In the literature, the problem routing protocols has been studied widely.

The recent
studies extensively focused on the multipath discovering within the context of
bandwith available and distance that satisfy the qos of service. Many on-demand
multipath routing protocols have been proposed for MANETS, some of them are
outlined in this portion.
split multipath routing (SMR) [8], multipath DSR (MDSR) [9], TORA [10], routing ondemand acyclic multipath (ROAM) [11], ad hoc on-demand multipath distance
vector (AOMDV) [12], AODV backup routing (AODV-BR) [13], cross-layered multipath
AODV [14] and cooperative packet caching and shortest multipath [15]. SMR and
MDSR are based on DSR whereas TORA, ROAM, AODV-BR and AOMDV routing
protocols are based on AODV. Node disjoint multipath routing (NDMR) [16] provides
with nodedisjoint multiple paths. The multipath source routing [17] protocol is a
multipath extension to DSR, which uses weighted round-robin packet distribution to
improve the delay and throughput. Other energy-aware multipath protocols which
give disjoint paths are grid-based energy-aware NDMR algorithm [18], energy-aware
source routing [19] and energy aware NDMR [20]. The lifetime-aware multipath
optimized routing [21] is based on the lifetime of the node which is related to its
residual energy and current traffic conditions. Fuzzy ACO introduced by Goswami et
al. uses fuzzy logic
and ACO for optimising various parameters used for selecting
optimal path between source and destination [22].
ARMAN [3] is an on-demand QoS-aware routing protocol.
The path is selected based on the path preference probability
metric calculated at each node using multiple QoS
parameters. In NDMLNR [23], NDMR considering link and
node stability had taken link and node stability into account
for multipath routing. Here bandwidth is taken as QoS
parameter for path selection. In QoS for ad hoc optimised
link state routing (OLSR) [24], QoS routing over OLSR
protocol, delay and bandwidth metrics are considered for
QoS routing. Ant colony-based multi-path QoS-aware
routing (AMQR) by Liu et al. combines link-disjoint
multipath routing and swarm intelligence to select multiple
paths for providing QoS services [25].
ACO has also been used for fault-tolerance routing in
MANETs. Fault-tolerant routing algorithm (FTAR) [26]

proposed by Misra et al. discusses about fault-tolerance routing

in MANET using ant-like agent. Learning automata-based
fault-tolerant routing algorithm [27] proposed by Misra et al.
looks at fault-tolerance routing in MANET from a learning
automata perspective. The performance of MANETs degrades
due to presence of faulty nodes. If fault-prone nodes are not
excluded during the route discovery mechanism they will act
as router and prevent the network from delivering the packets.

In the literature, the problem of Quality of Service (QoS) in Mobile Adhoc NETwork
(MANET) routing has been studied widely. The recent studies extensively focused on
the Hybrid routing within the context of metrics end-to-end delay, bandwidth and
hop count that satisfy the qos of service. Many on-demand hybrid routing protocols
have been proposed, some of them are outlined in this portion.
A hybrid routing protocol called Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) has been proposed by
Z.J. Haas. [1]
In which he describes the combination of proactive and reactive approaches. When
the end nodes fails inside the zone then a proactive type, routing table maintenance
is used and when the end nodes fails outside the ranged area then reactive type on
demand route discovery is activated.
Numerous problems related to the multi-metric situation had been discussed in [2]
and [3].An optimization algorithm is requisite for NP-hard problem which is the
classification of multiple metrics for routing.
In the literature many researchers has worked for optimization methods of multiple
metrics. The most favorable and attractive technique for scholars is generic
algorithms proposed by D.E. Goldberg [4].
A Genetic Algorithm (GA) (GAMAN) to discover a possible route from numerous
paths based routing technique for MANETs is proposed by L. Barolli, A. Koyama, T.
Suganuma, N. Shiratori, [5].
Another Genetic Algorithm (GA) EGAMAN is proposed by ] Ohba S., Barolli L., Ikeda
M., Marco G.D., Durresi A. and Iwashige J, [6] in which an effective topology
extraction algorithm to reduce the search space of GAMAN.
For achieving security and robustness, authors applied GA in MANETs in [7] and [8]
respectively.
[1] Z.J. Haas, A new routing protocol for the reconfigurable wireless networks, In
Proc. of the IEEE Int. Conf. on Universal Personal Communications, 1997.
[2] H. Badis, A. Munaretto, K. Al Agha, and G. Pujolle. QoS for Ad hoc Networking
Based on Multiple Metrics: Data rate and Delay, in the proceedings of IEEE
MWCN2003, Singapore, October 2003.
[3] Metrics in Ad Hoc Network, Andrew Jacobson , Lulea University of Technology,
May 19,2000.
[4] D.E. Goldberg, Genetic Algorithms in Search, optimization, and Machine
learning ,Addison-Wesley, 1989.
[5] L. Barolli, A. Koyama, T. Suganuma, N. Shiratori, GAMAN: A G A Based QoS
RoutingMethod for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks, Journal of Interconnection Networks
(JOIN), Vol.4, No.3, pp.251-270, 2003.
[6] Ohba S., Barolli L., Ikeda M., Marco G.D., Durresi A. and Iwashige J, An Effective
Topology Extraction Algorithm for Search Reduction Space of a GA-based QoS

Routing Method in Ad-Hoc Networks, Proceedings of the 8th International

Symposium on Parallel Architectures, Algorithms and Networks, pp. 400-405., 2005
[7] Kumar S.D., Manikandan K. and Durai M.A., Secure On-Demand Routing
Protocol for MANET using Genetic Algorithm, International Journal of Computer
Applications, Vol. 19, No. 8, pp. 29- 34., 2011
[8] Munetomo M., Takai Y. and Sato Y., An Adaptive Routing Algorithm with Load
Balancing by a Genetic Algorithm, Transaction on Information Processing Society of
Japan, pp. 1-6., 1998