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What is it ?
What about strength ?
Design and reinforcement
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Timber frameworks
Widespread
Natural material (timber):
Variability
Decay and MC
Structural complexity:
Complex geometry and joints (more complex than
masonries ?)
A simplified analysis considering only plane parts of
the system, is often hard to realize or completely
impossible.
Geometry and joints are characteristic of
An area and a period of time
Carpenters and engineers knowledge: daring
engineering !
Mind blowing timbre structures are not always
new !
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Carpentry joints
Carpentry joints connect timber elements, often without any dowel type fasteners.
Forces are transferred within the joints via contact pressure and friction. The smart
cutting of the joint by the carpenter create notches and contact surfaces between the
connected members.
Within the connections, there is an interaction in terms of stiffness and strength between
the different pathways in which the forces are transferred.
Eccentricities are inherent in this kind of connections to be considered.
Carpentry connections can be classified in families but there is a huge amount of
carpentry joints probably as much as major timber buildings and carpenters.
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Universit de Mons
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Universit de Mons
Drawings: Sobon J. A
Universit de Mons
Universit de Mons
Drawings: Sobon J. A
Universit de Mons
Universit de Mons
Drawings: Sobon J. A
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Drawings: Sobon J. A
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Drawings: Sobon J. A
Universit de Mons
P. Lemlyn
Wedges act as a reinforcement.
The tensile capacity, torsion, and
bending strength in both directions are
greatly increased (cog).
The pins (and their position) increase the
joints overall performance.
The butts need not be undersquinted.
Drawings: Sobon J. A
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The conscientious builder locates the scarf where bending forces are low...
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Universit de Mons
What is it ?
What about strength ?
Design and reinforcement
Universit de Mons
Universit de Mons
Step joints
the slope of the notch must minimize the angle between the stresses and the grain direction
for both connected elements (bisector)
the depth of the notch (tv) should not exceed h/4 for skew angles 50 and h/6 for skew
angles > 60 (Gtz et al (1993), DIN 1052:2004 and CTE (2006)).
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Universit de Mons
Universit de Mons
Support reaction
N tie beam
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Universit de Mons
1
3
Crack ?
Gap
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(a) binding strip; (b) internal bolt; (c) stirrup; (d) tension ties - Branco (2011).
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15
c
10
= 1.4 MPa
F F
+
Force (kN)
Unstrengthened +
-5
-10
Stirrup Bolt +
-15
-20
Tension ties -
-25
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
40
50
Displacement (mm)
10
8
6
Force (kN)
= 1.4 MPa
F F
+
2
Unstrengthend +
-2
Tension ties -
-4
Stirrup +
Stirrup -
-6
Bolt +
-8
Bolt -
-10
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
40
50
Displacement (mm)
Dovetail joints
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Universit de Mons
Since rounded dovetail joints can fail either by breaking of the joist or main beam, the
two members are designed separately:
!* +,
!"#
2
. '( .
3
0,09. /
),
!*
/( 0
4
0
tan
. /(
(
2
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. /(
0 5.
Tannert proposed later on a design guideline that takes into account the size effect
for timber strength in brittle failure (Tannert, 2008).
As rounded dovetails joints are very similar to end notched beam supports, he
proposed a modified design formula based on Eurocode 5 formula for notched
beams with the definition of a specific reduction factor kv (EN 1995:2005).
1,5 . 8
'(
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),
3,6::
.
'(
Reinforcement with self tapping screws is very efficient (increase stiffness, capacity of
connections perpendicular to the grain and produce a more ductile failure mode)
In that case, when the performance is governed by the joist member, capacity can be
estimated similar to the capacity of end notched beam supports (see Blass et al 2001).
Consequently, screw withdrawal capacity Rax,k and tensile strength Ru,k dictate the
capacity Vk of a beam support according to (DIN-1052 2004):
8;
. min >
1,3 . 3. 1
?,; , >@,;
/, //
2. 1
/,
/
Where h is the beam height, he is the beam height minus the notch height
and n is the number of screws.
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Tenon and
mortise joints
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Universit de Mons
sin D
EF cos D
EF EI
cos D 0 EF
D
:
1 EF EI
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KL D 0
EI 8
m is the ratio of Q to F
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What is it ?
What about strength ?
Design and reinforcement
Universit de Mons
Structural complexity:
Complexity of the global geometry and the connections.
(more complex than masonries ?)
Drawings P. Lemlyn
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Component method
Prediction of the stiffness of the joint. For M, N and V :
Definition of a model statically equivalent.
Each component is an area where contact appears .
A stiffness is associated to each component.
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F F
k = j + i =
+ i = k
k j ki k k
kk =
1
1
i , j ki
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ktot =
F z
k
k
k
zk
k (z ) z
k
= kk zk2
k
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Universit de Mons
Moreover, Komatsu proposed a post yielding behaviour which allows the definition of a poly-linear
M relationship.
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M+
Stiffness
[N.m/mr
ad]
M-
FEM
Component
method
Experime
ntation
FEM
Component
method
Experimen
tation
13.95
66.38
12.08
4.32
18.66
5.43
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Fi =
y2
y1
ki
i dl = f ( u , v, )
li
V k11
N = k21
M k
31
k12
k22
k32
k13 u
k23 v
k33
We finally solve this system and the ICR is then supposed to be the point for which the computed
displacement is minimum.
u + v
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Universit de Mons
Universit de Mons
Equivalent model
The joint is statically indeterminate !
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Universit de Mons
reduction of 50 % !
7,6 m
7,96 m
5,6 m
All are statically indeterminate
frames: 7x
13,33 m
6,35 m
8,9 m
Abbatiale de la Paix-Dieu
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Chteau dEcaussinnes-Lalaing
Borne infrieure
Borne suprieure
Hinge
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Carpent.
Dowels
Stiff.
Bending
stiffness
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K. CANT et F. MIGNONE |
59
Abbatiale de la Paix-Dieu
Hinge
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Carpent.
Dowels
Stiff.
Bending
stiffness
Hinge
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Carpent.
Dowels
Stiff.
Bending
stiffness
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Universit de Mons
Aman R., West H., Cormier D. (2008), An evaluation of loose tenon joint strength. For Prod J, 58(3):6164.
Bla H.J., Bejtka I. (2001), Screws with Continuous Threads in Timber Connections, in RILEM Symposium: Joints in
Timber Structures, Stuttgart.
Branco J.M. (2008), Influence of the joints stiffness in the monotonic and cyclic behaviour of traditional timber
trusses. Assessment of the efficacy of different strengthening techniques. PhD thesis, University of Minho and
University of Trento.
Branco J.M., Piazza M., Cruz P.J.S. (2011), Experimental evaluation of different strengthening techniques of
traditional timber connections. Engineering Structures. 33 (8), 2011, 2259-2270. URI:
http://hdl.handle.net/1822/13592
Candelpergher L. (1999), Sperimentazione, modellazione numerica e caratterizzazione sintetica del
comportamento di collegamenti lignei tradizionali con elementi metallici. Masters thesis, Universit`a Degli Studi di
Trento.
Chang W.-S., Hsu M.-F., Komatsu K. (2006), Rotational performance of traditional Nuki joints with gap I: theory and
verification. Journal of Wood Sciences, 52:5862.
C.T.E. (2006), Documento Bsico SEM. Seguridad estructural Estructuras de madera. A cdigo tcnico de la
edificacin, ministerio de vivienda.
CNR-DT 206 (2006), Istruzioni per il progetto, lesecuzione ed il controlo delle strutture di legno. Decreto
ministeriale, del ministero infrastrutture e trasporti, published on official gazettente nazionale italiano di
unificazione.
Descamps T., Lambion J., Laplume D. (2006), Timber Structures: Rotational stiffness of carpentry joints. WCTE
2006.
Descamps T., Nol J. (2009), Semi-rigid analysis of old timber frames: definition of equivalent springs for joints
modeling. Enhancement of the method, numerical and experimental validation. International Review of
Mechanical Engineering. Volume 3, Number 2, March 2009, pp 230-239.
Descamps T. (2012), Influence of the connection stiffness on the mechanical behavior of old timber frames. COST
FP1101 Workshop on Assessment of timber, Wroclaw, Poland, October 2012.
DIN 1052 (2004), Entwurf, Berechnung und Bemessung von Holzbauwerk. Allgemeine bemessungsregeln und
bemessungsregeln fur den hochbau.
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Drdck M., Wald F., Sokol, Z. (1999), Sensitivity of historic timber structures to their joint response. Madrid.
Feio A.O., Loureno P.B., Machado J.S. (2013), Testing and modeling of a traditional timber mortise and tenon joint.
Materials and Structures. DOI 10.1617/s11527-013-0056.
Gtz K.-H., Hoor D., Mhler K., Natterer J. (1993), Construire en Bois - Choisir, concevoir, realiser. Presses
Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Judd J., Fonseca F., Walker C., Thorley P. (2012), Tensile strength of varied-angle mortise and tenon connections in
timber frames. J Struct Eng 137(5):636644.
Komatsu K., Kitamori A., Jung K. and Mori T. (2009), Estimation of The Mechanical Properties of Mud Shear Walls
Subjecting to Lateral Shear Force, In Proc. of the 11th International Conference on Non-conventional Materials and
Technologies (NOCMAT 2009), 6-9 September 2009, Bath, UK.
Larsen H., Jensen J. (2000), Influence of semi-rigidity of joints on the behaviour of timber structures. Prog. Struct.
Engng Mater., 2:27672778.
Likos E., Haviarova E., Eckelman C., Erdil Y., Ozcifci A. (2012), Effect of tenon geometry, grain orientation, and
shoulder on bending moment capacity and moment rotation characteristics of mortise and tenon joints. Wood
Fiber Sci 44(4):18
Meisel A., Moosbrugger T., Schickhofer G. (2010), Survey and Realistic Modelling of Ancient Austrian Roof
Structures. In Proc. Of Conservation of Heritage Structure (CSHM-3), Ottawa, Canada.
Ordinanza 3431 (2005). Primi elementi in materia di criteri generali per la classificazione sismica del territorio
nazionale e di normative tecniche per le construzioni in zona sismica. Ordinanza del presidente del consiglio dei
ministri.
Palma P., Cruz H. (2007), Mechanical behaviour of traditional timber carpentry joints in service conditions - results
of monotonic tests. In From material to Structure - Mechanical behaviour and failures of the timber structures XVI
International Symposium, ICOMOS IWC.
Parisi M., Piazza M. (2000), Mechanics of plain and retrofitted traditional timber connections. Journal of Structural
Engineering, 126(12):13951403.
Piazza M., Tomasi R., Modena R. (2005), Strutture in legno. Materiale, calcolo e progetto secondo le nuove
normative europee. Ulrico Hoepli, Milan, Italy.
SIA 265: Constructions en Bois. Swiss society of engineers and architects (sia) norm, 2003.
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Universit de Mons