1

Mini Project
Villota Stalyn
Introduction to Power Systems IEE6N4
Abstract -. This document talk about a matlabs
program where we can calculate tower's parameters like:
impedance primitive, zabc, z012, as, p, that are necessary
to study the characteristics of towers and systems

INTRODUCTION

the electrical sector is consider an strategic area in

Ecuador, that had several changes in the last time. It
had a vulnerable political management and poor
responsibility of previous administrations[1]
HE

I.

HISTORY

1896
Manuel de Jesus Alvarado Cueva inaugurated the first
electric lighting in Guayaquil. Years later he partnered with
Ulpiano Bejarano Aguirre and formed the company "Alvarado
and Bejarano"[2]
1897
The history of power generation in the city of Loja began in
1897 with the creation of the Southern Electric Company.[3]
The Electric Company Luz y Fuerza , installed 2 hydraulic
turbines 12 kW Malacatos each in the river for power
generation in the city of Loja, aimed primarily at meeting the
needs such as lighting and for running electrical equipment of
this population. "From this, the service to other parts of the
country was extended, most often funded by foreign investors
and characterized by a lack of planning, poor administration
and especially the emergence of regionalist jealousy that
prevented a comprehensive development"[4]
1905
Sold the concession to the Company of Light and Power
Electric, ELFE was founded in 1904 and acquired in 1925 by
the US conglomerate Electric Bond & Share Co., Ebasco,
precursor of General Electric Commercial Finance
Purchases of the Electric Bond and Share always, the vast
majority came from the General Electric who formally
separated in 1925.
This company acquired great strength in Latin America as
evidenced by the following: The Bond and Share and Light
and Power have the production of electricity in most Latin
American countries. The American and Foreign Power Co., a
subsidiary of the Bond and Share, supplies electricity to 1,190
mainland cities, and many of they also water, gas, phone and
transportation
Electric Bond and Share Company was constantly accused in
countries where presence had to act with arrogance, greed and
abuse.[2]
1925

October 29 witness the scribe Isaac Villalba was signed

with the Municipality of Guayaquil concession contract to
distribute and market electricity in Guayaquil for 60 years. In
this contract to another new and additional explanatory called
attached. The latter, where additions and clarifications are
made petty, aims to conceal the number of privileges and
exemptions contained in the first foreign company without any
obligation acquired. Therefore, in its eighth article imposes a
minimum commitment: to install a small power plant in Bucay
and Guayaquil diesel engines. Commitment was never
fulfilled. [2]
1961
Was created the Instituto Ecuatoriano de Electrificacin
INECEL whit the objective of: plan, implement, operate,
regulate and control the electrical sector activity[1]
1996
Was created the Firs National Electrification Plan and
Sector Regime Law is published
Electric, with the aim of meeting the electrical energy needs of
country with the optimal use of natural resources, with this
law created the National Electricity Council as a public body
with the authority delegate to other sectors of the generation,
transmission, distribution and marketing of electricity.
Significantly, this model development with the tendency to
privatize the generation and distribution of energy
The application of this model and other factors both internal
and external to electricity sector have influenced the
performance of companies, leading to result in high losses and
low efficiency in meeting objectives. [1]
2007
The role of the state is recovered as responsible for the
handling and management of strategic areas, promulgated
Constituent Mandate No. 15, known as Electric mandate that
the way forward for the reunification of the whole sector is
issued; further it provides that the investment needed for
rescue and maintenance sector will be through the general
state budget [1]
II. EVOLUTION OF INSTALLED CAPACITY IN
ECUADOR
In 1979 the installed capacity in Ecuador was 226.4 MW to
reach 5090.3 MW with which Ecuador has to cover their
electricity demand in 2012[4]

Fig 1. Installed Power since 1972 to 1995

Thanks to the oil boom, allowed build hydroelectric plants

so that their participation in the total installed capacity grew to
almost 1,000 MW, while the production of energy from
hydraulic power in the late eighties, became very close to the
energy from the heat source, it no longer needed to cover the
electricity demand of Ecuador. As for electricity generation,
this declined markedly in 1993[4]

Is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower;

the production of electrical power through the use of the
gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most
widely used form of renewable energy, accounting for 16
percent of global electricity generation 3,427 terawatt-hours
of electricity production in 2010
Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the AsiaPacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in
2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721
terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17
percent of domestic electricity use.
The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low, making it a
competitive source of renewable electricity. The average cost
of electricity from a hydro station larger than 10 megawatts is
3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour. It is also a flexible source
of electricity since the amount produced by the station can be
changed up or down very quickly to adapt to changing energy
demands. However, damming interrupts the flow of rivers and
can harm local ecosystems, and building large dams and
reservoirs often involves displacing people and wildlife. Once
a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces
no direct waste, and has a considerably lower output level of
the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) than fossil fuel
powered energy plants.[5]
Conventional (dams)
Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy
of dammed water driving a water turbine and generator. The
power extracted from the water depends on the volume and on
the difference in height between the source and the water's
outflow. This height difference is called the head. A large pipe
(the "penstock") delivers water from the reservoir to the
turbine

Fig 2.Electric generation since 1970 to 1995

In the year 1999 Colombia imported electricity, starting

with only about 20 MW, and developing an energydependence of the neighboring country, so that in 2006 the
import of electricity to Colombia became 400 MW[4]

Fig 3. Electric Generation

HYDROELECTRICITY

Pumped-storage
This method produces electricity to supply high peak
demands by moving water between reservoirs at different
elevations. At times of low electrical demand, the excess
generation capacity is used to pump water into the higher
reservoir. When the demand becomes greater, water is released
back into the lower reservoir through a turbine. Pumpedstorage schemes currently provide the most commercially
important means of large-scale grid energy storage and
improve the daily capacity factor of the generation system.
Pumped storage is not an energy source, and appears as a
negative number in listings.
Run-of-the-river
Run-of-the-river hydroelectric stations are those with small
or no reservoir capacity, so that only the water coming from
upstream is available for generation at that moment, and any
oversupply must pass unused. A constant supply of water from
a lake or existing reservoir upstream is a significant advantage
in choosing sites for run-of-the-river. In the United States, run
of the river hydropower could potentially provide 60,000
megawatts (80,000,000 hp) (about 13.7% of total use in 2011
if continuously available).
Tide

3
A tidal power station makes use of the daily rise and fall of
ocean water due to tides; such sources are highly predictable,
and if conditions permit construction of reservoirs, can also be
dispatchable to generate power during high demand periods.
Less common types of hydro schemes use water's kinetic
energy or undammed sources such as undershot waterwheels.
Tidal power is viable in a relatively small number of locations
around the world. In Great Britain, there are eight sites that
could be developed, which have the potential to generate 20%
of the electricity used in 2012 [5]
THERMAL POWER STATION
A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime
mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and
spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator.
After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a
condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known
as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variation in the design of
thermal power stations is due to the different fossil fuel
resources generally used to heat the water. Some prefer to use
the term energy center because such facilities convert forms of
heat energy into electrical energy. Certain thermal power
plants also are designed to produce heat energy for industrial
purposes of district heating, or desalination of water, in
addition to generating electrical power. Globally, fossil-fuel
power stations produce a large part of man-made CO2
emissions to the atmosphere, and efforts to reduce these are
varied and widespread.[6]
III. BIG HYDROELECTRIC IN ECUADOR
Paute Integral
The mega hydroelectric project Paute Integral compose a
set of 4 Hydroelectric located one after the other (cascaded),
two of which are already in operation,
Mazar with an installed capacity of 170 MW and mill
capacity, while the other two, Blower and Cardenillo, are
under construction and feasibility studies respectively.
The central Paute Molino contributes to the National
Interconnected System
an output of "1100 MW generating power for 35% of the
country. Daniel Palacios dam has a storage capacity of one
hundred ten million cubic meters required amount of water for
12 days of operation of the mill center"[4]

Hidroagoyn
This hydroelectric dam complex is 185 million cubic meters of
water, "nearly 1.7 times larger than the dam Daniel Palacios.
"Like the Paute River, Pastaza also part of the Amazon basin,
which is related to rainiest periods between March and
October, which means that for the months between November
and February have times of drought.[4]
TABLE I
EMBLEMATIC HYDROELECTRIC PROJECTS IN ECUADOR

IV. CONCLUSIONS
Is important to know the history of electrification in
Ecuador, because, the power system is constantly increasing
and we have to know how it works, also we need information
about the most representative projects due to the power
generation. When we know this parameters we can establish
new projects, or improve the old ones.
Ecuador didnt have a good start in electrification, but in the
last years we have a big growth, and now we have new
projects to generate electricity that is important because
everything works with electricity, and we need it to become an
industrial country, and to provide enough energy to the
consumers
Electrification became from a little generation to a big
generation with some problems, and is necessary to repair
some of them, like the importation of energy.
V. BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] A. Robles, MODELO DE GESTIN COMERCIAL DE
ENERGA ELCTRICA EN EL ECUADOR. 2010.
[2] Wikipedia, Empresa Elctrica del Ecuador.
[3] EERSSA, Historia de la Empresa Elctrica regional del
sur.
[4] J. Godoy, DESDE PAUTE HASTA COCA CODO
SINCLAIR 40 AOS DE HIDROENERGA EN EL
ECUADOR. DISCURSO ALREDEDOR DE CAMBIO
DE MATRIZ ENERGTICA. .
[5] Wikipedia, Hydroelectricity.
[6] Wikipedia, Thermal power station.