keep it simple science

3.
F = BILsin,

Answer Section
Worksheet 1

So I = F/B.L.Sin
= 27.2/105x2.44xsin90o
= 0.106A. (1.06x10-1A)
RH palm rule shows current flows down the page.
4.
F = BILsin,
So Sin = F/B.I.L
= 3.72/7.50x8.00x0.287
= 0.2160
= 12.5o

a) electric current
b) force
c) magnetic field
d) attract
e) is in opposite direction
f) repel
g) length
h) the product of the currents
i) inversely
j) magnetic
k) force
l) teslas (T)
m) current
n) length
o) magnetic field
p) (sine ratio of) angle
q) Motor
r) right angles
s) Right Hand Palm
t) turning
u) rotate
v) magnetic field
w) equal but opposite
x) current
y) magnetic field
z) current
aa) area
ab) plane
ac) 0o
ad) 90o
ae) coil of wire
af) rotate
ag) stator
ah) permanent
ai) electromagnet
aj) electrical
ak) commutator
al) reverse direction
am) galvanometer
an) torque
ao) radial
ap) vibration
aq) inter-acting

Worksheet 4
1.

= nBIA.Cos

= 200x5.25x1.50x1.20x10-3xcos0o
= 1.89 N.m.

2.
a)

= 35x8.38x2.50x(0.20x0.20)xcos0o
= 29.3N.m.
b) RH Palm rule shows left side force is up, right
side force down, therefore coil will rotate clockwise.
3.
= nBIA.Cos
so, n = / BIA.Cos
= 3.86 / 4.60x3.20x0.00262xcos0o
= 100 turns.
4.
a) = nBIA.Cos
so, I = / nBA.Cos
= 12.3 / 12x22.3x(0.0800x0.0500)cos0o
= 11.5A.
b) To rotate as shown, the force on left side of coil
must be downward. RH Palm Rule indicates current
must flow clockwise around coil.

Worksheet 2
1.
F = k.I1.I2
L
d
= 2.00x10-7x15.3x12.7 / 0.0100 = 3.89x10-3 Nm-1.
The force will repel the wires.
2.
F = k.I1.I2
and I1 = I2 = I
L
d
8.25x10-5 = 2.00x10-7 x( I2)/0.100
I = Sq.root(8.25x10-5x0.100/2.00x10-7 )
= 6.42 A.
Since force is attracting, the currents must be in
same direction.
3.
F = k.I1.I2
so, F=k.I1.I2.L/d,
L
d
so d=k.I1.I2.L/F
=2.00x107x8.90x14.5x1.48/6.44x10-4
= 0.0593 m (= 5.93 cm).
4.
F = k.I1.I2
so F = k.I1.I2.L/d
L
d
= 2.00x10-7x30.0x30.0x25.0/0.0800
= 5.63x10-2 N, attraction.

Worksheet 5
1. B

2. A

3.
F = k.I1.I2.L/d
= 2.00x10-7x12.0x7.50x1.85/0.0100
= 3.33x10-3N.
Force will repel the wires, since currents opposite.
4.
a) i) Commutator reverses the direction of current in
the coil every 1/2 revolution. This is necessary to
keep the torque in the same direction, and keep the
coil turning.
ii) The stator provides the magnetic field around the
coil. It can be one or more permanent magnets, or
electromagnet(s).

Worksheet 3
1.
F = BILsinq
= 11.0x4.50x1.25xsin90o
= 61.9N.
RH palm rule shows force is directed up the page.

b) A radial field has its field lines in a pattern like the

spokes of a wheel... radii of a circle. This means that
the coil lies flat in the field (q=0o) through most
rotation positions. Since the torque on the coil is
proportional to Cosq, this ensures maximum torque
throughout the rotation.

2.
F = BILsinq
= 22.7x5.95x0.385xsin60o
= 45.0N, directed vertically into the page.

HSC Physics Topic 2 Motors & Generators

Copyright 2005-2
2009 keep it simple science
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au

= nBIA.Cos

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Worksheet 6
1. D

2. C

3. C

Worksheet 8
4. A

1. B

5.
F = B.I.L.sin,

3. C

4. D

5.
a) Magnetic Flux Density is a measure of the intensity
of a magnetic field. It can be thought of as the number
of magnetic field lines passing through a given area
of space.
It is commonly known as magnetic field strength
and measured in teslas(T).
b) ... the rate of change of magnetic flux through the
conductor.

so, B = F / I.L.sin
= 3.25 / 9.00x0.750xsin90
= 0.481T.
RH Palm Rule shows field is vertically upwards.
6.
a) F = B.I.L.sin,
= 8.00x5.75x0.0500xSin90
= 2.30N.
RH Palm Rule shows force is into page.
b) Zero, because current flows parallel to field lines.
c) = n.B.I.A.cos
= 1x8.00x5.75x(0.0500)2xcos10o
= 0.113N.m.
7.
a) Pointer needle. This rotates with the coil to give the
meter reading on the calibrated scale.
b) Permanent magnet. This provides the magnetic
field for interaction with the coil. It is shaped to give
a radial field for constant torque at all positions.
c) Coil. When current flows in this coil it interacts with
the field, and experiences a torque to turn the needle.
d) Spring. This works against the coil, so the needle
moves only so far for each level of torque produced.
Also returns the needle to the zero mark when power
is off.

6.
a) Using a stronger magnet induced more EMF, so
more current flowed. (The galvanometer showed a
greater deflection)
b) While the magnet was stationary the galvanometer
showed no current flow.
c) If moved at a more distant point there was less
induced current.
d) Reversing the pole reversed the current flow. (The
galvanometer needle deflected in the opposite
direction)
7.
(Compare & Contrast means you must point out
similarities AND differences.)
A simple motor and a simple generator are very
similar in structure: both are built from
one or more coils of wire on an axle. (The Rotor)
a magnet to provide a magnetic field. (The Stator)
a set of brushes to connect the coil to an external
circuit.
a commutator or set of slip-rings on the coil axle, in
contact with the brushes.
The major difference between them is their function:
A motor uses electicity to produce the rotating
movement of the coil. Electricity >> Kinetic energy.
A generator produces electricity from the rotation of
the coil, usually caused by the rotation of a turbine.
Kinetic energy >> Electricity.

Worksheet 7
a) Faraday
b) generator
c) magnet
d) relative
e) coil & magnet
f) current
g) stronger
h) closer
i) faster
j) reverses
k) reverses
l) Flux Density
m) magnetic field
n) area
o) EMF
p) magnetic flux
q) rotate
r) permanent
s) electromagnets
t) induced
u) brushes
v) slip-rings
w) motor
x) current direction
y) alternating current (AC)
z) commutator
aa) reverse
ab) sparking
ac) slip
ad) coil
ae) magnets
af) external circuit
ag) resistance
ah) current
ai) high
aj) low
ak) transformer
al) insulators
am) ceramic
an) lightning
ao) shield conductors
ap) ground
aq) Edison
ar) DC
as) power
at) energy
au) Tesla
av) generators, motors
aw) Niagara
ax) positive/beneficial
ay) labour
az) electronic/computer
ba) communication, entertainment, business
bb) negative
bc) coal/fossil fuels
bd) Greenhouse Effect be) Global Warming
bf) EMF/current
bg) opposes
bh) Conservation of Energy
bi) back-EMF
bj) braking
bk) induction
bl) eddy

HSC Physics Topic 2 Motors & Generators

Copyright 2005-2
2009 keep it simple science
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au

2. B

Worksheet 9
1. C

2. A

3. B

4.
(Justify means to give reasons why this is correct
or true)
AC electricity has many advantages that make it more
suitable than DC for large-scale electricity supply:
AC can be easily stepped-up or down in voltage by
transformers. This allows for efficient distribution
over long distances at very high voltages (minimum
energy loss) and then convenient and safe usage by
consumers at lower voltage.
AC generators can be constructed without a
commutator to carry current to the external circuit.
This is more efficient than a DC generator, and
requires less maintenance, too.
AC induction motors are cheap, reliable and
efficient.

29

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keep it simple science

Worksheet 9 cont.

Worksheet 11

5.
(Assess means to measure or weigh up the pros
and cons)
The development of AC generators has had impacts
on society that have been mainly beneficial, such as:
development of many labour-saving and
convenience devices (e.g. washing machines,
elevators, power tools) which have generally
improved peoples life-style.
development of electronic devices and computers
which are the basis of modern communications,
entertainment, business and finance systems.

1.
a)

Vp = np
Vs
ns
so Vs = Vp.ns/np
= 240x200 / 2,000
= 24.0V.
b) Step-down, because output voltage is lower.
2.
Vp = np
Vs
ns
so ns = np.Vs/Vp
= 52,000x11,000 / 66,000
= 8,666
9,000 turns.

On the other hand, the impacts on the environment

have been mostly negative ones:
burning of fossil fuels in power stations is a major
contributor to the Greenhouse Effect and Global
Warming.
nuclear accidents, such as Chernobyl 1986, carry
serious risks to the environment and to people.
Building dams for hydro-electricity alters
watercourses and submerges ecosystems
Overall, the benefits to life-style have been seen by
most people as worth the environmental destruction.
This attitude is changing as the environmental
damage becomes critical, and becomes a global
threat.

3.
a)

Vp = np
Vs
ns
so np = Vp.ns/Vs
= 240x50/6
= 2,000 turns.
b) Rectify AC to DC output
c) Must be done after, because DC cannot easily be
transformed, while AC can.

Worksheet 12
1. D
4.
a)

6.
a) It will act left, to counteract the motion.
b) RH Palm Rule shows that current must flow up the
page (in order to produce a Motor Effect force to the
left.)
c) Lenzs Law.

3. A

Vp = np
Vs
ns
so np = Vp.ns/Vs
= 240x60/8
= 1,800 turns.
b) It converts AC input to DC output.

7.
Electomagnetic braking is used to stop some
amusement rides (e.g. Space Shot rides involving
vertical free-fall) and used in some trains.
It works because of Lenzs Law.
The moving car/train has strong magnets attached.
To brake the car, the magnets move past copper
sheets. This induces eddy currents, and Lenzs Law
ensures that these currents will produce fields that
oppose the induction magnets. Thus the car is
slowed evenly and efficiently.

5.
a) The stator is a series of coils which produce
magnetic fields that rotate when supplied with AC
current. The rotor contains a laminated iron core to
intensify the fields, but also a copper cage-like
structure known as the squirrel cage. The stator
fields induce eddy currents which flow freely in the
squirrel cage and produce their own magnetic fields.
These interact with the stator fields and chase their
rotation. The result is a constant torque, so the rotor
rotates.
b) The AC induction motor has no need for any
commutator or slip-rings so it is efficient and lowmaintenance.
A disadvantage is that it runs only on AC, and can
only run at one speed, determined by the frequency of
the AC cycle.
Overall, its advantages outweigh this limitation, since
over 90% of all electric motors are of this type.

Worksheet 10
a) change the voltage
b) higher
c) transmission/distribution
d) stepped-down
e) two
f) primary & secondary g) iron
h) AC
i) primary
j) fluctuating
k) induces
l) different
m) secondary
n) higher
o) primary
p) lower
q) power/energy
r) Conservation of Energy
s) current
t) energy losses
u) resistance heating
v) eddy
w) increases
x) lose/radiate
y) resistance
z) (many) thin
aa) laminated
ab) eddy
ac) up
ad) 250,000
ae) down
af) neighbourhood
ag) 240
ah) TV screen
ai) up
aj) low
ak) DC
al) rectifier
HSC Physics Topic 2 Motors & Generators
Copyright 2005-2
2009 keep it simple science
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au

2. B

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