MICROCONTROLLER BASED

TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER
This Project is used to control the Fan speed according to the temperature and it also
indicates the temperature. The system will get the temperature from the IC (DS1820) and
it will control the speed according the values stored in the code. The System is fully
controlled by 8-bit microcontroller.

SUBMITTED BY:

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INTRODUCTION
The aim of this project is to design an ambient temperature measurement circuit. The
motivation for doing this project is the fact that temperature measurement has become
an integral part of any control system operating in a temperature sensitive environment
and the various learning outcomes associated during the implementation of the project.
In this project the ambient temperature will be displayed on a LCD. An 89s52
Microcontroller will be used for handling all the required computations and control.
In following we have briefly discussed details of a Microcontroller and the project in
general. A temperature sensor DS 1820 is used for sensing the ambient temperature. The
system will get the temperature from the IC and it will display the temperature over the
seven segment display and this temperature was compared with the value stored by the
user and if the Room temperature goes beyond the Preset temperature then fan will on
and if temperature goes below to a fixed value then heater will on.

P
HEATER
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P1.1 RT
RELAY
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8051

RELAY

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PROJECT

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Hardware Used

• Microcontroller  AT89S52(8052 derivative)

• IC’S  1. DS 1820 (Temperature Sensor)

2. LM 7805 (Regulator IC for 5 volts constant D.C supply)

• LCD  For display at remote station.

• Crystal Oscillator  To produce 11.0592 MHz Frequency for

microcontroller clock.
• General Purpose PCB’s.

2.2 Software Used

• Keil u-Vision 3.0

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Keil Software is used provide you with software development tools for 8051 based
microcontrollers. With the

Keil tools, you can generate embedded applications for virtually every 8051 derivative.
The supported microcontrollers are listed in the µ-vision

• 8051 Burner Software

A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO 8051

MICROCONTROLLER:
When we have to learn about a new computer we have to familiarize about the
machine capability we are using, and we can do it by studying the internal hardware
design (devices architecture), and also to know about the size, number and the size of the
registers.
A microcontroller is a single chip that contains the processor (the CPU), non-volatile
memory for the program (ROM or flash), volatile memory for input and output (RAM), a
clock and an I/O control unit. Also called a "computer on a chip," billions of
microcontroller units (MCUs) are embedded each year in a myriad of products from toys
to appliances to automobiles. For example, a single vehicle can use 70 or more
microcontrollers. The following picture describes a general block diagram of
microcontroller.

89s52: The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit

microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is
manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is
compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip
Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional
nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system
programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel's AT89S52 is a powerful
microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many
embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features:
8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers,
three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex
serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed
with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software
selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM,
timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down
mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip
functions until the next interrupt

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The hardware is driven by a set of program instructions, or software. Once familiar with
hardware and software, the user can then apply the microcontroller to the problems
easily.
The pin diagram of the 8051 shows all of the input/output pins unique to
microcontrollers:

The following are some of the capabilities of 8051 microcontroller.

 Internal ROM and RAM

 I/O ports with programmable pins
 Timers and counters
 Serial data communication

The 8051 architecture consists of these specific features:

 16 bit PC &data pointer (DPTR)

 8 bit program status word (PSW)
 8 bit stack pointer (SP)
 Internal ROM 4k
 Internal RAM of 128 bytes.

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  4 register banks, each containing 8 registers
 80 bits of general purpose data memory
 32 input/output pins arranged as four 8 bit ports:P0-P3
 Two 16 bit timer/counters: T0-T1
 Two external and three internal interrupt sources
 Oscillator and clock circuits

For any electronics project the power supply plays a very important role in its proper
functioning.
In this project we are using external A.C supply (220 v) as input , this high voltage is
converted into 12 Volts A.C by step down transformer , then we use voltage
regulators and filters with bridge rectifier to convert the A.C into D.C voltage .

For voltage regulation we are using LM 7805 and 7812 to produce ripple free 5 and
12 volts D.C constant supply.

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DS 1820 Temperature Sensor:
The DS18S20 digital thermometer provides 9-bit Celsius temperature measurements and
has an alarm function with nonvolatile user-programmable upper and lower trigger
points. The DS18S20 communicates over a 1-Wire bus that by definition requires only
one data line (and ground) for communication with a central microprocessor. It has an
operating temperature range of –55°C to +125°C and is accurate to ±0.5°C over the
range of –10°C to +85°C. In addition, the DS18S20 can derive power directly from the
data line (“parasite power”), eliminating the need for an external power supply.

Each DS18S20 has a unique 64-bit serial code, which allows multiple DS18S20s to
function on the same 1-Wire bus. Thus, it is simple to use one microprocessor to control
many DS18S20s distributed over a large area. Applications that can benefit from this
feature include HVAC environmental controls, temperature monitoring systems inside
buildings, equipment, or machinery, and process monitoring and control systems.
Figure shows a block diagram of the DS18S20, and pin descriptions are given in the Pin
Description table. The 64-bit ROM stores the device’s unique serial code. The scratchpad
memory contains the 2-byte temperature register that stores the digital output from the

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temperature sensor. In addition, the scratchpad provides access to the 1-byte upper and
lower alarm trigger registers (TH and TL). The TH and TL registers are nonvolatile
(EEPROM), so they will retain data when the device is powered down.

The DS18S20 uses Maxim’s exclusive 1-Wire bus protocol that implements bus
communication using one control signal. The control line requires a weak pullup resistor
since all devices are linked to the bus via a 3-state or open-drain port (the DQ pin in the
case of the DS18S20). In this bus system, the microprocessor (the master device)
identifies and addresses devices on the bus using each device’s unique 64-bit code.
Because each device has a unique code, the number of devices that can be addressed on
one bus is virtually unlimited. The 1-Wire bus protocol, including detailed explanations
of the commands and “time slots,” is covered in the 1-Wire Bus System section.

Another feature of the DS18S20 is the ability to operate without an external power
supply. Power is instead supplied through the 1-Wire pullup resistor via the DQ pin when
the bus is high. The high bus signal also charges an internal capacitor (CPP), which then
supplies power to the device when the bus is low. This method of deriving power from
the 1-Wire bus is referred to as “parasite power.” As an alternative, the DS18S20 may
also be powered by an external supply on VDD.

DS18S20 Block Diagram

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DIFFERENT PRECAUTIONS
DURING SOLDERING:

• The bit of soldering iron should be kept clean with the help of file at time to time.
• The solder wire should be of smaller thickness.
• We should not use extra solder because it may be a cause of short circuit in the
conductive path.
• The components should not be overheated.
• The leads of the components should be clean before soldering, by the send paper.
• The bit of a new soldering iron should be clean properly before soldering.
• The joint should be heated up to required temperature by which, the solder melts
and comes around the joint. The joint should not be disturbed before setting the
solder. The good joint looks pointed spot.

b.) DURING USING POWER SUPPLY:

• switches and fuses should be used in a project circuit.

• Earthing is essential in wiring.
• We should use insulated wires.
• Power supply should be switched off, when it is not required.
• If there is a fault in the circuit, then firstly we should repair it. After repairing it
connect again the power supply.

c.) DURING TESTING OF PROJECT:

• Each component should be checked before checking the project.
• Potentiometer should be adjusted at proper range.

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 • Battery of the testing equipment should be properly checked otherwise it will not
measure the actual reading.
• The components, which are not doing function properly, should be changed as
soon as possible; otherwise, other components may also be damaged by it.
• Testing equipment should be in proper range when output measured at any point
of the circuit, or component. Otherwise testing equipment may be showed the
wrong reading.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
 Understanding the hardware detail of a 8051 microcontroller
 Microcontroller programming
 7 segment display interfacing and use of Temperature Sensor
 Introduction to DC motor

References

 “8051 and embedded system” by Mazidi and Mazidi

 All datasheets from www.datasheetcatalog.com
 About AT89s8252 from www.atmel.com
 And www.triindia.co.in
 About DS1820 from www.dallas.com.

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