Geology of Java - Wikibook

The Geology of Indonesia/Java & Java Sea 1
The Geology of Indonesia/Java & Java

Sea
Java, with a backbone comprising a subduction-induced volcano-plutonic arc, is considered
classically as the southernmost leading edge of the continental Sunda Plate, overriding the
oceanic Australia-Indian plate. In fact, the structural configuration is that of alternating
highs and transverse depressions related to a more complex pattern, where discrete crustal
blocks can be interpreted as pieces separated from the original monolithic craton. Two
dynamic processes interact: • Collision of blocks in Pre-Tertiary times by closing of oceanic
gaps is recorded or marked by roughly east-west ophiolitic belts (Ciletuh in West Java, Lok
Ulo in Central Java) but the colliding pieces are not clearly identified. • Lateral
displacement between blocks in Tertiary times is made by transcurrent faulting,
components of large-scale strike-slip movement in response to the plate-convergence
process itself. Those mechanisms are part of extensional and convergent global geotectonic
events to which are related platform, fore-and back-arc basin sedimentation, and
occurrence of volcanism. Offshore North Java, some extensional, half-graben and
graben-like, transverse depressions, which are among the richest oil-provinces in the
country (Sunda Basin, Arjuna Depression), locally extend to the land area where they merge
into east-west back-arc basins. The Java Island and the adjacent Java Sea is divided into two
major provinces West and East Java. The dividing line between these two areas is chosen as
a meridian-line, roughly joining the Karimun-Jawa Islands to Semarang continuing
southwards on land (Fig. 4.1). The south Java outer arc-basin is also included within this
chapter.
4.1.WEST JAVA
4.1.1. TECTONIC SETTING
The West Java region currently marks the transition between frontal subduction beneath
Sumatra, to the west. However, the region has been continuously active tectonically since
rifting in the Eocene. The Eocene rifting, as throughout SE Asia, was probably related to
the collision between India and Asia (e.g. Tapponier et al. 1986) and involved a significant
influx of coarse clastic sediments. The Oligocene-Recent history is more dominated by
subduction-related volcanism and limestone deposition. In general, West Java may be
subdivided into the following tectonic provinces: (see Figure 4.2; modified after Martodjojo,
1975; Lemigas, 1975, and Keetley et al, 1997) • Northern basinal area: A relatively stable
platform area, part of the Sundaland Continent, with N-S trending rift basins offshore and
adjacent onshore, filled with Eocene-Oligocene non-marine clastics, overlain by Miocene
and younger shallow shelf deposits. • Bogor Trough foreland basins composed of Miocene
and younger sediments mostly deeper water sediment gravity flow facies. Young E-W
trending anticlines formed during a recent episode of north-directed compressive
structuring; • Modern Volcanic Arc: Active andesitic volcanism related to subduction of
Indian Oceanic Plate below Sundaland Continent (Gede-Panggrango, Salak, Halimun, etc.,
volcanoes). • Southern slope regional uplift: mainly Eocene-Miocene sediments, including
volcanic rocks belonging to the Old Andesite Formation. Structurally complex, N-S trending
block faults, E-W trending thrust faults and anticlines and possible wrench tectonism.
South-West Java contains a number of sedimentary basins that formed within the axial
ridge and in the area between the volcanic arc and submerged accretionary prism
associated with the northward subduction of the Indian Oceanic Plate. • Banten Block: The
most western part of Java Island which may be subdivided into Seribu Carbonate Platform
in the north, Rangkas Bitung sedimentary sub-basin, and Bayah High in the south. In the
west there are minor low and highs so called Ujung Kulon and Honje High, and Ujung
Kulon and West Malingping Low (Lemigas, 1975; Keetley et al, 1997).
4.1.2 NORTHWESTERN BASINAL AREA
4.1.2.1 TECTONIC FRAMEWORK
The Northern offshore and adjacent onshore basinal area comprises two major basins so
called North West Java Basin and Sunda-Asri Basinal area (Fig. 4.3). The northern part of
this area is dominated by extensional faulting with very minimum compressional
structuring. The basins were dominated by rift related fault which contain several
depocentres. In the NW Java Basin the main depocentres are called the Arjuna Basin North,
Central and South and the Jatibarang Sub-basin. The depocentres are dominantly filled with
Tertiary sequence with thickness in excess of 5,500 meters. The significant structures
observed in the northern basinal area consist of various type of high trend area associated
with faulted anticline and horst block, folding on the downthrown side of the major faults,
keystone folding and drape over basement highs. Rotational fault blocks were also observed
in several areas. The compressional structuring were only observed in the early NW-SE rift
faults. These faults were reactivated during Oligocene time forming several series of
downthrown structure associated with transpresional faulting in the Sunda area. Although
the Northwest Java basin area is currently positioned in a back arc setting, the West Java
Sea rift systems did not form as back-arc basins. Extension direction fault patterns and
basin orientation of the Northwest Java basins suggest that the sub-basinal areas are
pull-apart basins at the southern terminus of a large, regional, dextral strike-slip system;
i.e. the Malacca and Semangko fault zones propagating down to the west flank of the Sunda
craton. Through both Eocene-Oligocene rift phases, the primary extension directions were
NE-SW to E-W. Two observations support the interpretations that these basins are not
back-arc related; 1) the extension direction for the WJS rifts is nearly perpendicular to the
present subduction zone, 2) a thick continental crust is involved (Hamilton, 1979). The NW
Java depression is asymmetrical, with its deepest Arjuna Sub-basin lies at the foot of the
Arjuna Plateau, separated by a major N-S trending fault. The basin opens southward into
the onshore Ciputat, Pasir Putih and Jatibarang Sub-basins, separated by the
Rengasdengklok and Kandanghaur – Gantar Highs, respectively. The sub-basins are
characterised by the presence of alternating highs and lows bounded by extensional
deep-seated faults which were active during sedimentation. The Jatibarang Sub-basin is
bounded by the Kandanghaur - Gantar- horst-block to the west, and the Cirebon fault, east
and north-eastwards. This major growth-fault is responsible for an important accumulation
of Tertiary rocks including the Jatibarang volcanics, in the Jatibarang Sub-basin. The Vera
Sub-basin is a deep Mesozoic and Tertiary depression NE of Arjuna Sub-basin. This
sub-basin is bounded by some major faults, especially to the south. The structures
orientation is SW and SSW, similar to the direction of the Billiton Basin where Mesozoic (?)
sediments are also known. The Sunda-Asri basinal area consists of Sunda and Asri basin.
This structural element is the westernmost basin of the northern basinal area of West Java.
The Sunda Basin is a roughly northsouth depression with its main depocenter, the Seribu
half graben, at its eastern edge, separated from the Seribu platform by steep flexures and
faults. To the west, the basin is bounded by the Lampung High, to the south by the Honje
High and to the north the Xenia arch separates the Sunda Basin from the Asri Basin. The
Sunda Basin is the deepest basin in the northern basinal area of Java, where the basement
is more than 3.8 second TWT, in the downthrown block of the Sunda/Seribu fault. A series
of normal faults dissect the area in small horst and graben features. The Asri Basin, located
to the northeast of the Sunda Basin, is the second deep basin in the region with basement
as deep as 3.0 sec. TWT. It is limited from the Sunda platform eastwards by a major normal
fault. To the northwards and westwards, it is bordered by steep gradients and is dissected
by normal faults.
4.1.2.2 STRATIGRAPHY
The sediments of the West Java Sea basins are grouped into two very distinct sedimentary
units which are the rift related sediment fills dominated by nonmarine / continental
sedimentary sequences and the post-rift (sag) basin fills dominated by marginal marine and
marine sedimentary sequences. In the following discussion, the sediment sequences are
divided into five different tectonostratigraphic units based on their tectonic origins (Kohar
et al, 1996).
4.1.2.2.1 Basement
The sedimentary sequence of the North West Java Sea basins rests on a multi-complexes of
a Pre-Tertiary basement representing the continental crest of the Sundaland. The basement
assemblage (Fig. 4.4) is composed of metamorphic and igneous rocks primarily of
Cretaceous and old ages and subordinate limestones and clastic sediments of possible Early
Tertiary age. This melange of low-grade meta-sedimentary, igneous, and meta-igneous
rocks is the result of subduction-related accretionary processes associated with the
Meratus Suture (Fig. 4.1) which was active during the Cretaceous and Paleocene.
Metamorphic grade varies widely throughout the sub-basins indurated limestones to low
grade metamorphic philites. Based on basement dating, regional metamorphism ended
during the Late Cretaceous, while deformation, uplift, erosion and cooling continued into
the Paleocene. Late Cretaceous to Paleogene calc-alkalic magmatism occurred throughout
onshore and offshore Java due to normal subduction related processes. Andesitic
magmatism continued into the early Eocene. Another important igneous event in the West
Java Basin, was a Pliocene phase of alkali basalt magmatism which is preserved as either
sills or dikes or as volcanic edifices. Based upon the deep going, mostly extensional-fault
series, the basinal area could be divided into alternating graben-like sub-basin and positive
ridge or platforms. Figure 4.3 displays the basin configuration of the West Java Sea basinal
area.
4.1.2.2.2. Early Rift Fill (Paleocene ?/Eocene to Early Oligocene)
The early rift fills include the Banuwati Formation in the Sunda Basin and the Jatibarang
Formation in the Arjuna Sub-basin. Continental and lacustrine systems dominated these
sequences. The early rift fills are typically composed of immature clastics ranging from
alluvial fanglomerate and conglomeratic sandstones to fluviatile sandstones and shales,
culminated by anoxic lacustrine shales deposition in the Sunda Basin. Further east, in the
Arjuna Sub-basin, the sequence is represented by alternating volcanic clastics and
lacustrine clastics composed of andesitic volcaniclastics flow and tuff mixed with basement
derived sediments (Gresko et. al.,1995). The early rift fills overlie basement and present in
most of the deepest part of the Sunda, Asri and Arjuna Sub-basins. The alluvial fan facies
which composed mainly of conglomerates, coarse to medium grained sandstones associated
with basin margin fault. Its thickness ranges from 200 m to 30 m in a distance of 3 miles
and until finally shales out to the south. It is interpreted that the alluvial fan deposition
associated with a NW-SE trending basin margin fault, forms the early rift fill sediments, and
progrades into a possible lake environment further south. The fluviatile sandstones and
shales facies which onlap the alluvial fan facies. The fluviatile sandstones is interpreted as
an axial channel fill if they are associated with alluvial fan and as a braided alluvial plain
deposition on the western flank of the early rift graben (hanging wall fill). The third facies
is transgressive deep lacustrine facies composed of black shales which covers the entire
Banuwati area in the Sunda and Asri basins.
4.1.2.2.2. Syn-rift fills (Oligocene to Early Miocene)
Unconformably overlying the early rift fills is a thick syn-rift fill unit represented by the
Talangakar Formation in the west and lower Cibulakan/Talangakar Formation in the east.
This unit is present throughout the Nort East Java Basin, filling the series of half grabens of
the West Java Sea Basin (Fig. 4.4). The Talangakar is divided into two members, the lower
member of Zelda member and the upper member so called Gita member. The syn-rift fills
include only the Zelda Member and are of economic importance as primary oil reservoirs in
major oil fields (Cinta, Widuri, Zelda, BZZ) in the Sunda, Asri and Arjuna basins. The
sequence is Oligocene to Early Miocene in age and dominated by non marine sediments
composed of interbedded fluviatile sandstones, shales and coals. Overbank mudstones and
occasionally shallow lacustrine mudstones fill the interchannel area. In the Arjuna area
coals, limestones and marine shales are also present in the upper part of the syn-rift unit.
The coal and carbonaceous mudstones have been typed as the main hydrocarbon source
rock for the Arjuna crude (Gresko et. al., 1995, Sukamto et. al., 1995). Maximum thickness
of this unit is 2000 m in Seribu Deep Basin and Asri Basin. Age determination is
problematic in the syn-rift fill unit as diagnostic pollen and fossils are absent. The age
determination was based on the overlying post-rift unit (Upper Talangakar) and the
underlying Banuwati lacustrine unit and a thought that this unit has an Oligocene to Early
Miocene age.
4.1.2.2.3. Early Sag Basin Fills (Post Rift, Early Miocene to Middle Miocene)
The early sag basin fills represent the overall transgressive setting in the Java Sea area
related to the sea level rise during Early Miocene time. At this time the basin boundaries
between the subbasins (Sunda, Asri, Hera and Arjuna) were not clearly defined. Basin
bounding faults perhaps, were still active locally but subsidence had decreased significantly
and rifting had ceased. Consequently, accommodation space was not entirely controlled by
the movement of the faults for these post-rift sag successions. The overall depocentre
shows a relatively symmetrical, work shape basin throughout the West Java Sea area. Non
depositions continue to occur on paleohighs until Baturaja carbonate deposition
commenced during Middle Miocene time, forming a bald area for the marginal marine
deposition of the early syn-rift fills. The early sag basin fills (post-rift) include the previously
described as Upper Talangakar (Gita and marine Talangakar Formation) and the
carbonates of the Baturaja Formation and conformably overlie the syn-rift fills throughout
the basin (Fig. 4.4). The lithology in the early sag basin fills is composed of interbedded
sandstones, siltstones, mudstones and coal, and marine shales overlain by a continue
succession of platform to reefal carbonates (Baturaja). The sandstones and reefal
carbonates of the early sag basin fill unit contain importance hydrocarbon reservoirs for
most of the oil and gas fields in the area. The non marine clastics are dominated by
channel, point bar and marine bar sandstones deposited in a wide range of environments
from low sinuosity channel on alluvial plain, distributary channel to marginal marine bars.
Coals and overbank mudstones and siltstones filled the interchannel area, form an
intraformational seal for the prolific fluvial sandstones of the early sag fills unit. As
transgressive process continues fluviatile and deltaic sandstones, coals and non marine
shales deposition ceased, marine environment gradually advanced onto the highs. Reefal
carbonates grew on basement highs (i.e. Krisna, Bima, Rama) forming a fringing reef
complex around the highs.
4.1.2.2.4. Main Sag Basin Fills (Middle Miocene-Late Miocene)
The main sag basin fills is dominated by shallow marine (neritic) to nearshore and deltaic
facies include the Gumai, Air Benakat and Parigi Formation in the SE Sumatra area and
most of the Upper Cibulakan Formation and Parigi Formation in the Northwest Java Basin
(Fig. 4.4). During middle Miocene to Late Miocene the overall West Java Sea area were
connected forming large sag basin. The lower part of the main sag fills occasionally onlaps
the basin flank but by the end of Late Miocene shallow marine deposition covered the West
Java Sea area. In the Sunda-Asri area the main sag basin fills are dominated by shallow
marine clastics consisting of marine mudstones, calcareous and glauconitic sandstones and
thin limestone stringers. The sequence is culminated by extensive platform carbonate
deposition with some local carbonate build-up (reef) within the Air Benakat limestones. The
Gumai-Air Benakat Formation sandstones are 10 to 70 feet thick and interbedded with
shallow marine mudstones, they typically show a coarsening upward sequences. Locally,
carbonate build-up also developed in the southern basin margin area. In the
Rengasdengklok High/Seribu Shelf near the Northwest Java coastal area a series of thick
reefal carbonates (Mid-Main carbonate) developed on a roughly N-S trending parallel to the
regional basement fault blocks of the area. The carbonate build up consists of skeletal
wackestone and packstone with the main grain constituents are corals, benthonic
forminifera, bivalves, echinoderm fragments, red algae and minor quartz and glauconite
grains. The age of this carbonate build up is thought to be Middle Miocene (NN5-NN9 age).
Shallow marine carbonate sedimentation continued of reefal build-ups in the upper part of
the main sag basin fills, previously called the Pre-Parigi and Parigi Formation Shallow
marine mudstones, shales and glauconitic sandstones filled the inter-reef and open marine
area. The distribution of the Pre-Parigi and Parigi build-ups shows a N-S and NW-SE
elongation, these build-ups commonly grew on a basement high or on an underlying
Baturaja build-up which caused only a slight topographic elevations (Fig. 4.5). The
carbonate build-up comprises a combination of skeletal packstone, wackestone, and
grainstone interbedded with mudstone lithofacies. On seismic section the geometry and
distribution of these build-ups were clearly identified as well defined sub-elliptical
build-ups.
4.1.2.2.5. Late Sag Basin Fills (Pliocene-Pleistocene)
Late sag basin fills represent the latest sedimentary sequence below the present day
sedimentation of the West Java Sea area that include the Cisubuh Formation. In the west,
the late sag basin fills composed of marine claystone and mudstone and culminated in the
continental deposits of conglomerate and volcanic clastic sediments. The continental
deposition occurred during the sea level low of the Pleistocene time, approximately 1.5 Ma
ago, when the Sumatra and Java Islands were part of the main Sundaland to the north.
Sandstones and conglomeratic sandstones interpreted as fluvitile sandstones and volcanic
clastic are the main lithology of the Cisubuh continental. To the east, in the Arjuna basinal
area, this unit is composed entirely of marine claystone and mudstone with thin sand
stringers. Shallow marine deposition continued in the south eastern part of the Sundaland
covering the western part of the North West Java Basin.
4.1.3. BOGOR TROUGH
4.1.3.1. TECTONIC FRAMEWORK
To the South of the northern basinal area, the north-south orientation of the structures,
sub-basins and high is overprinted by an east-west feature of the Bogor Trough where the
influences of the volcano-magmatic and its compressional effect are primordial (Fig. 4.2).
The entire Bogor Trough is a thrust-fold belt and towards the north, the system is
progressively younger in age, starting from Lower Miocene in the south to Plio-Pleistocene
in the north. All sediments supplied from the North are shaling out here. Volcaniclastics
were brought from the South. The Bogor Trough extends eastwards to the northern East
Java region.
The Bogor Sedimentary Province (Fig. 4.5) is filled by 3 systems of sedimentation including
the Ciletuh, Bayah and Jatibarang Formations. The mostly Middle to Late Eocene Ciletuh
Formation (1400m) lies on top of a Late Cretaceous to Paleocene (possibly earliest
Eocene?) subduction complex composed of mostly dismembered Pre- Tertiary oceanic crust
and other rock units. Lower slope turbidites consisting of alternations of both
volcaniclastics and conglomerates with fewer intercalations of volcanic and polymict
breccia and claystone characterize the Ciletuh deposits. The second system consists of the
transitional to shallow marine quartzose sandstones of the Bayah Formation which are also
believed to be mainly Middle to Late Eocene in age. Intercalations of claystone and lignite
are common. Marine sediments belonging to the Oligocene Batuasih Formation
unconformably overlie this unit. These consists of marls, black claystones and shales which
partly interfinger with the Oligo-Miocene Rajamandala Formation reefa1 limestones (90m).
These are often thought of as equivalents of the Batu Raja Limestone. The third
sedimentary system is characterized by volcanic sediment gravity flows. The lowermost of
these is the Early Miocene Jampang Formation, consisting of breccias and tuffs up to
1000m thick. The name ”Old Andesite” is frequently used for this unit. Correlative with the
Jampang and located further to the north is the Citarum Formation, consisting of tuffs and
greywackes up to 1250m thick. These two formations are believed to represent
contemporaneous components of the same deep marine fan system, where the Jampang
Formation corresponds with the proximal fan deposits, and the Citarum Formation, the
distal fan deposits. The Jampang is overlain by the Bojonglopang Formation limestone. In
the northern areas of the Bogor Basin the Citarum is overlain by the Middle Miocene
Saguling Formation which consists of breccias up to 1500m thick. This is overlain by
claystones and greywackes of the Upper Miocene Bantargadung Formation (600m) which is
followed by the gravity flow breccias of the Late Miocene Cantayan Formation. The
sediments within the first and second systems were derived from the north, while the third
system was derived from the south. (Schiller, 1993)
4.1.4. VOLCANIC ARC
The modern volcanic arc is an active andesitic volcanism related to subduction of Indian
Ocanic Plate below Sundaland Continent (Gede-Pangrango, Salak, Halimun, etc.,
volcanoes). Results of previous work in West Java suggest the occurrence of volcanic
producs of Late Tertiary magmatic activity; for example Pertamina (1988) recorded a K-Ar
age of 12.0+ 0.1 Ma from a calc-alkaline pyroxene-andesite lava which represents part of
the basement of the Quaternary Wayang Volcano. Pertamina (1988) study concluded those
volcanic rocks in West Java range in age from 4.36+0.04 Ma to 2.62+0.03 Ma suggesting
continuous magmatic activity during Pliocene time. The youngest age of volcanic rockwas
obtainies from west of Pelabuhanratu (SW Java), where the K-Ar dating of the lava flow is
1.33+0.28 Ma (Soeria-Atmadja et al., 1994). See chapter 4.4 for further details on the
magmatic arc.
4.1.5. SOUTHERN SLOPE REGIONAL UPLIFT
The southern mountains, some 50 km wide, extend from Pelabahanratu Bay to
Nusakambangan Island. These represent the southern flank of the Java synclinal structure,
an uplifted crustal block dipping to the south. The oldest rocks in the southern mountains
are schists, phyllites and quartzites into which have intruded ultrabasic rocks. These rocks,
which are exposed in the southwestern corner of island (the Jampang), are covered
uncomformably by the Ciletuh formation of conglomerates and sandstone of late Eocene to
early Oligocene- age (Baumann et al., 1973). Unconformably, on the top of Ciletuh
formation, is the Jampang formation of early Miocene age. The Gabon formation in the
eastern part of western Java is similar to this Jampang formation. The Jampang formation
consists primarily of volcanic sed1ments such as brecciaous marl and clay. The underlying
Ciletuh formation has been intruded by quartz porphyry, which might have brought the ore
of the Cibitung gold mines (Nishimura & Hehuwat, 1980).
4.1.6. BANTEN BLOCK
4.1.6.1 TECTONIC FRAMEWORK
The Banten Block comprises several structural highs and lows (Fig. 4.2). The Seribu
Platform has a rather thin Tertiary section (1.5 sec. TWT) which consists of Baturaja and
mostly post-Baturaja sediments, located in the north of the Banten Block. It is separated
from the Sunda Basin in the west by the major Seribu fault system, and gently plunges
eastwards and northwards into the Arjuna Sub-basin and to the North Seribu basinal area,
respectively. The later is a narrow deeper area affected by NS and NW-SE growth faults.
Gentle drape over large basement high areas and reefal buildups are the main structures of
the platform itself. Its onshore prolongation is known as the Tangerang High, which is
separated from the Ciputat Sub-basin by a major NNW-SSE trending fault. The Bayah and
Honje Highs are Tertiary structural highs located on the south coast of West Java,
Indonesia, situated at the margin of the Malingping Low, the western extension of the
Bogor Trough (Fig. 4.2.). The Honje High comprises mainly Miocene volcanoclastics flanked
by Pliocene sediments to the west and Eocene strata to the east. Together with the adjacent
Sunda Strait strike-slip basin, it probably formed in response to movement along the
Sumatra strike-slip fault (Fig. 4.6). In the Sunda Strait and east and west of the Honje horst
structure, and north and south of west Java (Malod et al 1996) are a series of moderately
dipping half grabens which trend N-S. These are clearly visible on seismic to the south,
offshore of the Honje High (Fig. 4.6). The Bayah High comprises large E-W trending
anticlines cored by Eocene clean coarse-grained sandstones (Keetley et al, 1997).
The Banten Sedimentary Province consists of 3 main cycles of sedimentation (Fig. 4.5). The
oldest part of the first system is dominated by Paleocene? volcanic and igneous rocks
equivalent to the Jatibarang Formation. These are overlain unconformably by sha11ow
marine to terrestrial deposits belonging to the mostly Eocene Bayah Formation. The lower
portion consists of mostly black shales with some larger foram-rich limestone lenses which
have been interpreted as prodelta deposits (at least 300m thick). The upper portion of the
Bayah Formation consists of quartzose sandstones and pebbly sandstones with thin coal
lenses (maximum 110 cm thick). The tota1 thickness of this unit is approximately 800m.
The second cycle unconformably overlies the Bayah Formation, and is comprised of volcanic
breccias and sandstones with some claystone belonging to the Cicarucup Formation. These
are interpreted as breccias deposited as the basal portion of an alluvial fan sequence. These
are followed by the mostly Oligocene to Early Miocene limestones of the Cijengkol
Formation which are often rich in larger benthonic forams. Sudden massive influx of
volcanics from the south consisting of tuffs and breccias deposited by sediment gravity
flows belong to the Miocene Cimapag Formation (about 1500m thick). The third cycle is
entirely composed of shallow to transitional marine sediments which correspond with the
Saraweh and Badui Formations (about 1000m thick). The youngest marine-influenced
sediments are from the Middle Miocene Bojongmanik Formation which consists of
claystones and sandstones with some lignite lenses. These are unconformably overlain by
Pliocene sediments (Schiller, 1993).
4.2.EAST JAVA
The structural history of the East Java can not be separated from the structural history of
the western part of the island and the tectonics of the SE Asia region. This area is located
on the southeastern edge of the Sundaland craton where basement is Cretaceous to basal
Tertiary melange. This old continental margin has a northeast to southwest structural trend
that is clearly seen on offshore north Java seismic data.
In general, the East Java region can be grouped into five tectonic provinces (Fig. 4.7;
modified after Yulihanto et al, 1995), from north to south are: • Northern slope includes the
stable Rembang continental shelf and Randublatung transitional zone • Kendeng Trough,
the eastern extension of Bogor Trough, a labile deep sea basin. • Modern Volcanic Arc •
Southern slope regional uplift
4.2.2. NORTHERN SLOPE
4.2.2.1 GEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK
The Northern Slope covered the Northeast Java Basin which lies between the Sunda Craton
to the north and a volcanic arc to the south (the Java Axial Range). The basin can be
classified as a classic back-arc basin. It consists largely of a foreland shelf dipping gently
southward, which is covered by a relatively thin stratigraphic section (averaging less than
1850 meters). In contrast, the deep basin area contains more than 9000 meters of
sediments. The structural configuration of the western part of the onshore NE Java Basin
incluse subbasins with two different orientation. The Pati Trough trends NE-SW, whereas
the Cepu and Bojonegoro subbasins are aligned E-W. The NE-SW orientation of the Pati
Trough typifies the development of assymmetrical half graben structures (Yulihanto et al,
1995).
The Northern Slope stratigraphy, represented by the Rembang and Randublatung zones are
dominated by stable continental shelf to basinal slope sediments. Stratigraphic and
structural analyses by Yulihanto et al. (1995) show four depositional cycles within the
Tertiary sediments of this area: a Late Oligocene-Early Miocene extensional phase, followed
by Early Miocene basin subsidence, a Middle Miocene extentional phase, and Upper
Miocene-Pliocene basin subsidence (Fig. 4.8).
4.2.2.2.1. Late Oligocene - Early Miocene extensional phase
The initial extensional phase is characterized by the formation of NE-SW oriented
asymmetrical half grabens. These occur in association with left lateral motion along a
NE-SW fault system that can be traced from the NE Java Basin across to south Kalimantan
(Barito and Asem-Asem basins). Three depositional sequences can be recognized in this
phase (Figs. 4.8):
1. Ngimbang Formation - lowstand systems tract: the early phase of deposition started with
the Late Oligocene-Early Miocene sea level drop and includes a basin - floor and
progradational slope complex. Basin floor deposits formed mainly by carbonate debris -
flows resulting from the collapse of the eastern margin fault scarp. The progradational
complex developed during the final phase of eustatic drop and consists of wacke -
packstone lenses.
2. Kujung Formation - transgressive systems tract: the Late Oligocene-Early Miocene sea
level drop was followed by a rise in relative sea level. The associated transgressive systems
tract consists of fine grained sediments in the lower part of the Kujung Formation. The
dominant lithology is marl interbedded with thin bedded green fossiliferous sandstone and
limestone, and it contains larger forminifera, algae, and coral debris. In the upper part of
the Kujung, the monotonous marl is intercalated with bioclastic limestone. At the type
locality, the Kujung is 500 m thick. It was deposited in a deep, open marine environment
during the Late Oligocene.
3. Prupuh Formation - highstand systems tract: The final extensional phase is topped by
bioclastic limestone of the Prupuh Formation. It consists of interbedded reefal
bio-clacarenite, bio-calcilutite, and blueish gray marl. These accumulated in outer neritic
environments during the Late Oligocene.
4.2.2.2.2. Early Miocene basin subsidence phase
Early Miocene subsidence developed a ramp-type depositional platform (Figs. 4.8).
Sedimentation began in the Early Miocene with progradation of a fine grained complex of
lower shoreface or offshore deposits in a lowstand systems tract (Tuban Formation). These
may be associated in some places with development of incised valley fill. A transgressive
phase accompanied the subsequent sealevel rise, with accumulation of fine grained shale
and marl in the Tawun Formation. Basinal subsidence closed in the Early Miocene with
accumulation of bioclastic limestone in a highstand systems tract (upper part of Tawun
Formation). The type locality of this formation is in Tawun Village and its thickness is about
730 m. The lower part of the formation is dominated by black-gray claystone and marl,
changing gradually upward to gray siltstone. The siltstone intercalates with bioclastic
limestone, consisting of orbitoid wackstone-grainstone with large forams, coral fragments,
algae and molluscs. An upward increase in the bioclastic content of the limestone indicates
an isolated shallow marine environment.
4.2.2.2.3. Middle Miocene extensional phase
The Middle Miocene extensional phase is characterized by formation of a NE-SW
asymmetric half graben, which appears to have migrated eastward from the Late
Oligocene-Early Miocene graben (Fig. 4.8). This second extensional phase is interpreted to
result from rejuvenation of NE-SW left-lateral fault movement due to Middle Miocene
oblique subduction of the oceanic Wharton plate under the continental Sunda plate. Four
depositional sequences developed during this phase: (Tim Studi Cekungan Tersier, 1994;
Figs. 4.8). The first sequence consists dominantly of slope-front fill seismic facies, which are
interpreted as slope-fan deposits of a lowstand system tract. It can be correlated with the
lower part of the Ngrayong Member. Subsequent sea-level rise resulted in development of a
transgressive system tract, including beach to shallow open marine deposits in the middle
part of the Ngrayong Member(Figs. 5-9). Sea-level rise ended with development of a
highstand systems tract of coastal plain and deltaic deposits. These are included in the
upper part of the Ngrayong Formation. The second sequence is less well developed. This
sequence consists mainly of transgressive and highstand systems tracts. These correlate
with the Bulu Formation, which mainly consists of bedded grainstone and wackstone, and
the lower part of the Wonocolo Formation, composed of interbedded fossiliferous sandy
marl and thin bedded gray fossilliferous calcarenites. Similar to the second sequence, the
third sequence consists mainly of transgressive and highstand systems tracts (Fig. 4.8). The
upper part of the Wonocolo Formation is interpreted as the transgressive system tract of
the third sequence, consisting of shale with intercalations of calcarenite. The third
sequence highstand systems tract is characterized by progradational sediments in the
lower part of the Ledok Formation. The type locality is in Ledok Village, Cepu, where the
thickness of this formation ranges from 100 to 250 m. The Lekok consists of thickening
upward units of glauconitic, fossliferous, greenish-gray calcareous sandstone, interbedded
with thinning upward beds of fossiliferous, greenish-gray sandy marl. The upper part of the
Ledok Formation is characterized by bioturbation and large cross bedding, indicating outer
to inner neritic environments. Seismic stratigraphic analysis of the fourth sequence
indicates that the middle part of the Ledok Formation corresponds to progradational
reflector patterns of a highstand systems tract (Figs. 4.8).
4.2.2.2.4. Upper Miocene - Pliocene basin subsidcnce phase
An erosional or unconformity surface separates Middle Miocene from the overlying Upper
Miocene-Pliocene section, associated with the formation of incised valley fill in many places
(e.g., Cepu and Bojonegoro areas, Yulihanto, 1993). The depositional history of the study
area ended with sedimentation of the Mundu Formation, which consists of marl and shale
that accumulated in association with the Pliocene sea level rise. Fossiliferous, greenish-gray
marl dominates the lower part of the Mundu, while the upper part includes interbedded
fossiliferous, greenish-gray sandy marl of the so-called Selorejo Member. The formation
was deposited in outer neritic environments during the Late Miocene to Pliocene.
4.2.3. KENDENG TROUGH
4.2.3.1 GEOLOGICAL SETTING
The Kendeng Trough is a strongly folded and sometimes heavily faulted region, located to
the south of the northern slope. Structuring is very recent and is probably still active. Fold
axes are oriented in an east to west direction; an indicator that the adjacent and parallel
volcanic chain is, at least in part, responsible for the compression. The Kendeng Zone can
be subdivided into eastern and western areas, roughly split at the location of the Solo River
outcrop sections at Ngawi. East of here folds are tight but not usually faulted, at least not
on surface. Note that going east from Ngawi the age of sediments outcropping in this zone
gets steadily younger. In the east, south of Surabaya, the folds are nearly lost under recent
alluvium and even Pleistocene rarely crops out. West of Ngawi, towards Semarang, the
folds expose rocks as old as Early Miocene and much faulting has been mapped. This east -
west variation in structuring reflects a gravity anomaly trend, with the lowest gravity values
in the west of the zone. The complexity and thickness of the Tertiary sediments in the
western part of the Kendeng Zone, as well as surface undulation, are recognized from
seismic.
The Kendeng Zone represents the central deep of the East Java Basin. Most lithological
features show deep marine influence. The stratigraphy of the Kendeng zone is shown in
figure 4 and includes the following units:
4.2.3.2.1. Pelang Formation
The type locality for this formation is in Pelang Village, south of Juwangi. The Pelang
Formation there consists of 125 m. of alternating massive to bedded fossiliferous gray
marls and gray claystones with intercalations of bioclastic limestones. These strata
accumulated in neritic environments during the Early Miocene.
4.2.3.2.2. Kerek Formation
The name of Kerek comes from Kerek Village, in the vicinity of the Solo River (Bengawan
Solo). The formation consists of about 800 m. of turbidites, made up mostly by fining and
thinning upwards beds with sedimentary structures typical of density flows. Lithologies
include gray tuffaceous sandstones and gray claystones or marls.
4.2.3.2.3. Kalibeng Formation
This formation has a type locality along the Kalibeng River, north of Jombang. It consists of
massive fossiliferous greenish gray marl intercalated with thin bedded tuffs. These
sediments accumulated in a bathyal environment during Pliocene time. The upper part of
the Kalibeng (Atasangin Member) is composed of interbedded white tuffaceous fine to
coarse sandstones, white tuffs, and brown volcanic breccias. These were deposited as
turbidites. Other facies of the Kalibeng are the Cipluk Member, with marl and claystone
(200-500 m.); The Kapung Member, which is composed of bioclastic wackstone and
grainstone; and the Kalibiuk Member, characterized by claystone and balanus marl.
4.2.3.2.4. Sonde Formation
The type locality is in Sonde Village, west of Ngawi, where the thickness is 260 m. The
lower part of this formation (Klitik Member) is dominated by sandy marl interbedded with
calcareous sandstones and white tuffs, while the upper part consists of balamnus packstone
and grainstone. The formation was deposited in shallow marine environments during
Pliocene time.
4.2.3.2.5. Pucangan Formation
Type locality for the Pucangan Formation is at Gunung Pucangan, north of Jombang. It
includes 323 m. of conglomeratic-coarse sandstones, tuffaceous sandstones, volcanic
breccias, and black clay containing fresh water molluscs. This formation was deposited in a
limnic environment during Late Pliocene to Pleistocene time.
4.2.3.2.6. Kabuh Formation
Kabuh Village, north of Jombang, has the type locality for this formation. The formation is
150 m. thick, more or less, and it consists of interbedded coarse sandstones with cross
bedding, vertebrate fossils, lenses of conglomerates, and yellow tuffs. These accumulated in
continental, fluvial and limnic environment during the last 0.75 MY.
4.2.4. VOLCANIC ARC

In the Central and East Java region the Tertiary volcanic arc has been recorded as having
three distinct phases of activity. Based on groupings of radiometric ages (Bellon et al.,
1990) and the stratigraphic occurrence of volcanic beds, the following phases can be
recognized: 1. An early active volcanic phase from about 50 to 19 Ma (mid Eocene to mid
Early Miocene). 2. A period of relative quiescence from about 19 Ma to about 11 Ma (late
Middle Miocene). 3. A considerable increase in volcanic activity at about 11 Ma, with the
volcanic chain moving about 50 kilometers north to its present position. 4. At about 3 Ma
the volcanism changed with a new series of active volcanoes along the main arc, but also
more K-rich volcanoes lying off the arc trend (e.g. Gunung Muria [1.1-0.4 Ma], offshore to
the north on Bawean Island [0.8-0.3 MYBP], and Gunung Lasem [1.6-1.1 Ma, but not
especially K-rich]). DSDP holes in the Indian Ocean west and south of Java yield data
supporting the end of the second, the third and the last phase listed above. These wells
contain tuffs dated as 11 MYBP and younger, with a notable increase in pyroclastic content
in Late Pliocene or basa1 Quaternary times (about 2-3 Ma). The location of these sites on a
northwards drifting oceanic plate precludes them recording Javanese volcanic activity much
before 11 MYBP. For instance at 19 MYBP, when the ”Old Andesite” phase came to an end,
’ the DSDP sites would have been some 400 kilometers further south of the volcanic arc.
Note that between,’ these main volcanic events there was still some continuing background
volcanism, as seen by the tuffs present in Middle Miocene beds in the south of Java (Lunt et
al, 1996). See chapter 4.4 for further details on magmatic arc.
4.2.5. SOUTHERN SLOPE REGIONAL UPLIFT
The southern slope regional uplift is also known as the southern mountains, consist of the
”old andesite” volcanic and volcaniclastic suite, initially interbedded with and then more
completely overlain by Miocene limestones. These limestones often develop as reefal facies
such as in the area south of Malang, the island of Nusa Barung, the Puger area and the
Blambangan Peninsula. The southern mountains today are the site of dramatic karstified
topography that is relatively young, i.e. it is probably the result of Quaternary uplift on the
southern flanks of the modern volcanic chain. The most extensive Miocene reefal facies are
in the south and east of Java. Also in the eastern area, in addition to the andesitic
extrusives, there is reported to be a granite batholith near Merawan. This granite and
associated dikes intrude and reported alter some older Miocene limestones and andesites
but are then covered by the reefal limestones. Detailed data on the granite and the reefal
limestones in this area is scarce but Van Bemmelen deduced that the limestones that follow
the intrusion are equivalent to the reefal Wonosari Limestones further west in the Southern
Mountains. The western Wonosari Limestones are probably latest Early to Middle Miocene
in age. It would therefore appear that the Merawan granite is related to the older, 19 to 50
MYBP, volcanic phase, although there is still a question of how a ”granite” occurs so far
from a continental margin, and intrudes at such shallow depths (Lunt et al., 1996). There
are many signs pointing to a southerly quartz provenance that is separate from the
Ngrayong sands of the north. These include the petrographic data in Muin (1985) that
consistently records nearly 30% of sand grains as quartz in the Early to mid-Middle
Miocene volcaniclastics Kerek Beds. In addition papers such as those by Kadar and Storrs
Cole (1975) from the later Early Miocene of the Southern Mountains note biostratigraphy
samples containing abundant quartz grains along with the transported larger forams they
were studying (Lunt et al, 1996).
4.3 SOUTH CENTRAL JAVA BASINS

The South Central Java basinal area lies south of Central Java on the northern flank of a
major present day elongate bathymetric basin lying between the volcanic arc of Java itself
(and its extensions NW and E) and the non-volcanic outer ridge bounding the Java Trench
on its north flank. In broad tectonic setting this area is classified as outer arc basin, and it
is a megatectonic feature associated with all island arc systems and may vary considerably
in its complexity. The area contains two Neogene sedimentary basins whose structural
outlines were determined during a Late Oligocene phase of folding, faulting and volcanism.
The basins were filled with clastics of deep marine facies. The high areas surrounding the
depocenters were covered mainly by an incomplete section of Neogene shallow marine
limestones (including reefs). Three Neogene tectonic events of possibly regional importance
are deduced from stratigraphic and seismic records: a minor Early Miocene event, a Mid
Miocene event, and a Late Pliocene event. None of these events however, has considerably
deformed the offshore Neogene. South of Central Java the deeper part of the outer arc
basin proper shallows steadily northwards and seismic records show that a “basement”
ridge and sediment filled basin are traversed before reaching the Java coast. A simplified
mega-structural sense be considered part of the “southern mountains” of west and east
Java which in the broad embayment south of Central Java runs beneath the sea (Bolliger &
De Ruiter, 1974).
(south of Purwokerto) by the Nusa Kambangan ridge. South of this ridge an east-west
trending depression - the ”western basin” - contains over 10,000 feet of undeformed
sediment. Still further south an extensive high platform lies between the ”western basin”
and the slope to the present day outer arc basin. The central province is the extension of
the Kebumen Basin on land. It is characterized by a greater thickness of Neogene (over
15,000’) and the absence of a distinct unconformity at the base of the Miocene. Deeper
seismic horizons, conformable with the base Miocene, could be mapped over most of the
area down to a depth of over 25.000’. This basin is again separated from the outer arc basin
by a broad but deeper ”basement” ridge. The eastern province is the offshore continuation
of the Gunung Sewu plateau (south of Yogyakarta) which consists of flat lying Miocene
limestones in outcrop. This limestone plateau covers most of the coastal iegions of eastern
south Java and can be traced east at least as far as Lombok Island. In the offshore area,
large carbonate build-ups, are found and one was drilled (ALV-1). As in the western
province an angular Base-Miocene unconformity occurs. The Neogene sedimentary
sequence dips gently to the south. Seismic lines (figs. 6 – 8) and structural cross sections
(fig. 9) give an impression of the structural style of the various provinces.
4.3.2 STRATIGRAPHY
A stratigraphically oriented field survey on South Central Java, the results of two wells,
drilled offshore in deep water, and good quality seismic data allowed a tentative
reconstruction of the sedimentary history of the area. The main tool for the stratigraphic
correlations was the well-established zonation of planktonic foraminifera. The ages of the
shallow marine sections, which in general do not contain planktonics, was based on the less
accurate larger foram zonation.
4.3.2.1. PALEOGENE
Few Paleogene sections are known from southern Central Java. In the Jiwo Hills and at
Nanggulan the oldest Paleogene sediments are of Middle Eocene age. They were initially
deposited in a shallow marine environment (limestones and clastics), and grade into a deep
marine facies over a relatively thin vertical interval. Upper Eocene was found in bathyal
development in both areas. In the geographic center of Java (Lok Ulo, Banjarnegara area)
an interesting melange of shallow and deep deposits is present, ranging in age from Upper
Cretaceous (Cenomanian/ Turonian), over Paleocene to Upper Eocene. Most probably we
are dealing here with an olistostromal mixture, which was emplaced into a trough during
the Late Eocene. These few observations of Eocene sediments indicate a tectonically active
period, involving not only fast subsidence and transgression but also pronounced
topographic gradients. The Paleogene history was terminated by a regional tectonic event
of Late Oligocene age. It is expressed as a phase of strong faulting and subsequent
subsidence on the Sunda Shield and as a major folding phase in East Kalimantan. In the
area under discussion it involved block tectonics, probable transcurrent movements and
widespread volcanic activity. The ”Old Andesites” of South Java may be attributed to this
phase. During that time the structural setting was created which was to control the
Neogene sedimentary pattern.
4.3.2.2. NEOGENE
The facies distribution of the Neogene appears to be controlled by the position of
pre-existing high areas and the intervening depressions. Such highs originated during the
Late Oligocene phase either by simple volcanic activity, or were the result of uplift and
tilting of extensive tectonic blocks. The Karangbolong high, the West Progo Mountains and
some smaller offshore highs, we would categorize as relicts of simple volcanic build-ups. On
the other hand Nusa Kambangan and the western offshore province, the Gunung Sewu high
and the eastern offshore province have to be considered as uplifted high areas. Here
Oligocene, originally deep marine, sediments emerged and were truncated by erosion in
Late Oligocene and Early Miocene time. Among the depressions the central offshore basin
with its extension onshore (the Kebumen basin) and the depression of Yogyakarta appear to
have been persistently deep. The Late Oligocene tectonic event is not expressed as an
angular unconformity in the central basin. In contrast to this, the western offshore basin
and possibly the Banyumas basin onshore started to subside only in the Early Miocene. The
Neogene sedimentary sequence on the highs is incomplete and consists mainly of Early: to
Mid Miocene shallow marine limestone ’ which overlies unconformably the so called ”Old
Andesite”. The basinal areas are filled with generally deep marine clastics of variable
composition. Clastic material of volcanic origin, ranging from fine-grained tuffs to boulder
beds is found as well as deep marine day, sometimes interbedded with calci-turbidites. The
presence of so much volcanic material suggests different phases of active volcanism during
the Neogene. The calciturbidites are presumably derived from the areas where shallow
marine limestone was deposited on highs that were volcanically less active. Thc relation
between a high and a low area can be best illustrated from the well data of Alveolina
(ALV-1) and Borelis (BOR-1) drilled offshore, in the Eastern Province and Central Province
respectively (fig.10). ALV-I encountered a section consisting of deep marine Pliocene clay,
overlying some 1000’ of shallow marine Middle Miocene limestone. ’The latter rests
unconformably on strongly dipping, Upper Oligocene tuff and clay. The well bottomed in
undatable volcanic agglomerates. The BOR-1 section consists of deep marine, Pliocene and
Miocene clay. The well bottomed in undated basalt. The Miocene section is not complete
owing to local faulting. It is of interest that the Lower Miocene deep marine clay of BOR-1
correlates seismically with the down flank extension of the Mid Miocene carbonates of
ALV-1. This suggests that limestones started to be deposited on the flank of the Alveolina
high already during the Early Miocene and transgraded the high fully only during the Mid
Miocene, when they covered the former non-depositional/erosional area. Limestone
deposition stopped later during the Middle Miocene, following a period of increased
subsidence resulting in water depths too great for limestone production. As the carbonate
build-up still stood out as a pronounced high on the sea bottom, during Late Miocene time
it became non depositional. Fine Upper Miocene clastics were deposited around it until the
bathymetric lows were filled and the crest of the high became covered by sediment at about
beginning of the Pliocene. The sedimentary development of south Central Java, derived
from surface sections and wells, is summarized in a time/ facies diagram (fig. 1 l). The
essence of all our stratigraphic knowledge is given in fig. 12. By applying the sedimentary
model described above, and with the help of seismic data, it was possible to make tentative
facies maps over the South Central Java area (fig. 13 – 15). Two major and one minor
regional tectonic events are reflected in various ways in the Neogene sedimentary
sequence (fig. I l, 12). Early Miocene tectonism is reflected by the rapid subsidence of the
western offshore basin and possibly the onshore Banyumas basin. It involved faulting and
volcanism. The only clearly dated (by paleontology) volcanics of this time occur in the
Baturng Mountains, SE of Yogyakarta. However, areas of older volcanic activity were
probably reactivated: West Progo Mountains (van Bemmelen, 1949), Gabon volcanics
(Mulhadiyono, 1973). A mid Miocene tectonic phase appears to have had a major regional
effect. It is reflected by gaps in sedimentation not only on all the highs, but also in some
depressions (Yogyakarta area). It was following this event that the limestones on the
offshore ”Alveolina”–high were drowned and sedimentation ceased. On Java a new phase of
strong volcanicity was triggered. A major tectonic event of Late Pliocene age caused the
first phase of regional uplift at Java It was accompanied by folding and widespread
volcanicity.
4.4.MAGMATIC ARC
Java has often been referred to as a classical example of the relationship of calc-alkaline
magmatism to subduction. Subduction of the Indian Ocean beneath the Sunda arc is
considered to have been active since at least Eocene ~ time, according to geodynamic
reconstructions (Hamil- ton 1979, Katili 1975, Rangin et al. 1990). The geology and
petrology of the Quaternary Sunda arc volcanoes have been the subject of many
investigations (Hutchison 1982, Wheller et al. 1987) but much less is known about Tertiary
magmatism. Exposures of the oldest known volcanic rocks in Java occur as fragments of
calc- alkaline lavas of late Cretaceous - Eocene age in the melange-type rock formations,
e.g. Karangsambung (Suparka et al., 1990, Suparka and Soeria-Atmadja, 1991). Exposures
of the younger calc-alkaline volcanic rocks, considered as Oligo-Miocene age (van
Bemmelen 1949), are more widely distributed. They are exposed mostly along the southern
coast of Java, and are referred to as the ”Old Andesites”. The more recent and active
volcanoes of Java often overlie volcanic- and/or intrusive-rock units. Volcanic rock units are
intercalated with Neogene sediments, and intrusive rocks cut these sediments. However,
available radiometric or fission track ages on these Tertiary magmatic rocks are relatively
scarce (Hehuwat 1976, Nishimura et al. 1978). It seems that the location of the axes of the
successive magmatic arcs in Java has shifted not more than 60 km northwards to the
present position of the Quaternary Sunda arc since Eocene/Oligocene time. Investigations
by Bellon et al. (1989) and Soeria-Atmadja et al. (1990) have shown that Tertiary magmatic
activity in Java took place in two distinct periods: Late Eocene – Early Miocene and Late
Miocene - Late Pliocene. The products of the earlier event have built up the ”Old
Andesites”, whereas those of the latter may be related to the early stages of magmatic
activity of the modern Sunda arc (Bellon et al. 1989). K-Ar datings of the magmatic rocks in
Java by Soeria-Atmadja et al (1994) indicate that two stages of volcanic activity may be
distinguished throughout the Tertiary period. The earlier one took place from 40Ma
(Karangsambung and Pacitan) to 19 – 18 Ma (Pacitan and Pangandaran). The following
volcanic activity occurred between 12 Ma (Pertamina 1988) or 11 Ma (Bobotsari) to 2 Ma
(Jatiluhur) and were succeeded by the Quaternary volcanism of the Sunda arc. The possible
existence of a real break in volcanism between 18 and 12 Ma is questionable as new data
on K-Ar ages point to volcanic activity at 13.7 Ma (JM-61, Bayah) and 15.3 Ma (PC-3,
Pacitan). Perhaps we are only dealing with a relative paucity within the 18 - 12 Ma range.
4.5.QUATERNARY OF JAVA
Quaternary rocks in Java could be divided into non-volcanic and volcanic products. The
non-volcanic products represented by Lower-Middle Pleistocene sediments of mostly non
marine, and only little amount of marine sediments. The volcanic products are mainly as the
results of Middle Pleistocene to Recent volcanic activities. However, little amount of
Plio-Pleistocene to Lower Pleistocene volcanic materials have also been found in certain
areas as the result of old quaternary volcanic activities. The quaternary sediments are
exposed almost in all regions in Java, particularly at the middle and northern part of this
island. In West Java, the quaternary sediments belong to Citalang, Tambakan and Ciherang
Formations were deposited in non-marine environment. Tambakan and Citalang Formations
are distributed in central west Java, and Ciherang Formation in northeast Java. Fresh water
molluscs and vertebrate fossils are found within these formations, but no homminid fossils.
Based on vertebrate fossils, the age of these formations are Lower to Middle Pleistocene.
Upper Pleistocene to Recent volcanic products covered the sediments of those formations.
Towards the east of the West Java region, the quaternary rocks are well exposed in
Bumiayu Area, known as Bumiayu Basin. The oldest rocks are non marine sediments of
Cisaat Formation (regrouped from formerly of Kaliglagah and Mengger Formations) of
Lower Pleistocene, followed by Gintung Formation of Middle Pleistocene. These formations
then covered by Upper Pleistocene to Recent volcanic products of Linggopodo Formation
and from the activities of Slamet Volcano. The fresh water molluscs and vertebrate fossils
were found in this area, but no homminid found from these formations. The most important
quaternary in Java is found in Sangiran, Central Java and in Kendeng Zone of East Java.
Sangiran area is situated at about 20 Km north of Solo, is a dome in elongated form, and
the axis of this dome is of north-south ward, with mud volcano and several block faults in
the center of the dome. The Sangiran dome is dissected by some rivers, with the biggest is
Kali (river) Cemoro in the middle part of the dome, flowing from west to east direction. The
rivers were denudated the area form the low undulated hills and valleys where the
sediments are cropped out in this dome. In Sangiran area and in Kendeng Zone of East
Java, the oldest sediments are belong to Kalibeng Formation of Late Pliocene in age. This
formation consists of calcareous grey clays and marls were deposited in shallow marine
environment. Above the Kalibeng Formation were deposited Pucangan Formation, consists
of Iaharic breccias at the lower part and black and bluish grey of clays with intercalation of
thin layers of tuff, diatomae and molluscs beds, were deposited in the swamps, lake and
shallow marine environments during Early Pleistocene. Many vertebrate and Homo erectus
fossils have been found in the black clays of Pucangan Formation in Sangiran area. The
Pucangan Formation is overlain by Kabuh Formation, consisting of fine to very coarse

tuffaceous sandstones with lenses of pumiceous conglomerate intercalated by silt and black
clay. Cross bedding, parallel bedding and scouring structures are often found within
sandstones and conglomerates. In Sangiran, the calcareous conglomerate is compacted,
dense and rich with vertebrate and homminid fossils, was found at lower part of the Kabuh
Formation, is well known as “Grenzbank Layer”. The Kabuh Formation is rich with
vertebrate and Homo erectus fossils of Middle Pleistocene in age then covered by Upper
Lahar of Notopuro Formation. The Notopuro Formation overlain by a sequence of
alternating of tuffaceous sandstones, conglomerate and clays, and lahar layer at the
uppermost part of this sequence which are belong to River Terraces Unit. Many vertebrate
fossils were found in Java, e.g. Stegodont trigonocephalus VK., Hippopotamus namadicus,
Rhinoceros palaeosondaicus, Bubalus (Buffaloes) c.f paleokarabau etc.. Hominid fossils, are
found mainly from Sangiran area, and little amount from Sambungmacan (Sragen) and
Patiayam (Central Java), from Kedungbrubus, Trinil, Ngawi, Ngandong and Perning
(Mojokerto), East Java. The hominid fossils consist of Meganthropus paleojavanicus, Homo
(Pithecanthropus) erectus, Homo erectus mojokertensis, and Homo erectus ngandongensis.
Source: http:/ / en. wikibooks. org/ w/ index. php? oldid=1417551

Contributors: Avenue, Herman Darman, 7 anonymous edits
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License 18
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You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example,
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You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover
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5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
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The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are
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In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise
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6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
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You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into
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7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

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medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond
what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
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If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire
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8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant
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prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will
typically require changing the actual title.
9. TERMINATION
License 19
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify,
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10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be
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How to use this License for your documents

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Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free
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The Geology of Indonesia/Java & Java Sea 1

The Geology of Indonesia/Java & Java

4.2.4. VOLCANIC ARC

4.3 SOUTH CENTRAL JAVA BASINS

Pucangan Formation is overlain by Kabuh Formation, consisting of fine to very coarse

Source: http:/ / en. wikibooks. org/ w/ index. php? oldid=1417551

1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

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