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INTRODUCTION
1.1.
Background of Research
As social creatures, communication is very important in the social life, the
According
to Bernard
(1964:527),
communication
is
the
The most prominent context in directive speech act is about the hearer, and
the relationship between speaker and hearer. Relationship between speaker and
hearer can be an indicator that makes speaker used different way to asks hearer to
do something for them. This is the logically reason why directive speech act
divided is into four specific aspects. They are: commands, orders, requests, and
suggestions. In daily conversation, command properly use to friend or younger
hearer, but request, order, and suggestion can be used for any age of hearer.
Basically, people decide to use particular utterance based on the context of
situation. They can use it appropriate with status scale in the society, for example
the conversation between children with their parents. The children will use the
polite words or positive utterance in communication. It can be different, when
he/she communicates with his/her friends. Sometimes, he/she uses polite/positive
utterance, in other time he/she use impolite/negative utterance.
The basic
principle in the conversation is politeness principle. This principle tells about the
role in communication, especially when people want someone doing something as
expected. Brown and Levinson in Yule (1996: 59-65) classify the politeness
strategy into two categories, there are say nothing and say something. The first is
say nothing which happens when a person does not say anything, yet he does
something to get the other persons attention and understands what he wants. For
example, how to get a pen from someone else. When the speaker uses say nothing
strategy, then he will not say a word but try to look for it in his bag.
The other strategy in a communication is say something. If someone wants
to borrow the pen from someone else, he can utter their meaning or their want.
The person says something to get what he wants. However, in saying something,
there are also two strategies. They are on record and off record. The example of
using off record strategy is by saying I forgot my pen when the speaker wants
to get a pen from someone else. The use of on record strategy is also divided into
two types. They are face saving act and bald on record. Bald on record is used
when a person directly asked for something, such as, saying, Give me a pen!, in
order to get a pen from someone else.
There are two types of face saving act strategies in a communication. They
are positive and negative politeness. Positives politeness can make the speaker get
a greater risk of suffering a refusal (Yule, 1996: 64). For instance, the utterance of
asking a pen, How about letting me use your pen?. Then, the negative
politeness has a great opportunity for the speaker. This is because the negative
politeness is more polite than positive politeness in a communication. Next, it is
the example of negative politeness, Could you lend me a pen?.
Previously, there are several research with the similar themes there are:
Directive Speech Acts in Captain America the first Avenger was written by
Moch Luthfi Hakiem (2014) from Islamic State University Sunan Gunung Djati
Bandung. The purposes of his research are to find out the types of directive
speech acts employed by the characters in the film Captain America and to reveal
the reason and the purposes of those directives are employed by the main
characters.
The result of his research showed that there are four types of Directives
which is divided into two sub-classes, there are Advisives and Mandatives, which
employed by the characters in the film Captain America, namely Warning of
Advisives, Advice of Advisives, Instruction of Mandatives, and Threat of
Mandatives. Another result showed that reasons of the directive speech act
performed by the characters in the film are classified into four. First, in Warning
of Advisives, the speaker wants to show his/her care about the addressee. Second,
in advice of Advisives speech, the speaker wants to show his/her apprehensive to
the addressee. Third, in Instruction of Mandatives, the speaker wants to show
his/her authority. Fourth, threat in Mandatives, the speaker wants to warn the
addressees.
The next previous research with the similar theme is Directive Speech
Acts Used in Harry Potter-The Deathly Hallow and Bride Wars Movie was
written by Lidya Oktoberia (2012) from State University of Padang. He observed
the use of speech act, especially in directive speech act in Harry Potter-The
Deathly Hallow and Bride Wars Movie.
The result of his research showed that there are four types of Directives
Speech act found in Harry Potter-The Deathly Hallow and Bride Wars Movie.
There are: In request utterance, the researcher found 24 utterances in Harry
Potter-The Deathly Hallow, and 30 utterances in Bride Wars. In suggestion
utterance the researcher found 20 utterances in Harry Potter-The Deathly Hallow,
and 22 utterances in Bride Wars. In command utterance, the researcher found 48
utterances in Harry Potter-The Deathly Hallow, and 22 utterances in Bride Wars,
1.2.
Research Problems
People can do some ways in expressing what they want by using directive
speech act and strategies they used in uttering directive speech act. Because of
that, the researcher formulates a main problem to be answered as stated in
following research question:
1.2.1. What kinds of Directive Speech Acts are found in the Iron Man 3 movie
script?
1.2.2. How are Politeness Strategies used in Directive Speech Act in Iron Man
3 movie script?
1.3.
Research Objective
In general, the object of the research is to describe the phenomena of
directive speech act in communication that reflected in Iron Man movie script.
The specific aim of this research is to elaborate the kinds of directive speech act
in the Iron Man 3 movie script into type, mood, and function used by the speaker
to the hearer in the movie, and to explore the politeness strategy used by the
1.4.
Research Significance
This research is expected to give valuable contribution theoretically and
1.4.2. Other researchers, this research will be reference in another research with
the similar theme and the different case.
1.5.
Conceptual Framework
This research has some key terms, there are:
1.5.1. Directive Act: Kinds of speech acts that speaker uses to get someone to
do something. They express what the speaker wants, they are: request,
orders, command, and suggestions, and as illustrated in example, they can
be positive or negative (Yule, 1996:54).
Example:
a. Give me a cup of coffee! Make it black!
b. Could you land me a pen please?
1.5.2. Politeness Principle Strategy: There are two type of politeness principle
strategy: Say Nothing, it happens when a person does not say anything,
yet he does something to get the other persons attention and understands
what he wants. The other strategy in a communication is say something.
If a person wants to borrow the pen from someone else, he can utter their
meaning or their want. The person says something to get his wants.
However, in saying something, there are also two strategies. They are on
record and off record. The use of on record strategy is also divided into
two types. They are face saving act and bald on record. Bald on record is
used when a person directly asked for something. There are two types of
face saving act strategies in a communication. They are positive and
negative politeness. Positives politeness can make the speaker get a
greater risk of suffering a refusal (Yule, 1996:64). The negative politeness
10
has a great opportunity for the speaker. This is because the negative
politeness is more polite than positive politeness in a communication.
1.6.
Organization of Writing
The paper is organized into five chapters, there are:
Chapter I
research
questions,
research
problem,
research
Chapter III
Chapter IV
Chapter V