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Keywords: Rotary forming, Flow forming, Form rolling, Gear, Roller path
OBJECTIVE
BACKGROUND
METHODOLOGY
3.1
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C. C. Wong et al
Mandrel holder
Mandrel
Original workpiece
Roller path
Workpiece
Radius reduction
Mandrel
Formed
disc
blank
Roller
Fig. 1. The experimental set-up of flow forming test.
(a) Bending of flat disc blank
Approach
angle
Noise
radius
Roller
Mandrel
Approach
angle
(a) Roller A
Formed cup
3.2
66
Roller gear
Roller die
Before form rolling, the roller die was first rotated to its initial rotational position, i.e. at zero degrees. Then in order to correct the mismatch between
phase angles of both rollers, a very small indentation
was made on the blank by rolling and the mismatch in
the pitching marks induced on the blank was measured approximately by a vernier caliper. The initial
difference in roller phase angle was 0.925. The material of blank was a low carbon chromium alloy (JIS
SCR415, 0.13~0.18%C, 0.15~0.35%Si, 0.60~0.85%
Mn, 0.90~1.20%Cr) with hardness of around 200 HV
after annealing (850C 4 hr, FC).
4
4.1
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C. C. Wong et al
40
Cup height, To=5mm
35
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
Forming
limit
Fig. 6. Variation of cup height & wall thickness with diameter reduction.
Cracking
Fig. 8. Cracking due to large diameter reduction.
Tred=Thickness reduction
A critical forming limit occurred at diameter reduction of 25%. For both starting disc thicknesses of 5
mm and 10 mm, severe breakage occur during the
initial forming stage for diameter reduction above
25%, as shown in Fig. 8. This may be due to the heavy
material accumulation in front of the roller for high
diameter reduction, resulting in material flowing
predominantly in the radial direction as the roller
moved axially. In addition, the heavy accumulation at
the front of the roller, from high diameter reduction,
gave rise to very high axial stress. This in turn causes
severe bulging which led to instability and ultimately
cracking of the flange in front of the roller.
In order to elongate the cup along the mandrel
and to control the dimension of the formed cup in step
1, flow forming process was proposed as a second
step to obtain the net shape product. Figure 9 shows
68
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
0
10
15
20
25
Fig. 9. Percent increase in internal diameter for flow forming of cups for initial starting disc thickness of 5 mm and
diameter reduction of 22%.
4.2
30
Fig. 13. The setup of a new instrument of 2-gear system to measure the mismatch between the phase angles of two rollers at the initial stage.
X
a) At tooth flank
b) At tooth root
Xo
Lapping defects
Fig. 14. Measuring of a mismatch between 2 roller phases.
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C. C. Wong et al
Fig. 15. The formed spur gear after adjusting the roller
pitch.
CONCLUSIONS
70
Multi-pass flow forming in second step can improve the dimensional accuracy and the uniformity of the internal diameter.
Form rolling of gear profile:
The amount of roller indentation is important to
prevent under-filling or over-filling defects in the
formed gear.
Matching of the phase angle between two diametrically opposite rollers is important to prevent
lapping defects.
With the correct parameters, formed spur gear
accuracy can match those produced by machining.
6
INDUSTRIAL SIGNIFICANCE