Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mr.Umesh Akare
Digital Electronics.
RCET, Bhilai.
Affilated to CSV Tech.
University .,Bhilai.
sbalpande@yahoo.com
Asst.Prof, Department of
Electronics & Tele. Engg.
RCET, Bhilai.
Affilated to CSV Tech.
University,Bhilai.
landeeed@yahoo.co.in
Digital Electronics.
RCET, Bhilai.
Affilated to CSV Tech.
University,Bhilai.
uakare@rediffmail.com
Digital Electronics.
RCET, Bhilai.
Affilated to CSV Tech.
University,Bhilai.
laxmanthakre@yahoo.com
TABLE. I..
ACTIVE RFID TAG AND POWER ESTIMATION
TEAM
WORK
Guard RFID
solutions[3]
Modeling of
RF tag[4]
CMOS
Design[5]
Spartan-3
FPGA based
design[6]
1.1 Micro-Watt
I.
INTRODUCTION
In every field, an atomization is the key issue and players
are sensors, control system and actuators. There are various
systems where we find difficulty in powering the nodes
throughout life as the battery replacement is infeasible . The
few examples are vehicle tire sensor ,vibration sensor
placed in bridge structure, pacemaker planted in human
body, RFID planted in animal body. There are thousands of
other applications where we can think of the operations
once in a lifetime as object or body may never come across
for the battery replacement .This is the problem which
forces us to think concretely for an alternative source of
power. Since VLSI technology helping a lot to design micro
power devices, thus a self-powered system by means of
energy harvesting becomes very attractive. We explore the
possibility of an innovative approach of this technique
which avails super capacitor at the place of battery in some
cases. The piezoelectric generator is a simple mechanical
beam structure with piezoelectric slab cemented on the top
as shown in fig.2. [1][2]. The electrical circuit i.e. voltage
multiplier composed with ultra low threshold voltage
diodes. This subsystem is used to boost up the voltage level
of few millivolt to volt. The design parameters of the
cantilever structure are chosen in such a way that it would
be compatible to micro-fabrication techniques. We propose
this design for MEMS implementation which makes
POWER ESTIMATION
Micro-Watt,
13
2 2 y
EI
= q
x 2 x 2
(2)
where E*I is the flexural rigidity. F is the shear, q is the
distributed load per unit length.
2
x 2
2 y w 2 y
=0
EI 2 +
2
x g t
(3)
s
by inertia of the
For free vibrations of beams ,q is supplied
beam per unit length .The weight of
o the beam & length are
denoted by w & x respectively . Asssuming that the solution
of Eq. 3 is separable for time and sp
pace, we can write
NERATORS
PIEZOELECTRIC GEN
A. Working Principal
The piezoelectric effect is a property of certain materials
y ( x , t ) = Y ( x ) f (t )
(4)
C. Uniform Beam:
BEAM LENGTH
FORCE
PIEZO T HICKNESS
T
BEAM THCKNESS
Lpiezo
BEAM LENG
GT H
Si = s T j + dli El
(1)
T
Dm = mn
En + d mk Tk
4 y w
y=0
x4 g EI
T
mn
Let
14
4 =
w 2
g EI
(5)
(6)
TABLE. II.
NATURAL OPERATING FREQUENCIES OF BEAM
4 y
4 y = 0
4
x
(7)
Natural
frequencies
1
2
3
(8)
At x=0 ,
(ii)
y
At x=0,
=0
dx
y=0
2 y
=0
dx 2
3 y
=0
(iv) At x=l ,
dx3
(iii)
At x= l,
(17)
F i ( t ) = F 0 s in ( t ) x i L f
And random noise driving force is expressed as
F (t ) = Fo sin(random t random )
Where
(18)
i=0
(9)
random
(10)
We obtain
i ( x, t ) = ( x) q(t )
(11)
Now
(19)
y
2
2 = [ A(coshl +cosl) + B(sinhl +sinl)] = 0
dx
x=l
2
q (t ) =
(12)
di
n t
F ( )e
n t
sin(di (t )) dt
(20)
And
3 y
3
3 = [ B(coshl + cosl) + A(sinhl sinl)] = 0
dx
x=l
1
k (t ) =
Lp
(14)
We get the following solution from the last two equations
Lp
2 w( x, t )
x 2
(21)
B
cosh l + cos l
sinh l sin l
M (t ) = Eb I b k (t )
(15)
(22)
(23)
2 2
bt a 1 + T + 2 (2 + 3T + 2T 2 )
cos l cosh l = 1
306.8
2110.0
6278.0
HZ
(16)
15
TABLE III.
PARAMETERS OF THE BEAM AND P
PZT [18]
Parameters
Length
Conventional Values
(Beam)
(PZT)
Unitss
20000
20000
Microometer
Thickness
100
10
Microometer
Width
5000
5000
Microometer
Youngs
modulus
Voltage
constant
Dielectric
constant
190
62
GPa
---
24.8*10-3
Vm/N
N
----
374*10-12
m/V
IV.
VOLTAGE MULT
TIPLIER CIRCUIT
C1
AC
C5
C3
D1
D2
C2
D
D4
D3
C4
D6
D5
C6
Parameters
Conventional
Optimized
Units
20000
12000
Micrometer
thickness
10
80
Micrometer
Thickness
ratio
0.10
0.80
20000
20000
Length
Forcing
point
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
--Micrometer
Fig.6. Output voltage levels off multiplier circuit
16
V.
ntional
Optimized
Improvem
ment
Units
Max
Max
1.48
7.36
497
Volt
0.5
13.9
2780
mW
Harvested
voltage
Power
(For 1K
Load )
The model has been tested for random driviing force. This is
the output for one plate and simply getss added if more
number of plates are connected in series. In the first test,
harmonic force was applied to conventionnal geometry and
later on to optimized one. It is found thatt there are lot of
improvements in voltage levels in casse of optimized
geometry.
17
VI.
[4] Yang Hong, Chi Fat Chan, Jianping Guo, Yuen Sum Ng, Weiwei Shi,
Lai Kan Leung, Ka Nang Leung, Chiu Sing Choy and Kong Pang Pun
Design of Passive UHF RFID Tag in 130nm CMOS Technology
IEEE Trans. Circuits and. Systems, 1999. Pp 1371-1374.
[5] Ahmed Ashry, Khaled Sharaf, Magdi Ibrahim A compact low-power
UHF RFID tag, Microelectronics Journ al,Elsevier,2009,in press.
[6] Alex K. Jones,, Raymond Hoare, Swapna Dontharaju,, Shenchih Tung,
Ralph Sprang, Joshua Fazekas, James T. Cain, Marlin H. Mickle, An
automated, FPGA-based reconfigurable, low-power RFID tag,
Microprocessors and Microsystems 31 (2007) pp 116134.
[7] Daniel J. Inman, Vibration engineering , 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall 2000,pp 1-64,466-524.
[8] Lorento Mateu and francesc Moll,System level simulation of a self
powered sensor with piezoelectric energy harvesting, in proceeding2007International conference on sensor technologies and applications,
pp 399-404.
[9]Marcin Marzencki,Yasser Ammar, Skandar Basrour Integrated power
harvesting system including a MEMS generator and
a power
management circuit , IEEE Transducer international conference 2007,
pp. 887-890.
[10]S.P.beeby, M.J.Tudor, N.M.white Energy harvesting vibration
sources for Microsystems applications Review article, Measurement
Science and Technology, Institute of Physics publishing-2006,pp R175R195.
[11] Don L. DeVoe and Albert P. Pisano Modeling and Optimal Design of
Piezoelectric
Cantilever
Microactuators
,Journal
of
microelectromechanical systems, vol. 6, September 1997,pp 266-270.
[12]SM.J.cunningham, D.F.L. Jenkins, M.M. Bakush Experimental
investigation of optimum thickness of a piezoelectric element for
cantilever actuation. In proceeding IEEE science & measurement Tech
,Vol.144 ,1997,pp. 45-48.
[13] Henry A. Sudano, Daniel J. Inman, Estimation of electric charge
output for piezoelectric energy harvesting Strain Journal, 2004 ,pp 128.
[14] P. Ashenden, G. D. Peterson, D. A. Teegarden, The System designer's
Guide to VHDL-AMS, Morgan Kaufman publications.
18