Geology of Sumatra - Wikibook

The Geology of Indonesia/Sumatra 1
The Geology of Indonesia/Sumatra

Sumatra Island is the northwest oriented physiographic expression, lied on the western
edge of Sundaland, a southern extension of the Eruasian Continental Plate (Fig. 2.1). The
Sumatra Island has an area of about 435,000 km2, measuring 1650 km from Banda Aceh in
the north to Tanjungkarang in the south. Its width is about 100-200 km in the northern part
and about 350 km in the southern part. The main geographical trendlines of the island are
rather simple. Its backbone is formed by the Barisan Range which runs along the western
side. This region divides the west and the east coast. The slope towards the Indian Ocean is
generally steep, consequently the west belt is mostly mountainous, with the exception of
two lowland embayments in north Sumatra which are about 20 km wide. The eastern belt of
the island is covered by broad, hilly tracts of Tertiary formations and alluvium lowlands. At
Diamond Point, in Aceh, this low eastern belt has a width of about 30 km; its width
increases to 150-200 km in central and south Sumatra. The Sumatra island is interpreted to
be constructed by collision and suturing of discrete micrcontinents in late Pre-Tertiary
times (Pulunggono and Cameron 1984, Barber 1985). At the present-day, the Indian Ocean
Plate is being subducted beneath the Eurasian Continental Plate in a N20oE direction at a
rate of between 6 and 7 cm/yr (Fig. 2.2). This zone of oblique convergence is marked by the
active Sunda Arc-Trench system which extends for more than 5000 km, from Burma in the
north to where the Australian Plate is in collision with Eastern Indonesia in the south
(Hamilton 1979). The basinal configuration of Sumatra is directly related to the presence of
the subduction-induced non-volcanic forearc and the volcano-plutonic backarc, the
morpho-structural backbone of the Island.
In general the region can be divided into 6 regions (Fig. 2.1): 1. Sunda outer-arc ridge,
located along the active margin of the Sunda forearc basin and separate it from the trench
slope. 2. Sunda forearc basin, lying between the accreting non-volcanic outer-arc ridge with
submerged segments, and the volcanic back arc of Sumatra. 3. Sumatra back arc basins
including North, Central and South Sumatra basin. The system developed as distinct
depressions at the foot of the Barisan range. 4. Barisan mountain range, occupies the axial
part of the island and is composed mainly of Permo-Carboniferous to Mesozoic rocks. 5.
Sumatra intra-arc or intermontane basin, separated by subsequent uplift and erosion from
this former depositional area, thus with similar lithologies to the fore-and backarc basins.
2.1.SUNDA OUTER-ARC RIDGE

The Sunda non-volcanic outer-arc ridge marks the western margin of the Sunda Forearc
Basin of West Sumatra. This chain of islands and sea-floor rises, between 100 and 150 km
off the coast of West Sumatra, forms a structurally controlled topographic ridge nearly 200
km wide (Karig et al., 1979), that extends from the Andaman Sea to the southeast of Java.
Nias, Simeulue, and Banyak Island lithologies represent the stratigraphy of the Sunda
ourter-arc ridge in genereal. The geology of the Sunda outer-arc ridge is represented by
Nias and Simeulue Island in this chapter.
2.1.1. NIAS
Nias Island is located approximately 125 km off the west coast of Sumatra (Fig. 2.1) and it
has been frequently cited as a classic model of an accretionary complex (Fig. 2.3). Nias
lithologies were divided into two principal units, the Oyo complex and the Nias Beds (Fig.
2.4). The contact between the two units has not been observed in the field.
2.1.1.1. OYO COMPLEX MELANGE

The Oyo Complex is described by Moore and Karig (1980) as a tectonic melange. On Nias,
outcrops of Oyo Complex are seen as isolated blocks and boulders in river sections, along
road sections and coastal exposures. The Complex is composed of sedimentary blocks,
including conglomerates, sandstones and siltstones, with subordinate mafic plutonic rocks,
pillow basalts and cherts (Harbury et. al., 1990). Sandstone blocks form the dominant clast
type in the SW part of the island, while pillow basalts and gabbros form some largest blocks
(up to 200 m diameter) cropping out mostly along the west coast of the Nias Island (Fig. 5).
Texturally, the sediment boulders are sub to mature clastic with mainly subangular to
rounded and well sorted sediments, and are either grain supported or matrix supported. In
the area where the melange is present, landslips are common to occur and the fresh matrix
of the Oyo Complex can be observed. Good outcrop of melange is exposed in central Nias
(Moi River) and SW Nias. The matrix forms a typical scaly clay, with a high density of
curved, polished shear planes. The age of the Oyo Complex remains unresolved by
paIeontological analysis.
2.1.1.2. NIAS BEDS
Overlying the Oyo Complex, with probable unconformable contact, are a series of clastic
sediments of shallow to deep marine deposits of Nias Beds which are well exposed along
the eastern part of the island (Fig 2.4 & 2.5). It consists of coarse to fine sandstone,
conglomerate, mudstone, shale and limestone. The age of the Nias Beds has been
interpreted by previous authors as Early Miocene-Pliocene. On the contrary, Situmorang &
Yulihanto (1992) fieldwork indicates that the lower part of the Nias Beds is Upper
Oligocene in age.
2.1.2. SIMEULUE
Simeulue lies slightly off-strike and to the northwest of Nias (Fig. 2.1). This island shares a
broadly comparable geology with Nias, of melange overlain by interbedded sandstone and
siltstone sequences, with parts of the succession dominated by bioclastic limestones.
Although lithological variations do exist, the most notable differences between the two
islands is one of structural style.
2.1.2.1. SIBAU GABBRO GROUP
The oldest rocks exposed on the island are represented by the Sibau Gabbro Group
(Situmorang et al. 1987; Fig. 2.4)). The Sibau Gabbro Group is composed mainly of
meta-igneous lithologies with predominantly transitional contacts. The ophiolite correlates
closely with a partially defined gravity high in this area indicating that the basic igneous
rocks form a major body, extending to a depth of several kilometres (J. Milsom, pers.
commun. 1990). Lithologies identified within the group include gabbros, meta-dolerite and
meta-volcanics, all with abundant chlorite and pumpellyite suggesting that these rocks are
all low-grade metamorphics. Rock dating suggest that the Sibau Gabbro Group and Baru
Melange Formation were metamorphosed between Late Eocene and Early Oligocene
(Harbury & Kallagher, 1991).
2.1.2.2 BARU MELANGE FORMATION
Situmorang et al. (1987) describe the Baru Melange formation as being in structural
(thrust) contact with basalts at the top of the Sibau Gabbro Group (Fig. 2.4). Blocks within
the melange include fine-grained, micaceous sandstone some of which are fractured; very
well-consolidated, weakly sheared, micaceous mudstone, poorly-sorted meta-greywacke;
iron-rich meta-dolerite; brecciated meta-basalt; meta- volcanics and calcite-rich, lithic and
crystal tuft’s. Blocks within the melange may be in excess of 10 m in diameter. Smaller
blocks of 5 – 10 cm in diameter are commonly enclosed within a sticky blue/grey clay matrix
containing organic material, or within a cleaved mudstone matrix. No bedding or other
sedimentological characteristics, within the blocks of the melange or the clay matrix, can
be used to determine the stratigraphical base or top of the Baru Melange Formation. The
apparent random distribution of blocks of different lithology within the outcrop area
suggests that the melange is unsorted. The thickness of the formation is estimated to be
approximately 200 m.
2.1.2.3 AI MANIS LIMESTONE FORMATION
The Ai Manis Limestone Formation forms a NW – SE orientated ridge in the east central
part of Simeulue. The formation is approximately 260 – 350 m thick and consists of both
biostromal, biohermal (composed of in situ corals) and bioclastic limestones. The major part
of the formation consists of bioclastic packstones composed of skeletal bioclasts, large
benthic foraminifera and quartz grains. At the base of the formation a coarse-grained
sequence (the Pinang Conglomerate Member) is locally observed resting on the Sibau
Gabbro Group. A Late Oligocene to Early Pliocene age is suggested for this formation on
the basis of palaeontological evidence (Situmorang et al. 1987; Fig. 2.4). The Pinang
Conglomerate Member is between 0.5 and 5 m thick and is exposed in the Ai Manis region,
where it rests with an angular unconformity on the Sibau Gabbro Group. The conglomerate
is poorly-sorted and consists of clasts (mm – 50cm in diameter) of metaigneous rock
fragments, including meta-basalt and meta-gabbro, and quartz, in a medium-grained
calcarenite matrix. A shallow water benthonic foraminiferal assemblage indicating a Late
Oligocene to Early Miocene age was recovered from the conglomerate (Situmorang et al.
1987).
2.1.2.4 DIHIT FORMATION
The Dihit Formation is widely exposed in most parts of Simeulue). The maximum thickness
of the formation is estimated from the Dihit section, to be between 800 and 1000 m. The
Dihit Formation contains no stratigraphical control on the age of the formation. Base on
lithological similarities between the Dihit Formation and the Nias Beds, the formation is
considered to be of Late Miocene to Early Pliocene age (Situmorang et al., 1987; Fig. 2.4).
The Dihit Formation is composed of grey, predominantly fine-grained sandstone usually
interbedded with siltstone or shale. The sandstone is well-sorted, moderately
well-consolidated, and unlike the Nias Beds, is micaceous. Bed thickness varies from 4 cm
to 15 m in the most massive beds, but more characteristically is between 50 and 100 cm.
Parallel laminations are rarely developed in the sandstone, but where present are very fine
(<1 mm), and are laterally continuous through the outcrop. Organic matter, where present,
occurs as small disseminated lignitic woody fragments and as very fine, disseminated
carbonaceous material; calcareous concretions are rarely observed. Sandstone, where
interbedded with shale or mudstone, is usually the dominant lithology, with sandstone:shale
ratios.between 2:1 and 30:1. The sandstone is fine-grained, well-sorted and predominantly
matrix-supported. Muscovite mica is present in all samples (trace – 3%). Massive
sandstone, sandstone/siltstone and laminated sandstone/mudstone lithofacies can be
recognised from the Dihit Formation sediments.
2.2.SUNDA FORE ARC BASINS

In general, there are two Sunda fore arc basins in west Sumatra, called Sibolga Basin in the
nortwest of Sumatra and Bengkulu Basin in the southwest (Fig. 2.1).
2.2.1 SIBOLGA BASIN (after Rose 1983)
The Sibolga Basin lies between the island of Sumatra and the adjacent outer-arc ridge to
the west and is considered a fore-arc (outer-arc) basin (Fig. 2.1). The basin trends
northwest-southeast, averages 110 km wide and is approximately 800 km long (Fig. 2.6).
The northern end terminates against the northwest extension of the Sumatra Fault System
at about latitude 6o30’ N. The southern end of the Sibolga basin was arbitrarily placed in
the vicinity of Pini and Batu Islands where a broad, southwest trending low-lying arch
separates it from the Bengkulu basin to the southeast. The Sibolga Basin is asymetrical to
the southwest with upwards of 6100 m of Neogene sediments adjacent to the outer-arc
ridge. A high-angle fault zone forms the western margin of the basin and created associated
drag structures as did strike-slip faults that cut diagonally through the basin in the vicinity
of Nias-Banyak islands. In spite of these faults, the majority of the Neogene sedimentary
rocks in the basin are undeformed.
2.2.1.1. STRATIGRAPHY 2.2.1.1.1. Pre-Neogene
The pre-Neogene sedimentary section is separated from Neogene rocks by an angular
unconformity. Seismic interpretation indicates several hundred meters of folded
sedimentary rocks beneath the unconformity in the Meulaboh-Teunom area. Recrystallized
belemnites have been reported in cores indicating possible Mesozoic rocks unless the
fossils are reworked. The Upper Eocene to Lower Oligocene interval is dominated by
mudstone with minor interbeds of shale, siltstone and sandstone. The mudstone is dark
grey to black, moderately soft at the top but becoming more indurated with depth. The
environment of deposition of this interval is assumed to be shelf. The thickness of the
Paleogene interval ranges from less than 30 m up to 350 m. Pre-Neogene dacite tuff-lava
was penetrated in the south of the basin with total thickness of 31 m.
2.2.1.1.2. Basal Miocene clastics Directly overlying the Paleogene angular unconformity is a
sequence of sandstone, shale, coal and minor limestone. In the Meulaboh area the clastic
sequence consists of nearshore marine and non-marine mudstone, sandstone, siltstone and
coal. Fossil recovery was poor in this interval leading to a tentative age of Mid Miocene up
to Lower Miocene. The mudstone and siltstone are dark in color, calcareous to
non-calcareous, firm and commonly interbedded. The sandstone is gray, fine to
medium-grained, quartzose with common vari-colored rock grains and slightly calcareous.
Coal beds are about 1 m thick and are interbedded with mudstone. In the Singkel area a
correlative clastic sequence is dated Upper Miocene in the vicinity of the well control but
interpretation of seismic records basinward suggests possible Mid Miocene rocks also.
2.2.2. BENGKULU BASIN (after Yulihanto et al, 1996)
The Bengkulu Basin is located in the southeast part of the Sumatra Island covering both
onshore and offshore (Fig. 2.l). In general, it is trending NW - SE, parallel to Sumatra Island
with about 600 kms length and 150 - 200 kms wide. To the north and northeast lies Barisan
Mountain range, while in the south and southwest is bounded by islands or slope break of
the Sunda Arc Trench System (Fig. 2.7). The onshore part of the basin can be divided into
two sub -basin i.e Pagarjati sub-basin in the nort and Kedurang sub-basin in the south
which separated by north - south trending Masmambang High.
2.2.2.1. STRATIGRAPHY
The stratigraphy of the onshore Bengkulu Basin composes of a series of Oligo-Miocene up
to Pliocene sediments overlaying unconformably the Pretertiary basements complex (Fig.
2.8). Based on few seismics sections and wells drilled in the Bengkulu offshore area known
that the sediment thickness is about 4000m ( 1,.000 feet). Recent onshore gravity work
done by Lemigas has indicated two sub-basin with low bouguer anomaly. The detail
descriptions of the stratigraphy as follow:
2.2.2.1.1. Pre-Tertiary Rocks
The Pre-Tertiary basement complex is represented by metasediments of Lingsing, Sepitiang
and Saling Formations. The Lingsing Formation consists of claystones, siltstones and
calcilutite with sandstones and chert intercalation of Late Jurassic - Early Cretaceous age.
This Lingsing series has interfinger relationship with Sepitiang and Saling formations. The
Sepitiang Formation composes of reef limestones with some calcirudite and calcarenite
lenses, and the Saling Formation mostly containing of volcanic materials such as lavas,
breccias, and tuffs.
2.2.2.1.2. Tertiary Succession
Surface geological studies exhibits that Tertiary sediments cropout in this onshore area is
represented by Hulusimpang, Seblat, Lemau, Simpangaur, and Bintunan Formations (Fig.
2.8). The Hulusimpang Formation is composed of andesitic and basaltic lavas, volcanic
breccias and tuff with sandstones intercalation. This formation is well exposed in the
northern and eastern margin of the basin, toward the Barisan Mountain. In general, the
Hulusimpang Formation is known as Early Oligocene sediments which deposited in
fluviatile up to shallow marine. The aproximate thickness is 700 m. The upper part of the
Hulusimpang Formation has interfingered with the lower part of the Seblat Formation.
The Seblat Formation composes of sandstones, siltstones, claystones, conglomerates with
limestones intercalation. They are mostly shallow - deep marine turbidite sediments of Late
0ligocene - Early Miocene age. The approximate thickness maesured in Tanjung Sakti area
is + 298m.
The Middle to Late Miocene stratigraphy is represented by the Lemau Formation. It

consists of claystones, calcareous siltstones and sandstones, breccias, and thin coal seams
and limestones intercalation, containing abundance of small foram and mollusc which was
deposited in shallow marine up to transitional zone. This Formation is we11 exposed in the
southern area such as Talang Beringin, Air Keruh, Rantau Panjang, Lubuk Tapi, Batang
Rikibesar and Tebing Kekalangan areas. The thickness recorded is+785 m.
The Late Miocene - Pliocene sediment is represented by the Simpangaur Formation. It
consists of tuffaceous sandstones, tuff, tuffaceous siltstones, with intercalation of lignites,
and also typified by abundance of foram and mollusc fragments.. The total thickness is
about 785 m thick.
The youngest stratigraphic unit cropout in this area is the Plio-Pleistocene Bintunan
Formation which laying unconformably upon the older units. It composes of sandstones and
tuffaceous claystones with pumice clast, conglomerates, breccias, limestones with lignite,
and carbon intercalation. Lithologically, compare to the Simpangaur Formation, the
Bintunan Formation in general is coarser than Simpangaur and often containing silicified
wood and pumice clasts. This formation was deposited in shallow marine and fluvial
environment, and it ranges of about 200 m thick.
2.3.SUMATRA BACK ARC BASINS

2.3.1. NORTH SUMATRA BASIN
It is important to emphasize that the present southwest geographical limit of the North
Sumatra Basin at the northeast foot of the Barisan Range does not correspond to the
depositional limit of the Tertiary sediments (Fig. 2.1). The original limit of this deposition
extended much further to the southwest than the more recently uplifted Barisan Range.
This observation is supported by evidence of Baong shale outcrops in the midst of the
mountains and also their presence in the Southwest Sumatra Interdeep. The eastern and
southeastern limits of the basin are formed by the Asahan Arch (or Tebingtinggi Platform;
Fig. 2.9), which separated it, in Tertiary time from the more extensive basin developed in
Central and South Sumatra. At basement level this limit is marked by a north-south flexure,
immediately east of Medan. Eastward from the Medan Flexure structural deformation is
minimal on the platform. The present southwest structural limit of the basin runs along the
Barisan Range, from which it is separated by one or more compressional faults. In the
narrow wedge between the Medan Flexure and the front of the Barisan Range, the
structural trends at basement level are oriented north-south. In this area, a flexure may be
present between Telaga and Basilam, as indicated by the greater depth (3.0 seconds TWT
on seismic sections) of the Belumai Formation in the western than in the eastern block
(approximately 2.5 seconds TWT). There is no evidence that this flexure also exists at
basement level, because the basement configuration become vague wherever the 2-way
seismic time interval between top of Belumai and top of basement is less than 0.2 seconds.
The possible presence of a flexure could be reflected in the right-lateral movement deduced
from the virgation of folds and faults, changing from northwest in the southeastern block,
to north where the flexure would be located if present.
2.3.1.1.1. Basement
The basement (Fig. 2.10) consists of sandstone, limestones or dolomites; they are azoic,
generally dense and fracture, with steep dips up to 45o, but they are not metamorphically
altered. In some plugs or cores, in the absence of dating, these sediments are not easily
recognisable as basement. On the other hand, the high resistivities and velocities generally
constitute a good contrast with those of the overlying beds. Thus the top of this section is
readily identified with the deepest, continuous seismic marker and conveniently been called
“economic basement” (Beicip, 1977).
2.3.1.1.2.Tampur Formation
Tampur Formation (Fig. 2.10) comprises massive, partly biocalcarenites and biocalcilutites.
Chert nodules are found in this formation, whereas the dolorites are common. The
formation also consists of basal conglomeratic and dolomitic limestones. This formation was
deposited in the sublittoral - open marine condition during Late Eocene to Early Oligocene,
formed as transgressive formation overlain by both Bruksah and Bampo Formation. Source
of basal limestone clasts is still unknown but it assumed widely extended in the subsurface.
The Eocene Tampur limestone generally only occurred in Malacca shelf (Rjacudu &
Sjahbuddin, 1994). The rest of the Tertiary history of the North Sumatra Basin can be
divided into three phases: 1)Syn-rift; 2) Transitional (Early Foreland); and 3) Compressional
(Late Foreland; Fig. 2.10). The stratigraphy of the basin is closely related to these
evolutionary phases.
2.3.1.1.3. Early syn-Rift Phase: Bruksah and Bampo Formations
The initial syn-rift phase began in the middle Paleogene (Eocene?) and continued until early
Miocene, during which time the N-S and NE-SW trending horsts, grabens and half-grabens
developed. This was also a time of major marine transgression (defined as a relative rise in
sea level within the basin, probably as a results of back-arc subsidence). Initial graben-fill
consisted of continental sandstones and conglomerates. As the grabens deepened and
transgression progressed, areas of sand deposition decreased and shale deposition
dominated. The later sands accumulated mainly in coastal plain to marine environments.
The shales are typically dark grey to black in color and deposited in deep marine
environment (bathyal). The sands were mainly derived from the Malacca Platform and the
Asahan Arch, augmented by local contributions from the horst blocks, most of which
remained exposed during this time. The conglomerates and sandstones deposited during
this phase comprise the Bruksah Formation (Fig. 2.10), defined by Cameron and others
(1983) from field mapping in the Barisan Mountains. Lithologies include limestone
conglomerates and breccias, micaceous quartzose sandstones, and silty mudstones. The
Bruksah is overlain the Bampo Formation, a locally thick sequence (500 to perhaps 2400 m)
of marine black shale, siltstone, and muddy fine grained. Stratigraphic relationships
indicate that the upper part of the Bruksah is at least partly equivalent in age to the Bampo
Formation.
2.3.1.1.4. Late Syn-Rift to Transitional Phase: Belumai and Peutu Formations
The transitional phase of basin evolution occurred during the early Miocene to early Middle
Miocene and represents a period of relative tectonic activities. Movement on the N-S
trending faults ceased, although back-arc subsidence probably continued. This stage was
characterized mainly by forced regression (sea level constant or rising but sediment influx
sufficient to cause regression) and basin filling. As the central grabens filled and became
shallower, calcareous marine sands and siltstones along with argillaceous and sandy
limestones accumulated in the lows while the highs remained at least intermittently
exposed. These basin-fill deposits comprise the Belumai Formation (Fig. 2.10).
The Belumai is lithologically diverse, both vertically and laterally. Sandstones and siltstones
are generally quartz-rich and tend to be very calcareous (up to 40-50% carbonate). Quartz
content decreases southwest to only 10-30%, presumably as a result of increasing distance
from sand sources on the Malacca Platform. Source areas are the same for the Belumai and
for the older and less calcareous Bruksah clastics. A possible explanation for more calcium
carbonate in the Belumai is that this unit accumulated after widespread shallow seas first
covered pre-Tertiary topography, much of which consists of carbonates. These oceans
might have been nearly saturated (or even super saturated) with calcium carbonate, and
they might have maintained equilibrium by dissolving carbonate bedrock while
precipitating calcite cements. Rapid sedimentation would protect the calcite in the
sandstones from re-dissolution. In some areas, the original calcite has been replaced by
dolomite.
In late early Miocene time, a major marine transgression occurred, probably resulting from
continued subsidence coupled with a eustatic sea level rise. The Malacca Platform and the
central horsts were flooded and became the sites of shallow marine limestone deposition,
including reefs, that comprise the Peutu Formation (Kamili et al., 1976) and a significant
thickness of shale that might fit better in the overlying Baong Formation. Sedimentation of
basinal Belumai deposits (calcareous sand, shale, and argillaceous limestone) continued
during accumulation of Peutu skeletal limestones and reefs on adjacent platforms. This
results in age equivalence between the Peutu and at least the upper part of the Belumai
Formation.
In the deepest parts of the North Sumatra Basin, Belumai-equivalent deposits consist of
dark gray to black marine mudstones and calcareous shales that are difficult to distinguish
from the overlying Baong. Middle and upper Baong shales are greenish gray to brown in
color, but the color of lower Baong shales is dark gray to black. For practical purposes, the
contact between Peutu or Belumai with the overlying Baong is determined by an abrupt
decrease in calcium carbonate.
The contact between the Baong and underlying Peutu or Belumai varies from gradational to
abrupt. Some high-standing Peutu buildups (Arun, South Lho Sukon, Alur Siwah) are
overlain by middle Baong, with the lower Baong section (N8-N12) missing. The entire
Baong section is preserved in other areas. At Kuala Langsa, for example, a massive buildup
of coralline limestone is overlain by lower Baong shale without a noticeable gap in
paleoenvironments (inner neritic to middle neritic) or lithology (limestone to calcareous
shale to shale). Paleontologic evidence does not unequivocally indicate a gap in age, but
seismic profiles show onlap of basal Baong reflectors.
2.3.1.1.5. Early Foreland Basin Fill: Baong Formation
A major transgression accompanied sedimentation of the Peutu/upper Belumai interval. The
onset of this increase in relative sea level may relate to an eustatic rise at about 15.5 m.y.
(N8- N9), but the change from paralic to bathyal environments reflects a reordering of
basinal architecture as well. Changes in the tectonic regime are evident from reactivation
and inversion of the old horst-graben fault systems, initial development of major
transcurrent faulting, and local compressional folding. Regional subsidence accompanying
these changes formed a deep, extensive foreland basin. The Baong Formation filled the
basin with a thick (750-2500 m) section dominated by monotonous gray or brown
mudrocks. The Baong varies in age from Lower to Middle Miocene (N8-N16; Fig. 2.10).
Early workers subdivided this formation vertically into upper, middle, and lower units.
Distribution of Lower Baong shales indicates widespread bathyal conditions. A flood of

Globigerinid foraminifera within the Lower Baong marks a maximum flooding surface at
about the N8/N9 faunal zone. Mudrocks dominate the lower Baong section, but turbidite
sands also occur in areas along the basin margins. In the Middle Baong (N13-N14), the
influx of detrital sand and silt increased from both sides of the basin. This was accompanied
by a general shoaling in paleoenvironments from bathyal to outer or middle neritic water
depths. Sands attributed to both eastern and western sources are similar in composition.
They vary from lithic arenites to lithic arkoses, with sedimentary and metamorphic lithic
clasts. This contrasts sharply with the overlying Keutapang, which contains more volcanic
detritus. Middle Baong sands do not reach the central basin area, but the interval can still
be recognized from increased silt and fine sand content of the mudrocks, brown color (in
contrast to dark gray to black in the lower Baong), and shallower water fauna.
Middle Baong sedimentation ended with a period of tectonic quiescence. Pre-existing
structural highs were eroded, resulting in a widely recognized seismic unconformity of
N-14 age. Except for local reworked sands above the unconformity, overlying Upper Baong
sediments consist of clay-rich mudrocks. Paleoenvironments deepened again to bathyal
water depths, followed by gradual shoaling upward topped by paralic sands of the overlying
Keutapang Formation. The uppermost Baong thus consists largely of basin-filling prodelta
and slope deposits associated with progradation of Keutapang deltas (Fig. 2.11).
2.3.1.1.6. Late Foreland Basin: Keutapang and Younger Formations
The Late Foreland phase completed initial tilling of the basin. Transpressional tectonics
continued, but sediment influx kept pace with basin subsicience. Paralic to alluvial
environments were thus maintained from Late Miocene onward. Sedimentation occurred as
a series of deltaic pulses, which were likely driven by changes in relative sea level and
sediment supply.
The Keutapang Formation marks the first major event of deltaic sedimentation. The unit is
dominated by beds of resistant sandstone, which crop out as a band of ridges with up to
200 m of relief. This precipitous terrain stands out in sharp contrast to gently rolling
topography of recessive Baong shales, and surface relief appears to have guided early
mapping. Actual lithologic contacts are gradational and much less obvious. The Keutapang
varies in thickness from about 700-1500 m in East Aceh. Planktonic foraminifera for this
unit span zones N15/16 to N19, or Late Miocene to Early Pliocene (Fig. 2.10). The unit
consists of gray to gray brown or bluish gray sandstones interbedded with subordinate
shales and rare, thin limestones. Sandstone grains vary in size from very fine grained sand
to pebble conglomerates. Sandstones are commonly glauconitic and/or fossiliferous,
containing gastropod and pelecypod fragments and foraminifera. Coally plant fragments
are common, and interbedded shales are gray, blocky, and highly bioturbated.
Keutapang sandstones are classified as lithic arenites, but, unlike the Baong, lithic clasts
include common to abundant volcanic rock fragments. Sandstone isopachs indicate
derivation from Barisan source terrain to the south and southwest. Keutapang sands are
interpreted to be deposits of sand-rich delta systems that prograded northeastward. Uplift
of the Barisan provided sufficient detritus to extend the shelf platform in this manner and
fill the onshore part of the North Sumatra Basin.
The upper contact of the Keutapang is poorly defined in both outcrop and subsurface, and
this boundary appears to be both gradational and diachronous. Overlying sediments of the
Seurula Formation contain more shale and weather recessively, forming low, rounded hills.
It is early Pliocene in age (N18- N19), and varies in thickness from about 700-900 m.
The Seureula consists of bluish gray shale and subordinate fine to medium and locally
coarse or conglomeratic sandstones. Both sands and shales are fossiliferous and contain
coaly plant fragments. Volcanic clasts are abundant in the sandstones, and shales are
described as rarely tuffaceous (Bennett and others, 1981). Although studied far less than
the subjacent Keutapang, the Seureula consists of volcanic-rich detritus apparently derived
from Barisan sources to the west. These accumulated in generally mud rich delta margin
and deltaic environments. The Late Pliocene Julu Rayeu Formation (Fig. 2.10) consists
largely of coarse clastics. Thin lignites commonly occur in shales interbedded with the
sandstones, and paleoenvironments vary from alluvial to paralic. Unconformably overlying
the Julu Rayeu are geomorphically distinct but poorly exposed Pleistocene terrace deposits
of gravel, sand and mud. These comprise the Idi Formation, described by Bennett and
others (1981) as 50 m of semi-consolidated gravel, sands and mudstone.
Holocene sedimentation has extended the coastal plain 2 to 25 km. north and east of the
high- standing Pleistocene terrace. These recent sediments include lobate to arcuate deltas
of the Jambo Aye, Arakunda, Peureulak, and Tamiang rivers plus intervening chenier plain
and tidal estuarine deposits. The flat, low-lying coastal plain is heavily populated and
supports extensive development of shrimp ponds in coastal marshes and rice cultivation
farther inland.
2.3.2. CENTRAL SUMATRA BASIN
For a complete discussion regarding regional setting of the Central Sumatra Basin we refer
the readers to papers by Mertosono and Nayoan ( 1974), Wongsosantiko ( 1976), and
Eubank and Makki ( 1981), Williams, et. al.,1985. Figure 12 is a summary of the
stratigraphy in this basin. The Central Sumatra Basin was formed during the Early Tertiary
(Eocene-Oligocene) as a series of half grabens arid horst blocks developed in response to an
East-West direction of extensional regime (Eubank & Makki, 1981). A divergent transform
boundary (non-coupling) between the Sunda Microplate and the Indian Oceanic Plate
during Paleogene gave rise to extensional regime and crustal stretching of the western part
of the Sunda Land resulting in the formation of Pematang type grabens (Davies, 1984).
Pematang Graben Development can be divided in 3 stages: 1. Pregraben Stage, minor block
rotation along pre-existing zone of weakness, beginning of the Lower Redbeds deposition;
2. Graben Stage, rapid block rotation/subsidence, development of a deep anoxic lake with
slow deposition of the Brown Shale Formation associated with lateral facies variation such
as alluvial fan along graben and lake margins; 3. Post Graben Stage, slower rate of
subsidence coupled with a major sea-level drop in Upper Oligocene caused worn-down of
the graben rim and the lake was dried up. Subsequently, the lake was fill with coarser
clastic deposits of the Upper Red Beds Formation. A mild tectonic event occurred during
Late Oligocene marked by a major unconformity relationship with the overlying Sihapas
Group. Lower Miocene marine sediments of Sihapas were mainly derived from the Malacca
Land direction, while older section is thought to be locally derived. Biostratigraphy and
seismic data indicate an important non-depositional break separating the Telisa and Petani
Formations. This break probably corresponds to an important tectonic pulse at the initial
time of the Barisan uplift coincident with a major low-stand event during Middle Miocene.
It reflects the reversal of sedimentation from the Malaysian Shield (Lower Miocene) to the
Barisan source (since Middle Miocene) and is considered to be N7 to N12 in age.
Structuring in the Central Sumatra Basin is related to the first order NW-SE trending right
lateral strike-slip fault (the Sumatra Fault System), in response to an oblique northward low
angle subduction of the Indian Ocean Plate beneath the Asian Plate which gave rise to a
transpressional stress system. Neogene structures within the basin are dominantly WNW to
NW trending folds and high angle reverse faults and NNW to N trending right lateral
strike-slip faults. These are all second order structural features in relation to the primary
NW trending of the Sumatra Fault Zone. Minor structures within the Basin are second
order NE trending normal faults and NNE trending third order right lateral strike slip faults
(Verral, 1982). An earlier, Paleogene east-west extensional deformation affected the
Pre-Neogene section, producing large NS trending graben filled with Pematang Formation.
Differential compaction and recurrent movement of this earlier system has a tectonic
overprint on the Neogene structural system.
2.3.3. SOUTH SUMATRA BASIN
The South Sumatra Basin is located to the east of the Barisan mountains and extends into
the offshore areas to the northeast and is regarded as a foreland (back-arc) basin bounded
by the Barisan mountains to the southwest, and the pre-Tertiary of the Sunda Shelf to the
northeast (de Coster, 1974). The South Sumatra Basin was formed during east-west
extension at the end of the pre-Tertiary to the beginning of Tertiary times (Daly et d.,
1987). Orogenic activity during the Late Cretaceous-Eocene cut the basin into four
sub-basins. The following details are after van Gorsel (1988).
The structural features present in the basin are the result of the three main tectonic events
(de Coster, 1974). They are Middle-Mesozoic orogeny, Late Cretaceous-Eocene tectonism
and Plio-Pleistocene orogeny. The first two events provided the basement configuration
including the formation of half grabens, horsts and fault blocks (Adiwidjaja and de Coster,
1973; de Coster, 1974; Pulunggono et al., 1992). The last event, the Plio-Pleistocene
orogeny, resulted in formation of the present northwest-southeast structural features and
the depression to the northeast (de Coster, 1974).
In the South Sumatra Basin the best surface sections are found around the Gumai Mountain
anticline. From old to young the following lithostratigraphic units were described:
2.3.3.1.1. Cretaceous
The complexly folded Pre-Tertiary in the Gumai Mountains contains two different units, the
relations of which are unclear : - Saling Formation: Mainly poorly-bedded volcanic breccias,
tuffs and basaltic-andesitic lava flows, hydrothermally altered to greenstones,. Three
intercalations of dark gray reefal limestone occur, with Mesozoic fossils like the coral
Lovcenipora and the gastropod Nerinea. The Saling Formation rocks may be a Late
Jurassic-Early Cretaceous volcanic island arc association with fringing reefs.
-- Lingsing Formation: Mainly grey-black, thin-bedded shales or slates, with minor interbeds
of green andesitic-basaltic rock, radiolarian-bearing chert and one several tens of meters
thick limestone bed rich in the Early Cretaceous foraminifer Orbitolina, but without corals.
The Lingsing Formation rocks suggest an Early Cretaceous deep water facies. Whether it is
a deep water equivalent of the Saling Formation or whether it is younger or older is not
clear. Both formations were intruded by Late Cretaceous or Early Tertiary granodiorites.
Pulunggono and Cameron (1983) regarded the Gumai Mountains Pre-Tertiary as part of
their Woyla basement terrane, and interpreted it as a possible Cretaceous subduction
complex.
2.3.3.1.2. Paleogene
- Lahat Formation (Musper, 1937)
Unconformably overlying the Pre-Tertiary, but conformable under "Talang Akar" and
Baturaja sediments is a thick (up to 3350m) series of andesitic volcanic breccias, tuffs,
lahar deposits and lava flows, with a remarkable quartz-sandstone horizon in the middle.
Except for some silicified wood, fossils are absent and exact age is uncertain. The formation
is possibly an equivalent of the widespread "Old Andesites" of Sumatra and Java. On Java
these are dated as Oligocene, overlying marine Middle and Late Eocene beds. Three
members are distinguished, from old to young:
1. Lower Kikim Tuff Member: Andesitic tuffs, breccias and some lava beds. Lava beds seem
to decrease in northern direction. Thickness is variable (0-800m). 2. Quartz-sandstone
Member: This member is conformable, or with a minor unconfformity over the Lower Kikim
tuffs, or may directly overlie Pre-tertiary rocks. It could be mapped all around the Gumai
anticline. The base is a .5 to 3m thick conglomerate, followed by finer conglomerates and
sandstones. Cross-bedding is common. Almost all grains are quartz (polycrystalline;
probably derived from granitic rock), but dark cryptocrystalline volcanic rock fragments
were found, too. Thickness varies between 75 and 200m.
3. Upper Kikim Tuff Member Conformable over, the quartz sandstone, and with a gradual
transition, is another series of greenish andesitic volcanics. Overall grain size is finer than
that of the lower member. Fine-grained, well-bedded tuffs and tuffaceous claystones are
interbedded with coarse-grained, lahar-like deposits. Lava flows are extremely rare; most
material appears to be redeposited volcanics. Thickness decreases to the NW from 2500 to
309o, suggesting an eruption center somewhere to the SE (Musper, 1937). The Lahat
Formation underlies the Talang Akar Formation and consists of fluvial or alluvial fan sands,
lacustrine and fluvial clays and coals and it is questionable whether these are the same as
the Lahat volcanics.
2.3.3.1.3. Pre-Baturaja Clastics
In the South Sumatra basin a highly variable complex of clastic sediments is found between
the Lahat volcanics and the Early Miocene marine Baturaja or Telisa Formations. Thick
series are found in predominantly N-S trending grabens (Benakat gully, Lematang trough),
which formed in the Oligocene, perhaps also somewhat earlier. The basal part with
volcanoclastic sediments and lacustrine clays is called Lemat Formation, and is either a
distal facies of the Lahat Formation or, more likely, a younger unit rich in debris from the
Lahat Formation. The upper part of the graben-fill series is the fluvial and deltaic Talang
Akar Formation, which is mainly Late Oligocene in age. Thickness in the oilfield areas is up
to 800-1000 m. Neither the Lemat, nor the Talang Akar Formation have been properly
defined and no type sections were designated.
No good outcrops of these graben fill sediments are known. In surface sections around the
Gumai Mountains clastic sediments between the Lahat Volcanics and Baturaja Formations
are very thin or absent.
Musper (1937) called the thin clastic interval below the Baturaja the "Wood-horizon",
because large silicified tree trunks are common at the base of the unit. Thickness is about
20-30m. In the Cawang Saling section it is a transgressive series, with at the base a few
meters of poorly sorted conglomerates with pebbles of quartz, volcanic rock and silicified
wood, and cross-bedded sandstone (fluvial or alluvial fan deposits). These are overlain by 2
m of lenticular-bedded sand and clay, overall fining-upward (intertidal), followed by l m of
calcareous sandstone with common shallow marine larger foraminifera (Early Miocene;
marine transgressive sand).
2.3.3.1.4. Baturaja Formation
Limestones found in various places near the base of the Telisa Formation are usually
attributed to the Baturaja Formation. It is locally developed shallow water facies of the
lower Telisa shales and should probably be regarded as a member of this formation.
Surface outcrops of Baturaja limestone are found at several places around the Gumai
Mountains. Maximum thickness is about 200m, but is usually less. Both massive reefal
facies and deeper water fine-grained well-bedded limestone with thin marl intercalations
are present. In the subsurface, Baturaja limestones are found only on paleohighs and along
the basin margin. It is absent over low areas with thick graben-fill, where a marine shale
facies with a typical, rich foraminifera assemblage is found (Vaginulina zone; basal Telisa).
Age of this formation is within the early part of the Early Miocene (Upper Te larger foram
assemblages, equivalent of planktonic foram zones N5-N6).
2.3.3.1.5. Telisa Formation (Tobler 1910) / Gumai Formation (Tobler 1906)
The thick series of Early (and locally also early Middle) Miocene deep marine shales and
marls in South and Central Sumatra was described under two different names. The Gumai
Formation is based on sections along the Gumai Mountains, while the Telisa Formation is
named after the Telisa river near Surolangun, Jambi. The formation is characterized by a
thick series of dark grey clays, usually with common planktonic foraminifera that may form
thin white laminae. Whitish tuffs and brown turbiditic layers composed of andesitic
tuffaceous material are locally common. Layers with brown, lenticular calcareous nodules
up to 2 m in diameter are most common in the upper part of the formation.
Thickness of the Telisa Formation is highly variable (from a few hundred to 3000m or
more). This is mostly controlled by differential subsidence; but it probably also reflects the
fact that in the thick, basinal areas the Telisa may include marine lateral equivalents of the
upper Talang Akar, Baturaja and Lower Palembang formations.
Towards the top the open marine Globigerina marls grade into brownish prodelta clays with
fewer planktonics, but until more carbonaceous material and common rotalid foraminifera.
Where sands become frequent (whether deltaic, shallow marine or turbiditic) the overlying
Palembang Formation is reached, but since the transition is usually gradual there is a great
element of subjectivity in picking the boundary.
Age of the formation varies. Where no Baturaja limestone is developed the basal Telisa beds
have zone N4 planktonic foraminifera (earliest Miocene). Where Baturaja is thick the oldest
Telisa beds have zone N6 or N7 faunas (within Early Miocene). The top also varies, from
within zone N8 (latest Early Miocene) to zone N10 (within Middle Miocene), depending on
position in the basin and where the formation boundary is picked.
2.3.3.1.6. Palembang Formation (Air Benakat, Muara Enim and Kasai Formation) This
formation is the "regressive" stage of the South Sumatra basin fill. Facies show an overall
shallowing-upward trend from predominantly shallow marine at the base; through coastal
deposits to fluvial beds in the top member. In detail the formation is composed of numerous
thin transgressive-regressive para-sequences. Three members are distinguished:
- Lower Palembang Member (Air Benakat Fm.) The lower boundary is where significant,
continuous sand beds are found and where the clays have few or no planktonic
foraminifera. The upper boundary is at the base of the lowest coal beds. Sands are usually
glauconitic. Clays contain glauconite, carbonaceous material, shallow marine molluscs and
foraminifera. The basal sands may either be coastal facies (beach, tidal flat, deltaic) or, in
some areas, deeper water turbidites. Thickness of the formation is ranging from 100 m to
1000 m. Outcrops are poor due to softness of the beds. Age is Middle Miocene, possibly
ranging up into the Late Miocene.
- Middle Palembang Member (Muara Enim Fm.) Top and bottom of this unit are defined by
the upper and lower occurrence of laterally continuous coal beds. Thickness in the area
around Muara Enim and Lahat is around 500-700m, about 15% of which is coal. Where the
member is thin, coal beds become very thin or are absent; suggesting subsidence rates
played an important role in coal deposition and preservation. Where studied in detail, the
formation consists of stacked shallowing-upward parasequences, typically l0m-30m thick,
with shallow marine or bay clays at the base, and shoreline and delta plain facies (sand,
clay, coal) at the top. Sands may be glauconitic and contain volcanic debris. Especially the
upper part of the member clear bipyramidal quartz and light-colored acid tuffs are
common. In most of the basin, the coals are low-grade lignites. Only around young andesite
intrusions, like Bukit Asam, the lignites were altered to high-grade coal. In this area coal
occur in three groups: an upper (with 6-7 seams), a middle, and a lower group (Merapi
seam; 8-l0 m). The roofs of coalbeds may be silicified, especially where overlain by tuff beds
(volcanic ash falls). At their base root horizons and in situ true trunks may be found,
suggesting most coals are autochtonous. Tree species identified from the coal point to
upland forest conditions, no elements of mangrove swamp vegetation have been reported
(Musper, 1933). Age of the member has never been determined accurately, but must be
within the Late Miocene - Early Pliocene.
- Upper Palembang Member (Kasai Fm.) Most surface sediments in the South Sumatra
basin are of this unit, but due to its soft rocks exposures tend to be poor and far apart. The
lower 250-350m are characterized by common fine-grained, rhyolitic tephra (acid
air-transported volcanics), i.e. yellow-white pumice tuffs (often with clear bipyramidal
quartz crystals and black hexagonal biotite flakes and tuffaceous sandstones. Coals are
absent. Conglomeratic sandstones and plant material are rare. The upper part of the
member (300-500m thick) still has common quartz-rich pumice tuffs, but also contains
common cross-bedded coarse sandstone and pumice-rich conglomerate beds. For the first
time erosional products from older formations (Telisa, Lahat, Saling, etc.) are found,
suggesting uplift and significant erosion of the Gurnai Mountains within this period. Much
of the upper Palembang may be regarded as synorogenic deposits, developed mainly in
synclines. Depositional facies are fluvial and alluvial fan with frequent ashfalls
(non-andesitic:). Fossils are rare, only some fresh-water molluscs and plant fragments have
been reported (Musper 1933, 1937). Most likely age is Late Pliocene to Pleistocene.
2.3.3.1.7. Quaternary The youngest beds in the region, that are not affected by
the"Plio-Pleistocene" folding, were grouped under the term Quaternary. They may
unconformably overlie Palembang or older formations, and can usually be distinguished
from Palembang beds by the presence of dark-coloured andesitic and basaltic volcanic
rocks. Quaternary andesitic volcanism was particularly abundant in the Barisan Mountains,
but also between the Lematang and Enim rivers, where numerous intrusions and extrusive
products now make up the Bukit Asam, Serelo and Djelapang groups of hills. Other rocks
included: in the Quaternary are the "liparites" (ignimbrites) filling valleys in the Pasumah
region south of the Gumai Mountains, the andesitic tuffs and lahars in the Pasumah region
derived from Barisan volcanoes like Dempo, and terrace deposits along the major rivers.
2.4.BARISAN MOUNTAIN RANGE (after Nishimura, 1980)

2.4.1. ACEH AREA The most prominent topographic element of the island is the Barisan
Range, 1650 km long and about 100 km wide. This range skirts the southern end of the
Andaman Basin. In this area, the stratigraphy and tectonic structure of the Barisan Range
corresponds more with to the northern part of the Sunda mountain system more than to
that of the Sumatran section. The Sumatran trendIines, paralleling those of the Malayan
Peninsula, begin with the N-S trending van Daalen Range which meets the main body of the
Barisan Range at right angles. Here occurs an intersection of Pre-Tertiary trendlines which
belong to two different centres of orogenic activity, that of Mergui and that of the Sunda
Area. The foothills, formed by truncated Tertiary anticlines skirt, the central Pre-Tertiary
mountains of northern Aceh. The Puncak Lemby (2,983 m) is a central knot from which the
van Daalen Range extends northward, the Central Gajo Range westward, and the
Wilhelmina Range southeastward. In southern Aceh, south of Blangkedjeren, a NW-SE
trend of the Barisan System prevails.
2.4.2. TOBA AREA (NORTH SUMATRA) Between the Wampu and the Barumun Rivers, the
Barisan Range display a typical oblong culmination (NW-SE acis of 275 km length and 150
km width). This culmination has been called by van Bemmelen the “Batak Tumor”. In this
“Batak Tumor”, which is about 2,000 m high (Sibuatan, 2,457 m), lies the great Toba area
with Lake Toba.
2.4.3. CENTRAL SUMATRA The Barisan system of central Sumatra consists of a number of
NW-SE trending block mountains. The system is narrowest at its transition into the ”Batak
Timor” near Padangsidempuan from which point it gradually widens southeastward to 175
km in the Padang section. These block mountain ranges are highest on the southwestern
side of the Barisan System, which they attain altitudes of over 2,000 m. They descend
towards the east Sumatran lowlands. The Pre-Tertiary core of the Suligi-Lipat Kain Range
can be traced, via some anticlinal ridges of Tertiary formations to the northwestern corner
of the Tigapuluh Mts., which are situated in the middle of the Tertiary basin of east
Sumatra. The Lisun-Kwantan-Lalo Range plunges southeastward, disappearing under a 50
km wide basin, called the Sub-Barisan Depression, which separates the Tigapuluh Mts.
from the main Barisan System. The fore-Barisan begins in the Ombilin area, east of Lake
Singkarak, where it wedges out between the Lisun-Kwantan-Lalo Range and the Schiefer
Barisan; southeastward it disappears under the Tertiary deposits of the east Sumatra basin.
The schiefer Barisan can be traced along the entire length of the island. The High-Barisan
is particularly well developed in the southern half, south of Padang. In the northern half of
the island no distinction can be made between the Schiefer-Barisan and the High-Barisan,
because Pre-Tertiary rocks are exposed over the entire area, capped by more or less
isolated young volcanoes.
2.4.4. SEMANGKO ZONE (SOUTH SUMATRA) One feature which characterizes the Barisan
geanticline along its entire length is a median depression zone on its top, called the
Semangko zone named after a prototypical section in the Semangko valley of south
Sumatra. This Semangko zone begins in the Semangko Bay of South Sumatra and can be
traced from there to the junction of the Aceh Valley with Banda Aceh at the northern end of
the island. Some sections have been silled and capped by young volcanoes.
Total view of the main structural Trendlines of Sumatra Based upon the above descriptions,
the main structural trendlines of Sumatra may be outlined as follows: The west flank of the
Barisan Range, extending west from the Semangko Zone, is rather regularly formed in the
southern half of the range, south of Padang. This southern part of the west flank was
formed by a long crustal block, which tilted toward the Indian Ocean, while the elevated
northeastern edge breaks down along the Semangko Zone. This tilted block, called the
Bengkulu Block, is similar to the southern mountains of Jawa. The escarpment along the
Semangko Zone general forms the divide between the east and the west coast of Sumatra.
This is the High-Barisan. The west coast rivers are short, having a steep grade towards
Indian Ocean. The rivers descending eastward are much longer, flowing through an
erosional plain, which truncates the anticlines of the Neogene Basin, and then flowing
through a wide alluvial lowlands until they empty into the Sunda Shelf sea and the Strait of
Bangka. The southern end of the Barisan in the Lampung district is nearly 150 km wide.
Here one may distinguish between the west flank, or Bengkulu Block, the top part of the
Lampung Block, and the east flank, or Sekampung Block. North of Lake Ranau the range
narrows to less than 100 km because the Sekampung Block disappears under the Neogene
South Sumatra basin and the Lampong Block becomes covered by Neogene strata. The
Pre-Tertiary besement complex of the latter reappears in the culminations of the Garba,
Gumai- and Tambesi-Rawas Mts., which belong to the Schiefer Barisan, while the edge of
the Bengkulu Block, capped by a series of young volcanic cones, forms the High-Barisan.
Between Padang and Padangsidimpuan the structure of the Barisan Range is less distinct.
It is cut into a number of longitudinal block-mountains both in the east flank and in the west
flank. The latter are exemplified by the Batang Gadis after it has left the Batang Angkola
trough of the Semangko Zone. The Batak tumor part of the Barisan Range is a great dome,
traversed by an arcuate section of the Semangko-rift zone. The northern part of the Barisan
range, of the Batak Tumor, is the most complicated portion of the range. It is into a number
of block mountain structures. The Leuser Block and the western mountains occupy a
position in the South of the Bengkulu Block. The Barisan Range forms a section of the
volcanic inner arc of the Sunda Mountain System. It is separated from the old Sunda
landmass by the Sumatra back-arc basins This downwrap of the Pre-Tertiary basement
complex a backdeep, is filled with Neogene sediments which were folded in Plio-Pleistocene
time. During or after the main phase of folding, a dome was elevated in the center of this
backdeep which now forms the Tigapuluh Mts. In other places the basement complex is
exposed in the cores of Tertiary anticlines. These anticlines have eroded to their basement
levels during their folding so that a primary peneplain of subaerial erosion truncates the
Tertiary anticlines. The Pre-Tertiary basement complex of the Sunda area crops out at some
places in the alluvial marshes along the east coast. These are, in fact, former islands in the
Sunda Shelf Sea which have been connected with the main land of Sumatra by depositions
in subrecent time. Physiographically, the backdeep of the Sunda Mountain System now
forms a lowland in the Sumatra section, while in other sections, with less sedimentation in
Neogene time, the backdeep forms sea basins such as the Andaman Basin of the Mergui
section in north Sumatra. West of the Barisan Range stretches the interdeep of the Sunda
Mountain System which forms the sea basin between Sumatra and the island festoon to the
west. This island chain is part of the non-volcanic outer arc of the Sunda Mountain System.
2.5.SUMATRA INTRA-ARC BASIN

In terms of overall geomorphology of Sumatra, the Ombilin Basin is a median graben which
is situated between the East and West Barisan mountain range (Fig. 2.1). This median
graben extends from south of Solok and trends northwest past Payakumbuh, a distance of
approximately 120 km. Towards the northern end of the basin the median graben is
covered by Quaternary and recent volcanic products of the Malintang, Merapi, Singgalang,
and Maninjau volcanoes. Despite the relatively small size of the basin, 1500 sq km, (25 x 60
km, Figure 2), the basin fill is very thick. Up to 4,600 meters of Tertiary sediments, ranging
in age from Eocene to early middle Miocene is preserved in the Ombilin Basin (Koning,
1985). Major river drainage of the Ombilin Basin is provided by the Ombilin, Sinamar and
Palangki Rivers along with their many tributaries. Mean elevation of the central basin is
approximately 400 meters. However, in the northern portion of the Ombilin Basin, Merapi
and Malintang volcanoes reach elevations of 2891 and 2262 meters respectively.
2.5.1. TECTONIC SETTING The Ombilin Basin is a northwest-southeast trending, elongate,
sedimentary basin. The basin is located within the Barisan Mountain range of West and
Central Sumatra. The area is unique since it is one of the few intermontane basins in
Indonesia which exposes early to middle Tertiary lacustrine sediments, thick sequences of
stacked braided stream deposits, and marginal alluvial debris fans. The presence of
economically important coal bearing strata in the Sawahlunto Formation has generated
much geologic interest in the area. The Ombilin Basin has a complex history of reverse,
wrench and extensional tectonism. Initial basin configuration and quantity of sediment in
the Ombilin Basin is due to a north- south compression which created a graben dog leg or
pull apart style basin in the Ombilin and Payakumbuh region. This compression was
introduced by the subduction of the Indian- Australian plate beneath the Sunda Craton
(Figure 4). Subduction started in the early middle Eocene (Daly 1990) and created an
extensional tectonic regime which formed numerous grabens in a back arc extensional
tectonic setting. The Bengkalis trough, Aman, Kiri, Jambi and Palembang depressions are
examples of this type of basin development. The Ombilin Basin is believed to be similar in
evolution to these grabens and portray an early example of one of these features.
2.5.2. STRATIGRAPHY Many authors proposed different stratigraphic nomenclatures of this
basin. The following stratigraphic description is after Kosoemadinata & Matasak (1981),
Kastowo & Silitonga (1975), and summarized by Fletcher & Yarmanto (1993).
2.5.2.1. PRE-TERTIARY STRATIGRAPHY The pre-Tertiary framework of Sumatra consists of
a mosaic of continental and oceanic microplates accreted in the late Triassic when the
Mergui, Malacca, and East Malaya microplates were joined together to form the Sunda
Craton. Further accretion followed during late Mesozoic times involving the Woyla Terrains
(Pulunggono & Cameron, 1984). The Ombilin Basin is largely floored by meta-volcanics and
meta-sediments of the Mergui accretionary terrain. These consist of limestones and
marbles from the Carboniferous Kuantan Formation and meta-volcanics from the Permian
Silungkang Formation. West of the Ombilin Basin fenesters of the Woyla oceanic
accretionary terrain sporadically outcrop between Quaternary volcanic deposits. The
sequence consists predominantly of limestones from the Permian Silungkang and Triassic
Tuhur Formations. Pre-Tertiary sedimentary rocks of the Mergui and Woyla accretionary
terrains were intruded by granites, granodiorites, quartz diorites, and quartz porphyries of
various ages. Radio- metric dating indicates an Upper Jurassic to Cretaceous age for most
outcrops (Koning, 1985). However, samples have been dated from Permian to Quaternary
(Figure 8).
2.5.2.2. TERTIARY STRATIGRAPHY PALEOGENE The coarse grained Brani Formation
consists of fanglomerates and debris flow sediments deposited along active basin bounding
faults from late Paleogene to middle Eocene (Fletcher & Yarmanto. 1993). They are
predominantly reddish brown to purple with mottling indicating the presence of rootlets or
burrows. Style of sedimentation indicates these deposits are fanglomerates and debris
flows are a result of rapid uplift along the flanks of newly formed grabens (Whateley &
Jordan, 1987). During the early evolution of the Ombilin Basin in Eocene times, organic rich
lacustrine sediments of Sangakarewang Formation was deposited in the central portion of
the basin. These sediments rapidly thinned towards the basin margins where they
coalesced with alluvial fan and debris flow sediments which contributed conglomeratic and
breccia material from up-thrown fault blocks where basement was exposed. Concurrently,
the surrounding margins of the basin were the site of coarse grained, alluvial fan
sedimentation. These fan sediments were sourced from up thrown fault blocks around the
margin of the basin (Figure 11). Sawahlunto Formation is late Eocene to early Oligocene in
age and unconformably overlies Sangkarewang, Brani and basement. This formation is the
most economically important unit in the area due to its large coal reserves, outcrops
extensively along the western margins of the Ombilin. It is a fining upward sequence
deposited in a flood plain/mire type depositional environment (Whateley and Jordan, 1987).
The base of the sequence consists of grey, fine to medium grained, well sorted sandstones.
Sands commonly have an erosional base and are interbedded with finer grained, clays, and
coals. This sandstone rich basal sequence is overlain by ripple laminated, carbonaceous,
si1tstones and shales. The entire sequence is capped by a series of interbedded grey
mudstones, coal, and organic rich shales. The Rasau Member of the Sawahtambang
Formation is reported to be locally developed along the western portion of the Ombilin
Basin and represents a transition between the meandering stream sediments of the
Sawahlunto Formation and braided stream sediments of the Sawahtambang Formation. It is
included in Koesoemadinata and Matasak’s classification as a basal member of the
Sawahtambang Formation and is dated as lower to late early Oligocene. The Rasau Member
is characterized by interbedded coarse grained sandstones and argillaceous siltstones
During Oligocene times, the basin became dominated by parasequence sets of continental
sediments deposited in a flood plain or meandering river depositional environment of
Sawahtambang Formation. These deposits consist of interbedded siltstones, claystones and
fine to coarse-grained sandstones commonly representing alluvial channel fills (DeSmet,
1991). Locally, coals up to 18 meters thick were deposited in interlobe, ”mire-type”
depositional environments along the western margin of the basin (Whateley & Jordan,
1989). In the late Oligocene the Ombilin Basin became increasingly fluvial, dominated by
braided stream deposits of Sawahtambang Formation. The areal extent of these formations
increased during this phase of deposition and reached its maximum during late Oligocene
to early Miocene (Situmorang, 1991). Thick sequences of fine to coarse grained channel
sandstones are commonly stacked several tens up to 100’s of meters thick (Plate 3).
NEOGENE Conformably overlying the braided stream sediments of late Oligocene age are
Ombilin Formation calcareous shales and marls representing a major marine incursion
which inundated the Ombilin Basin area as-well-as much of Sumatra. Increased tectonic
coupling between the Sunda Craton and Indian-Australian plate in the late
Miocene-Pliocene marked the culmination of the Barisan orogeny creating the complex
wrench tectonic framework we presently observe in West Sumatra. The Ombilin Formation
consists of grey, silty to slightly sandy, moderately calcareous mudstones with common
carbonaceous material. Interbedded with mudstones are off-white to white, very fine to fine
grained, calcareous, glauconitic sandstones and soft, off-white, calcareous siltstones.
Thickness of Ombilin Formation varies dramatically in different portions of the basin. In the
northern arm of the basin seismic interpretation show up to 4000 meter of marine shales
have accumulated (Per. comm. Vard Nelson, 1993 in Fletcher & Yarmanto, 1993). However,
in Sinamar-1 well only 692 meters were encountered. Volcanic activity in the area reached
its peak during Late Pleistocene-Holocene time and the volcanic products are grouped as
Ranau Formation. Composition of the deposits varies but generally consists of andesite to
basalt lava flows, lahar deposits and tuffs. Provenance for the Ranau Formation is from a
combination of the Maninjau, Merapi, Malintang, and Singallang volcanoes. The volcanoes
are situated both along and at right angles to the Sumatra Fault zone. The
northwest-southeast volcanic trend is easily explained by formation along a weaker crustal
zones created by strike slip rnovement along the Sumatra Fault Zone. However, the
east-west trend is more difficult to explain and is postulated to be a response to crustal
weakening around releasing bends between the Ombilin Basin and Payakumbuh Subbasin.
2.6.REGIONAL STRUCTURES
Along the Java-Sumatran trench system the Indo-Australian plate is subducting under the
Eruasian plate with a convergence rate of 75 mm/yr (Minster and Jorda, 1978; DeMets et
al., 1990). Analysis of slip vectors deducted from earthquake focal mechanisms suggests an
approximately N-tending convergence between these two plates (Jarrard, 1986; McCaffrey,
1991). Off Java, where the average trench azimuth is approximately N100oE, the
convegence is nearly normal to the Java Trench and is essentially accomodated by the
subduction process. Conversely, because the azimuth of the Sumatra Trench, West of the
Sunda Strati, is N140oE, the convegenceis oblique. Mechanically, this convergence
obliquity has to be accomodated both by subduction (aconvegence component normal to the
trench) and strike-slip deformation (a convergence component parallel to the trench). The
strike-slip deformation is interpreted as being located along the Great Sumatran Fault
System (Fitch, 1972; Beck, 1983; Jarrard, 1986b). This NW-trending fault zone is a major,
1650-km-long structure of, right-lateral strike-slip fault segments that follows the Sumatra
magmatic arc and parallesl the trench, from north to south, from the Andaman Sea
back-arc basin to the Sunda Strait extensional fault aone. The slip rate of the Great
Sumatran Fault has been indirectly estimated, from global plate motions and the opening
rate of nearby basins, and directly calculated from measurements of offsets along its trace.
Assuming that the Great Sumatran Fault zone is accomodating all the trench-parallel
component of the convergence between the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates. The slip
rate of the Sumatra Fault System should range between 30 and 50 mm/yr (Jarrard, 1986).
This high slip rate on the Sumatra Fault System appears high when compared to the
relatively moderate activity of the crustal seismicity and the slip rate estimated in southern
Sumatra (Pramudmijoyo, 1991; Pramumijoyo et al., 1991). High resolution SPOT image
analyses of the Great Sumatran Fault trace have confirmed its right lateral strike-slip style.
These images show right lateral offsets of geomorphologic surface features such as
streams, calderas and lineaments. Precise offset measurements performed along the
Sumatra Fault System have shown that its dextral slip rate increases to the northwest
(Bellier et al., 1993), from 6+4 mm/yr in southern Sumatra (at about 5oS) (Bellier et al.,
1991) to 28 mm/yr (Shieh et al., 1991) in norther Sumatra near Lake Toba (at about
2o10’N). However, the northern Sumatra Fault slip rate is still too low to accommodate the
whole trench-parallel compnenet of the convergence. This suggests that a combination of
two models should accommodate the 30 mm/yr slip rate difference between northern and
southern Sumatra; that is, slip transfer to the Mentawai Fault Zone (Diament et al., 1991,
1992; Malod et al., 1993) along the Batee Fault link and northwestward stretching of the
fore-arc platelet (McCaffrey, 1991), to explain the along-strike variation in slip rate south of
the Batee Fault.
2.7.SOURCES
Bona Situmorang: research on North Sumatra Danny Hilman: PhD on Sumatra Fault
Source: http:/ / en. wikibooks. org/ w/ index. php? oldid=1427043

Contributors: Herman Darman, Mike.lifeguard, 1 anonymous edits
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The Geology of Indonesia/Sumatra 1

The Geology of Indonesia/Sumatra

2.1.SUNDA OUTER-ARC RIDGE

2.1.1.1. OYO COMPLEX MELANGE

2.2.SUNDA FORE ARC BASINS

The Middle to Late Miocene stratigraphy is represented by the Lemau Formation. It

2.3.SUMATRA BACK ARC BASINS

Distribution of Lower Baong shales indicates widespread bathyal conditions. A flood of

2.4.BARISAN MOUNTAIN RANGE (after Nishimura, 1980)

2.5.SUMATRA INTRA-ARC BASIN

Source: http:/ / en. wikibooks. org/ w/ index. php? oldid=1427043

1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

How to use this License for your documents

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