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Engineering Mechanics
Chapter 05: Bending of Beams
Content
In previous chapter, we have studied the stress
distribution along the axis of a beam.
In this chapter, we will discuss the normal stress
distribution across the section of a beam including
Normal stress
1) Flexural formula
2) Curvature of a beam
3) Section modulus
Introduction
Introduction
If a beam is loaded by forces which are perpendicular
to its axis, it deforms and is referred as the bending of
the beam. The study of the determination of the
stresses and the deformations is called bending
theory.
Assumptions
Assumptions in bending theory:
1) The beam is initially straight.
2) There exists a vertical plane of symmetry and the
bending moment M is applied over the plane or
symmetrically about the plane.
3) The material properties are symmetric about the plane
of symmetry.
vertical plane of symmetry
Assumptions
The consequence of assumption 2 and 3 is that the
deformation would be symmetric about the plane of
symmetry.
symmetric deformation
of a transverse section
unsymmetric deformation
of a transverse section
Assumptions
With the applied moment as shown below, the upper
portion of the beam is in tension and the lower
portion of the beam is in compression. There must
be a horizontal plane that it is under zero stress. This
plane is termed neutral plane or surface.
neutral plane before
bending
Assumptions
4) Transverse sections (the vertical planes
perpendicular to the plane of symmetry) remain
planar and perpendicular to the neutral surface after
bending
Before bending
Transverse
planes remain
planar and to
the neutral
surface
Normal stress
distribution in a
beam section
Assumptions
If the load is assumed to cause a bending moment M
only (no shear force and no normal force). The beam is
then said to be in a state of pure bending. Also, the
load acting through the section centroid without
causing torsion. For example, in the region between
the two forces F acting at the beam as shown below:
Pure bending
S.F.D.
Pure bending
B.M.D.
z-axis is an axis
of symmetry.
x-axis coincides
with the axis of
the beam and
passes through
the centroid C of
the crosssectional area A.
=
c is an unknown factor of proportionality
=
= =
= = 2
Bending formula
2 is called the moment of
The quantity =
= =
1
=
1
; =
The integrals
; =
2 , =
2 ,
Product of inertia:
= =
2 =
( 2 + 2 ) = +
Some characteristics:
a) The magnitude of a moment of inertia depends on
the location of the origin and on the orientation of
the axes.
b) Iy, Iz and Ip are always positive (the integrals
involve the squares of the distances), the product
of inertia Iyz may be positive, negative or zero.
Radii of gyration
In some cases it is practical to use the radii
of gyration instead of the second moments
of area. They have the dimension length
and defined by
Composite beam
Frequently, an area A is composed
of several parts Ai, the moments of
inertia of which are known as
shown right hand side.
=
=
=
+
1
+
2
Similarly,
=
Example #1
Consider a rectangular area (width b, height h).
/2
2
2
=
=
3
/2
/2
/2
3
=
12
Example #1
Exchanging b and h yields
3
=
12
Since the z-axis is an axis of symmetry,
= 0
The polar moment of inertia
3 3 2
= + =
+
=
( + 2 )
12
12
12
Example #1
Since area A = bh and the length = 2 + 2 ,
the radii of gyration are
3
12
=
=
,
2 3
=
,
2 3
=
,
2 3
Example #2
A circular area
Example #2
1
= =
2
=
Hence, = =
=
0
2 2
4
=
2
4
2
= =
= ; =
=
2
2
Example #3
Determine the moments of inertia for the I-profile.
Simplify the results for , , .
Example #3
Solution: (refer to appendix)
3
3
2
=
+2
+ ( + )
12
12
2 2
3 2 3 2
=
+
+
+ 2
12
3
2
3 2 3
=
+
12
12
Example #3
In case ,,, the terms which contain d, t
quadratically or to the third power may be
neglected as compared with the terms that
are linear in d and t:
Example #4
Determine the second moment of area about the xaxis passing through the centroid of the T-section.
d1 = 24 , d2 = 16
Example #4
For the upper rectangle,
Example #4
For the entire area,
Example #5
The beam of symmetric I-section as shown is simply
supported over a span of 9 m. If the max. permissible
stress is 75 N/mm2, determine the concentrated load that
the beam can carry at a distance 3 m from one supported
end.
all dimensions in mm
Example #5
Solution: From equilibrium consideration,
Bending
moment
diagram
Example #5
For the I-section,
And
Hence,