrically Braced
Frames (CBFs). Cyclic lateral load tests are conducted on three half-scale specimens
including two special CBFs with and without masonry infill and a moment resisting
steel frame with masonry infill for comparison purposes. Companion analyses are
performed to study the influence of masonry infill on the potential rupture of gusset
plates and top-seat angle connections by using detailed FE models validated with
experimental results. It is shown that the presence of masonry infill could increase the
lateral stiffness and load carrying capacity of the special CBF by 33% and 41%,
respectively. However, the interaction between masonry infill and the frame
significantly increased the strain demands and failure potential of the connections. The
results of the experimental tests and analytical simulations indicate that ignoring the
influence of masonry infill in the seismic design process of CBFs results in a
premature fracture of the connection weld lines and a significant reduction in the
deformation capacity and ductility of the frame. This can adversely influence the

20

seismic performance of the structure under strong earthquakes. The results of this
study compare well with the damage observations after the 2003 earthquake in Bam,

Iran.
11. SUCHITA HIRDEA, GANGA TEPUGADE (2014) SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF
MULTI STOREY BUILDING WITH SOFT STOREY AT DIFFERENT LEVEL WITH
RC SHEAR WALL INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY VOLUME- 4.
In this paper attempt has been made to study performance of G+20 RCC
building with soft storey at different level along with at GL. The nonlinear static
pushover analysis is carried out. This study highlights the poor seismic performance
of the building with soft storey at different level along with soft storey at ground level.
It is observed that plastic hinges are developed in columns of ground level soft storey
which is not acceptable criteria for safe design. After retrofitting of all the models
with shear walls hinges are not developed in any of the columns. Provision of shear
walls results in reduction in lateral displacement. Displacement reduces when the soft
storey is provided at higher level. After retrofitting the base shear carrying capacity is
increased by 8.45% to 13.26%.
12. SANADA.Y KONISHI.D
INFILLS

(2011) EFFECTS OF NONSTRUCTURAL BRICK

ON AN INDONESIAN EARTHQUAKE-DAMAGED BUILDING

PROCEDIA ENGINEERING,PG: 20772085.

This paper describes the effects of nonstructural brick infills on the seismic
performance of reinforced concrete (R/C) buildings. According to Hashemi and
Mosalam (2007) the brick infills affected seismic behavior of R/C buildings.
Therefore, a seriesof structural tests was planned to evaluate the structural
performance of brick infills used in the surviving building. Experimental and
analytical studies were conducted focusing on an Indonesian earthquake-damaged
building due to the 2007 Sumatra earthquakes. Structural details of the building are
summarized herein. A brick wall was extracted from the earthquake-damaged building
and transported to Japan from Indonesia to experimentally evaluate its seismic
performance. Two R/C single-bay frame specimens were constructed, and the
imported wall was installed in one of the specimens. Comparing the seismic

21

performance of specimens with and without the brick infill through quasi-static cyclic
loading tests, the effects of infill on the overall frame performance were quantitatively
evaluated. Moreover, the seismic performance of the earthquake-damaged building
was evaluated numerically considering the findings of the tests. In particular, the
contributions of nonstructural brick infills to the seismic performance were discussed
through the probabilities of collapse computed under several artificial earthquake
ground motions.It was found that nonstructural brick infills significantly decreased the
probability of collapse, namely, increased the seismic performance.
13. TARTA .G. PINTEA.. A (2012) SEISMIC EVALUATION OF MULTI-STOREY
MOMENT-RESISTING STEEL FRAMES WITH STIFFNESS IRREGULARITIES

USING STANDARD AND ADVANCED PUSHOVER METHODS PROCEDIA

ENGINEERING PG. 445 450.
This paper presents a comparison between standard, advanced pushover
analyses and the exact results obtained by nonlinear time history analysis. The
analyses have been conducted on a series of moment-resisting steel frames with
stiffness irregularities, with different number of stories, designed according to Euro
code 8 and the Romanian Seismic Design Code. The results show that the adaptive
pushover methods give the best approximation in terms of medium and maximum
errors of the inter-storey drifts. As the considered earthquakes grow in intensity and
the structures are being pushed further in the post elastic domain the error grows
significantly. The inter-storey drift-based scaling adaptive pushover is more accurate
than the force-based scaling adaptive method, being the only method that gives
superior approximation than does the classical non-adaptive pushover method with a
vertical distribution after the first vibration mode.

22

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

LITERATURE SURVEY

DATA PREPARATION

PUSHOVER ANALYSIS IN
ETABS
RESULT & DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION
Fig 3.1 Flowchart for Methodology

23

The data required for the analysis of G+15 storey building is collected from
different Indian Standard codes. The codes used are as follows:
1. IS 456 : 2000 -Plain and Reinforced Concrete
2. IS 800 : 2007 - General Construction in Steel
3. IS 1893 (PART 1): 2002 - Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of
Structures
The analysis part of the structure is carried out using ETABS software. In the
present study, pushover analysis is carried out to find the best place for providing soft
stories in high rise buildings. Therefore three models of the G+15 storey structure is
created for each shapes (regular and irregular) providing soft storey at 5 th floor, 10th
floor and 15th floor in addition to ground floor. Masonry walls are provided for the
stories other than soft stories. Earthquake load was provided at each diaphragms mass
center as a source of lateral load. The soft storey level was altered from ground floor
to top floor for each model and analysis was carried away using ETABS 2013 analysis
package. After running the analysis the output parameters such as base shear, storey
drift and lateral displacements are obtained. The results are generated in graphical or
tabular form.

CHAPTER 4
MODELING & ANALYSIS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The following general steps are required to analyze and design a structure using
ETABS:
1. Create or modify a model that numerically defines the geometry properties,

24

loading and analysis parameters for the structures.

2. Perform an analysis of the model.
3. Review the results of the analysis.
4.1.1 CREATION OF MODEL
The geometric properties of the tall building required to create the model is
given below:
Shape of building :Square

Size of building : 24m x 24m

Height of building : 51.2m

Number of storeys : 15

Height of each storey : 3.2m

Size of each panels : 6m x 6m

The plan of the structure thus created using the above details is shown in fig 4.1

Fig: 4.1 plan of the building

The elevations of the square shaped building is shown in the following figures
provided with soft storey in 5th, 10th and 15th floor in addition to ground level (GL)
respectively.

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Fig 4.2Elevation (SS at GL + 5th floor)

Fig 4.3 Elevation (SS at GL + 10th floor

26

Fig 4.4 Elevation (SS at GL + 15th floor)

The 3D view of the square shaped building is shown in the following figures
provided with soft storey in 5th, 10th and 15th floor in addition to ground level (GL)
respectively.

Fig 4.5 3D View (SS at GL + 5th floor

27

Fig 4.6 3D View (SS at GL + 10th floor)

Fig 4.7 3D View (SS at GL + 15th floor)

4.2 DEFINING MATERIAL AND SEISMIC PROPERTIES

28

The seismic properties for the structure is taken from the Indian Standard code
IS 1893 (PART 1): 2002 (Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures). The
material properties and seismic properties of the structure are given in Table: 4.1
Table 4.1: Building Data Used For Modeling
DATA

5th storey

10th storey

15th storey

0.36

0.36

0.36

1.5

1.5

1.5

Type of Soil

Medium

Medium

Medium

Height of Building
Thickness of infill
Wall
Thickness of Slab

19.2 m

35.2 m

51.2 m

0.23 m

0.23 m

0.23 m

0.120 m

0.120 m

0.120 m

Beam Size

0.3 X 0.4 m2

0.3 X 0.4 m2

0.3 X 0.4 m2

Column Size

0.3 X 0.5 m2

0.3 X 0.5 m2

0.3 X 0.5 m2

Live Load

4 kN/m2

4 kN/m2

4 kN/m2

Floor Finish

1 kN/m2

1 kN/m2

1 kN/m2

Material Properties

M25 Grade of
Concrete&
Fe 415 Grade of
Steel

M25 Grade of
Concrete&
Fe 415 Grade of
Steel

M25 Grade of
Concrete&
Fe 415 Grade of
Steel

Seismic Zone
Seismic Zone
Factor (Z)
Response
Reduction Factor
(R)
Importance Factor
(I)

4.3 DEFINING VARIOUS LOADS

The various loads such as dead load, live load and earthquake load are defined
before assigning loads to the member. While defining loads, the self-weight multiplier

29

is specified along with loads. A self-weight multiplier of 1 means to include the full
self-weight of the structure in the load pattern. A self-weight multiplier of 0.5 means
to include half of the self-weight of the structure in the load pattern. Normally a selfweight multiplier of 1 is specified in one load pattern only, usually the dead load
pattern, with all other load patterns having a multiplier of zero.
The floor finish load and live load are assigned to the floor slabs of each storey.
According to IS 456: 2000, live load of 4KN/m2 and floor finish of 1KN/m2 is
assigned to the slabs. The seismic load is defined based on the IS code 1893
(part 1):2000. The seismic load is automatically calculated and assigned to
the building. The assignment of live load and floor finish load are shown in the
following figures.

Fig 4.8 Assigning floor finish load

30

Fig 4.9 Assigning live load

4.4 ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURE

After assigning all the loads to the structure, the model is checked for any error.
If any error exists in the model, then the model can be modified incorporating all the
corrections. Then the model can be finally analyzed by running the analysis .After
running the analysis the output parameters such as base shear, storey drift and lateral
displacements are obtained. The results are generated in graphical or tabular form.

CHAPTER 5
RESULT & DISCUSSION
5.1 INTRODUCTION

31

After running the analysis the results are generated in graphical or tabular form.
The parameters such as base shear, storey drift and lateral displacements are obtained.
The analysis results obtained for the models with soft storey at GL+5 th, GL+10th and
G+15th storey are given below.
5.2 OUTPUT FOR SS AT GL+5 BUILDING

Fig 5.2 Displacement graph

Table: 5.2 Displacement and Story Drift
Story

15

Displacement

Story Drift

(mm)

(mm)

50.3

1.73

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14

50.2

2.95

13

50.0

3.21

12

49.7

3.26

11

49.5

3.26

10

49.3

3.22

49.1

3.14

48.8

3.03

48.6

2.87

48.4

2.67

48.2

2.41

46.1

2.09

45.8

1.71

45.6

1.28

45.3

0.94

Base

0.86

5.3 OUTPUT FOR SS AT GL+10BUILDING

33

Fig 5.3 Displacement graph

5.4 OUTPUT FOR SS AT GL+15BUILDING

Fig 5.4 Displacement graph

Table: 5.3 Displacement and Story Drift

34

Displacement

Story Drift

(mm)

(mm)

15

47.1

0.41

14

46.7

0.51

13

46.4

0.66

12

46.0

2.03

11

45.7

0.73

10

44.3

0.62

44.8

15.9

44 .5

15.7

44 .1

15.5

43.8

15.4

43.5

15.2

43.2

15

42.8

14.8

42.5

14.7

42.2

14.4

Base

14.2

Story

Table 5.4 Displacement and Story Drift

35

Displacement

Story Drift

(mm)

(mm)

15

44.9

0.4

14

44.1

0.51

13

43.8

0.54

12

43.5

0.57

11

43.2

0.6

10

42.9

0.61

42.6

0.62

42.2

0.61

41.9

0.6

41.6

0.57

41.3

0.54

41.0

0.49

40.7

0.44

40.3

0.39

40.1

0.35

Base

0.33

Story

5.5 COMPARISON OF RESULTS

The displacement value obtained for the three buildings of square shape
(SS at G+5, GL+10, GL+15) are combined to get the graph shown in fig 5.5

36

60

50

40

GL+5

30

GL+10
GL+15

20

10

0
story 1

story 5

story 10

story 15

Storey
Fig 5.5 Comparison of Displacement value
From the graph, it is clear that the displacement value suddenly
increases at floor levels where soft story is provided. It is also clear that the
displacement is more for GL+5 building when compared to GL+10 and GL+15
buildings.
The story drift value obtained for the three buildings (SS at G+5, GL+10,
GL+15) are combined to get the graph shown in fig 5.6

37

3.5
3

Storey Drift (mm)

2.5
2

GL+5
GL+10

1.5

GL+15

1
0.5
0
Story 1

story 5

Story 10

Story 15

Storey
Fig 5.6 Comparison of Story drift value
From the graph, it is clear that the story drift is initially more for the lower
level floors, reaches the maximum at intermediate floors and suddenly drops down for
higher level floors. It is also clear that the story drift is more for GL+5 building when
compared to GL+10 and GL+15 buildings.
5.7 DISCUSSION
From the result, it is known that the lateral displacement of the structure
increases with increase in height of the structure .Also the displacement is more for
soft story located at lower levels and it is less for soft story located at higher levels. It
is also known that the story drift is low at lower and higher levels of the structure and
it is high at intermediate levels. Also the story drift is more for soft story located at
lower levels and it is less for soft story located at higher levels. Therefore from the
results obtained, it is concluded that advisable to provide soft storey at higher levels in
addition to one provided at ground for regular square shaped building.

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Soft Storey Building in Australia Engineering Structures, Pg. 32.

38

2. Dipti Ranjan Sahoo, Durgesh C. Rai (2013) 19331944. Design and Evaluation
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39

Frames with Stiffness Irregularities Using Standard and Advanced Pushover Methods
Procedia Engineering Pg. 445 450.

14. IS 456 : 2000 -Plain and Reinforced Concrete .

15. IS 800 : 2007 - General Construction in Steel.
16. IS 1893 (PART 1): 2002 - Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures.
17. www.science direct.com.