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1.1 Introduction to Magnetism (Revision)

You should have learned magnetism in form 3. In form 3, you learned that:
1. A magnet can attract certain type of metal.
2. The metals that can be attracted by a magnet are called the magnetic materials
of ferromagnetic materials. Examples of magnetic materials are iron, steel,
nickel and cobalt.
We also learned that a magnet has 2 poles-the North Pole and the South Pole. There is a
magnetic field surrounding the magnet. A magnetic field is a region in the surrounding of
a magnet which a magnetic material experiences a detectable force.

Magnetic Field Line

The magnetic filed of a magnet is represented by the magnetic field line. The magnetic
field line flowing out from the North pole and flowing into the South pole.

The distance between the

field lines represent the strength of the field, the closer the field line, the stronger the
field. In the diagram, the magnetic field A is stronger than magnetic field B because the
line in magnetic field A is closer.

Compass in a magnetic Field

The pattern and the direction of a magnetic field can be determined by a compass. The
pointer of the compass is always in the direction of the magnetic field. In figure (b)
above, we can see that when a few compasses are put near to a bar magnet, the pointer of
the compasses are all in the direction of the magnetic field.
If a compass is placed near to a current carrying wire, the pointer of the compass will
point along the direction of the magnetic field generated by the current. This will discuss
in electromagnetism.

2.1 What is Electromagnetism

When current passes through a conductor, magnetic field will be
generated around the conductor and the conductor become a magnet.
This phenomenon is called electromagnetism. Since the magnet is
produced electric current, it is called the electromagnet.
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is
produced by a flow of electric current. The magnetic field disappears
when the current ceases.
In short, when current flow through a conductor, magnetic field will
be generated. When the current ceases, the magnetic field disappear.

2.2 Magnetics Effects of a Current Carrying Conductor

- Straight Wire

Magnetic Field Pattern

[Figure (a)]
The magnetic field forms by straight wire are concentric circles around the wire as shown
in figure (a) above. Take notes that when the direction of the current is inversed, the
direction of the magnetic field line is also inversed.
The direction of the magnetic field line can be determined by the Maxwell's Screw Rule
or the Right Hand Grip Rule.

[Figure (a)]
Sometime, the magnetic field pattern may be given in plan view, as shown in figure (b).
In plan view, a dot in the wire shows the current coming out from the plane whereas a
cross in the wire shows the current moving into the plane.

Direction of the Magnetic Field

The direction of the magnetic field formed by a current carrying straight wire can be
determined by the Right Hand Grip Rule or the Maxwell Screw Rule.
Right Hand Grip Rule
Grip the wire with the right hand, with the thumb pointing along the direction of the
current. The other fingers give the direction of the magnetic field around the wire. This is
illustrated in

[Figure (c)]
The Maxwell's Screw Rules
The Maxwell Screw Rules sometime is also called the Maxwell's Corkscrew Rule.

Imagine a right handed screw being turn so that it bores its way in the direction of the
current in the wire. The direction of rotation gives the direction of the magnetic field.

Strength of the Magnetic Field

The strength of the magnetic field form by a current carrying conductor depends on the
magnitude of the current. A stronger current will produce a stronger magnetic field
around the wire as shown in Figure (e) below.

The strength of the field

decreases out as you move further out. This is illustrated in figure (f) below. Thus, you
must be very careful when you are asked the draw the magnetic field in your exam. The

distance of the field lines must increase as it is further out form the wire.

2.3 Magnetic Effects of a Current-Carrying Conductor Coil

Field Pattern
Figure (a) below shows the field pattern produced by a current flowing in a circular coil.
In SPM, you need to know the field pattern, the direction of the field and the factors
affect the strength of the field.
The direction of the field can be determined by the Right Hand Grip Rule. Grip the wire
at one side of the coil with your right hand, with thumb pointing along the direction of the
current. Your other fingers will be pointing in the direction of the field.

[Figure (a)]

Figure (b) shows the plan view of the field pattern.

Factors affecting the strength

There are 2 ways to increase the strength of the magnetic field:
1. increase the current and
2. increase the number of turns of the coil.

2.4 Magnetic Effects of a Current-Carrying Conductor Solenoid

A solenoid is a long coil made up of a numbers of turns of wire.

Magnetic Field Pattern

The figure (a) illustrated the field pattern produced by a solenoid when current pass
through it. The field lines in the solenoid are close to each other, showing that the
magnetic field is stronger inside the solenoid. We can also see that the field lines are
parallel inside the solenoid. This shows that the strength of the magnetic filed is about
uniform inside the solenoid.
We can also see that the magnetic field of a solenoid resembles that of the long bar
magnet, and it behaves as if it has a North Pole at one end and a South Pole at the other.

[Figure (a)]

Determining the Pole of the Magnetic Field

The pole of the magnetic field of a solenoid can be determined by the Right Hand Grip
Rule. Imagine your right-hand gripping the coil of the solenoid such that your fingers
point the same way as the current. Your thumb then points in the direction of the field.
Since the magnetic field line is always coming out from the North Pole, therefore the
thumb points towards the North Pole.

[Figure (b)]
There is another method can be used to determine the pole of the magnetic field forms by
the solenoid.
Try to visualise that you are viewing the solenoid from the 2 ends as illustrated in figure
(c) below. The end will be a North pole if the current is flowing in the aNticlockwise, or a
South pole if the current is flowing in the clockwiSe direction.

Strength of the
Magnetic Field
The strength of the magnetic field can be increased by
1. Increasing the current,
2. Increasing the number of turns per unit length of the solenoid,
3. Using a soft-iron core within the solenoid.

Physics Animation
Applet
Compass in a Solenoid

Exercises

The diagram above shows the apparatus set-up to

investigate the factors affect the strength of an electromagnet. When the switch is closed,
the pin are attracted to the soft iron rod. The number of pins attracted to the soft iron rod
can be increased by

A Increasing the current in the circuit

B Increasing the resistance in the rheostat

C Deceasing the number of turns in the solenoid
D Replacing the battery with alternating current.

2.5 Uses of Electromagnet - Electric Bell

Posted by Electromagnetism | 8:15 PM | electric bell | 0 comments

When the switch is on, the circuit is completed and current flows. The electromagnet
becomes magnetised and hence attracts the soft-iron armature and at the same time pull
the hammer to strike the gong. This enables the hammer to strike the gong.
As soon as the hammer moves towards the gong, the circuit is broken. The current stops
flowing and the electromagnet loses its magnetism. This causes the spring to pull back
the armature and reconnect the circuit again.
When the circuit is connected, the electromagnet regain its magnetism and pull the
armature and hence the hammer to strike the gong again. This cycle repeats and the bell
rings continuously.
youtube : Electric Bell

2.6 Uses of Electromagnet - Circuit Breaker

Posted by Electromagnetism | 8:16 PM | 0 comments

The figure shows the structure of a circuit breaker. A circuit breaker is an automatic
switch that cut off current in a circuit when the current become too large.
When the current in a circuit increases, the strength of the electromagnet will increase in
accordance; this will pull the soft iron armature towards the electromagnet.
As a result, the spring pulls apart the contact and disconnects the circuit immediately, and
the current stop to flow.
We can reconnect the circuit by using the reset button. The reset button can be pushed to
bring the contact back to its original position to reconnect the circuit

2.7 Uses of Electromagnet - Telephone Earpiece

Posted by Electromagnetism | 8:17 PM | 3 comments

An electromagnet is used in the earpiece of a telephone. The figure shows the simple
structure of a telephone earpiece.
When you speak to a friend through the telephone, your sound will be converted into
electric current by the mouthpiece of the telephone. The current produced is a varying
current and the frequency of the current will be the same as the frequency of your sound.
The current will be sent to the earpiece of the telephone of your friend.
When the current passes through the solenoid, the iron core is magnetised. The strength
of the magnetic field changes according to the varying current. When the current is high,
the magnetic field will become stronger and when the current is low, the magnetic field
become weaker.
The soft-iron diaphragm is pulled by the electromagnet and vibrates at the frequency of
the varying current. The air around the diaphragm is stretched and compressed and
produces sound wave. The frequency of the sound produced in the telephone earpiece
will be the same as your sound.

2.8 Uses of Electromagnet - Electromagnetic Relay

Posted by Electromagnetism | 8:16 PM | 1 comments

A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical
circuit. The switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of
contacts.
A relay has at least two circuits. One circuit can be used to control another circuit. The 1st
circuit (input circuit) supplies current to the electromagnet. The electromagnet is
magnetised and attracts one end of the iron armature.
The armature is then closes the contacts (2nd switch) and allows current flows in the
second circuit. When the 1st switch is open again, the current to the electromagnet is cut,
the electromagnet loses its magnetism and the 2nd switch is opened. Thus current stop to
flow in the 2nd circuit.

Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic

Field
Posted by Electromagnetism | 8:18 PM | catapult field interaction of 2 magnetic field | 0
comments
When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the interaction between
the two magnetic fields will produce a force on the conductor, which called a catapult
force.
The direction of the force can be determined by Fleming's left hand rule as shown in
Figure below.

The fore finger, middle finger and the thumb are perpendicularly to each other. The
forefinger points along the direction of the magnetic field, middle finger points in the
current direction and the thumb points along the direction of the force.
The strength of the force can be increased by:
1. Increase the current
2. Using a stronger magnet

The Catapult Field

The interaction of the two magnetic fields produces a resultant field known as catapult
field as shown in the figure below.

Force between 2 Current-Carrying Conductors

Posted by Electromagnetism | 8:18 PM | catapult field | 1 comments

When 2 current carrying conductors are placed close to each other, a force will be
generated between them.
If the current in both conductors flow in the same direction, they will attract each other,
whereas if the current are in opposite direction, they will repel each other.
This force is due to the interaction between the magnetic field of the 2 conductor. The
figure below shows the catapult field produced by 2 current carrying conductors when
their current is in the direction or opposite direction.

Summary:
1. A force will be produced between 2 current carrying conductors.
2. If the currents are in the same direction, the 2 wire will attract each other.
3. If the current are in opposite direction, the 2 wire will repel each other.

Turning Effect of a Current Carrying Coil in a

Magnetic Field
Posted by Electromagnetism | 8:19 PM | turning effect | 0 comments

If a current carrying coil is placed in a

magnetic field (As shown in diagram above), a pair of forces will be produced on the
coil. This is due to the interaction of the magnetic field of the permanent magnet and the
magnetic filed of the current carrying coil. The diagram below shows the catapult field
produced.

The direction of the force can be determined

by Fleming's left hand rule. Since the current in both sides of the coil flow in opposite
direction, the forces produced are also in opposite direction. The 2 forces in opposite
direction constitute a couple which produces a turning effect to make the coil rotate.
Examples of electric equipment whose operation is based on this turning effect are
1. the direct current motor
2. the moving coil meter.

Direct Current Motor

Posted by Electromagnetism | 8:20 PM | motor | 0 comments

. Electric motor converts electrical

energy to kinetic energy. Diagram above shows the structure of a simple direct current
motor (DC motor). It consist a rectangular coil of wire placed between 2 permanent
magnets. The coil are soldered to a copper split ring known as commutator. 2 carbon
brushes are held against the commutator.

The function of the brush is to conduct electricity from the external circuit to the coil and
allow the commutator to rotate continuously.
The function of the commutator is to change the direction of the current in the coil and
hence change the direction of the couple (the 2 forces in opposite direction) in every half
revolution. This is to make sure that the coil can rotate continuously.
The operation principle of a direct current motor are explained in detail th the second
Youtube video below.

Physics Animation
Applet
Direct Current Motor - Walter Fendt
Operation of a Direct Current Motor - sun.ylojarvi,fl
Flash
Electric Motor and Generator

Electromagnetic Induction
Posted by Electromagnetism | 8:22 PM | 0 comments
When a magnet is moved into and out of the solenoid, magnetic flux is being cut by the
coil. The cutting of magnetic flux by the wire coil induces an e.m.f in the wire. When the
solenoid is connected to a closed circuit, the induced current will flow through the circuit.
The direction of the induced current and the magnitude of the induced e.m.f due to the
cutting of the magnetic flux can be determined from Lenz's Law and Faraday's Law.
Youtube 1. electromagnetism 6: induction 2. Faradays law of induction

Law of Electromagnetic Induction

Posted by Electromagnetism | 8:23 PM | Faraday's Law, Fleming's Right Hand Rule,
Lenz's Law | 0 comments

Faraday's Law

The magnitude of the induced e.m.f is determined from Faraday's Law.Faraday's Law
states that the magnitude of the induced e.m.f is directly proportional to the rate of
change of magnetic flux through a coil or alternatively the rate of the magnetic flux being
cut.

Lenz's Law

When a magnet is moved into and out of a coil, the induced current that flows throu
gh the coil can be determined from Lenz's Law. Lenz's Law states that t
induced current always flows in the direction that opposes the change in magnetic
flux.Lenz's Law obeys the principle of conservation of energy. Work is done to move the
magnet against the repulsive fo
e. This work done is converted to electric energy which manifests as an induced current
.For a conductor in a closed circuit moving perpendicular to a magnetic field and
hence cutting its magneti

ux, the direction of the induced current is determined from Fleming's Right-Hand Rule.
Fleming's Right-Hand Rule is used to determine the direction of the induced current
http://youtube.com/watch?v=sPLawCXvKmg
http://youtube.com/watch?v=JDCgxZ87oNc

Direct Current Generator

Posted by Electromagnetism | 8:24 PM | generator | 0 comments

A simple d.c generator essentially the converse of a d.c. motor with its battery removed.
Initially the armature is vertical. No cutting of magnetic flux occurs and hence induced
current does not exist. When the armature rotates, the change in flux increases and the
induced current correspondingly increases in magnitude. After rotating by 90, the
armature is in the horizontal position. The change in magnetic flux is maximum and
hence the maximum induced e.m.f is produced. Maximum induced current flows through
the galvanometer.
When the armature continues to rotate, the change in flux decreases. At the 180 position,
there is no change in flux hence no induced current exists.The induced current is achieves
its maximum value again when the armature is at 270. After rotating 360, the armature
returns to its original position.
The direction of the induced current can be determined from Fleming's Right-Hand Rule.
Even though the magnitude of the induced current or d.g.e is dependent on the orientation
of the coil, the current in the external circuit always flows in one direction. This unidirectional current is known as direct current.

Alternating Current
Posted by Electromagnetism | 8:25 PM | alternating current | 0 comments

Direct Current
Direct current (d.c) is usually supplied by acid-based batteries or dry cells. A common
example of acid-based (electrolyte) batteries is the car battery. Direct current is uniform
current flowing in one fixed direction in a circuit.

Alternating Current
Alternating current (a.c) is generated from alternating current generators such as
hydroelectric power generators. The electricity supplied to households is alternating
current. Household electricity (alternating current) changes direction 50 times every
second. Its magnitude also changes with time.

Period And Frequency

The time taken for one complete cycle is known as the period, T. The frequency f is
defined as the number of complete cycles in 1 second. The relationship between the
frequency and the period is:
f = \frac{1}{T}

The effective voltage for a sinusoidal alternating current

The maximum potential difference supplied by an a.c source is known as the peak voltage
VP. The effective potential difference for an a.c is equal to the potential difference of a
alternating current if both results in the same heating effect. The effective potential
difference for a.c is known as the root mean square voltage (r.m.s) of the a.c. and is given
y the following equation:
V_{rms}

= \frac{{V_p }}{{\sqrt 2 }}

The root-mean-square (r.m.s) value of an alternating current is the value of the steady
direct current which produces the same power in a resistor as the mean power produced
by the alternating current. The r.m.s current is the effective value of the alternating
current.

Transformer
Posted by Electromagnetism | 8:25 PM | efficiency, transformer | 0 comments

[This image is original released under GNU Free Documentation license ]

What is transformer?
Transformer is a device that is used to raise or lower down the potential difference of an
alternating current.

Function:
The function of a transformer is to increase or decrease the potential difference of an
alternating current supply.

Structure and Technical Terms

1. A transformer consist of 3 parts, namely
1. The primary circuit
2. The core
3. The secondary Circuit

[This image is released under the GNU Free Documentation License.]

Primary Circuit:
The primary circuit is the circuit that connected to the input energy source. The current,
potential difference and coil (winding) in the primary circuit are called the primary
current (Ip), primary potential difference (Vp) and primary coil respectively.
Core:
The core is the ferromagnetic metal wound by the primary and secondary coil. The
function of the core is to transfer the changing magnetic flux from the primary coil to the
secondary coil.
Secondary Circuit:
The secondary circuit is the circuit that connected to the output of the transformer. The
current, potential difference and coil (winding) in the secondary circuit are called the

secondary current (Is), secondary potential difference (Vs) and secondary coil
respectively.

Working Principle of A Transformer

1. A transformer consists of a primary coil and a secondary coil wound on a soft iron
core.
2. When an alternating current flows in the primary coil, a changing magnetic flux is
generated around the primary coil.
3. The changing magnetic flux is transferred to the secondary coil through the iron
core.
4. The changing magnetic flux is cut by the secondary coil, hence induces an e.m.f.
in the secondary coil.
5. The magnitude of the output voltage can be controlled by the ratio of the number
of primary coil and secondary coil.

Types of Current in A Transformer

The current in the primary circuit must be alternating current because alternating current
can produce changing magnetic flux. A changing magnetic flux is needed to induce e.m.f.
in secondary coil.
The induced current in secondary is also an alternating current. The frequency of the
alternating current in secondary coil is same as the frequency of the primary current.
The alternating in the secondary circuit can be converted into direct current by using a
pair of diode.

Symbol of A Transformer

The figure on the left shows the symbol of a transformer.

The 2 lines in between the coil denote the core.

Types of Transformer
Step-up transformer
A step-up transformer is one where the e.m.f. in the secondary coil is greater than the
e.m.f. in the primary coil. It is used to increases the potential difference. The number of
windings in the secondary winding is greater than the number of windings in the primary
coil. The current in the primary coil is greater than the current in the secondary coil.
Step-down transformer
Conversely, a step-down transformer is one where the e.m.f. in the secondary coil is less
than the e.m.f. in the primary coil. It is used to reduce the potential difference. The
number of windings in the primary winding is greater than the number of windings in the
secondary coil. The current in the primary coil is lesser than the current in the secondary
coil.
Calculation of Potential Difference Change
{{V_s } \over {V_p }} = {{N_s } \over {N_p }}

Vp = input (primary) potential difference

Vs = output (secondary) potential difference
Ip = input (primary) current
Is = output (secondary) current

Calculation of Current Change

Ideal Transformer
V_p

\times I_p

= V_s

\times I_s

Non-ideal transformer
Efficiency = \frac{{V_s I_s }}{{V_p I_p }} \times 100\%

Vp = input (primary) potential difference

Vs = output (secondary) potential difference
Ip = input (primary) current
Is = output (secondary) current

Factors That Affect the Efficiency of a Transformer

Posted by Electromagnetism | 8:26 PM | efficiency, transformer | 2 comments

Factors that affect the efficiency

The heating effect of current in a coil.

Power is lost as heat I2R whereby I is the current flowing through the coil and R is the
resistance of the coil
Methods to increase the efficiency
Use thick copper wires of low resistance. Use coolant to decrease the temperature of the
transformer.

Heating effect of induced eddy currents

In the iron core. When the magnetic field in the iron core fluctuates, eddy currents are
generated in the iron core.
Methods to increase the efficiency
Use a laminated iron core whereby each layer is insulated with enamel paint to prevent
the flow of eddy currents. The high resistance between layers of the iron core decrease
the prevalence of eddy currents and heat.

Magnetization of the iron core.

The energy used in the magnetization and de-magnetization of the iron core each time
current changes its direction is known as hysterisis. This energy is lost as heat which
subsequently heats up the iron core.
Methods to increase the efficiency
Use a soft iron core that is easily magnetized and de-magnetized.

Flux leakage.
Some of the induced magnetic flux from the primary coil is not transmitted to the
secondary coil, therefore the e.m.f in the secondary coil is decreased.
The secondary coil(windings) are intertwined tightly with the primary coils. The iron core
should form a closed loop.
Methods to increase the efficiency
The secondary coil (windings) is intertwined tightly with the primary coils. The iron core
should form a closed loop.

Generation of Electricity
Posted by Electromagnetism | 8:27 PM | electricity generation | 0 comments

Renewable and Non-renewable Energy

The frequently asked questions related to this topic are: what is
renewable energy? the examples of Renewable and non-renewable

energy and the advantages of using renewable energy.

Renewable energy sources are the energy sources which can be
continuously replaced. Examples of renewable energy are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Hydro energy
Solar energy
Wind energy
Geothermal energy
Biomass
Tidal energy

Advantages of Using Renewable Energy

1. Clean and do not pollute the environment.
2. Easily obtain.
3. Can be replenished once it has been used.
4. Can prevent energy crisis.
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Types of Sources
of Energy
Fossil Fuel.
The advantages of using fossil fuel such as petroleum, natural gas
and coal as a source of energy to generate electricity are.
1. It is relatively easy to be collected as they are present in large
amount in one place.
2. It contains high energy capacity.
The disadvantages of using fossil fuel as a source of energy are.
1. It releases a lot carbon dioxide when it is burned. Large amount
of carbon dioxide presence in the atmosphere will cause the
increase of the temperature of the atmosphere, known as global

warming. Global warming is the most serious environmental

problem that we are facing now.
2. Fossil fuels are non-renewable energy.
3. Pollute the air. Burning of fossil fuel will release particles and
some hazardous gases such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen
dioxide which will pollute the air.
Hydroelectric

The advantages of using hydroelectric as a source of energy to

generate electricity are.
1. It is a renewable energy.
2. Building a dam does not pollute the environment.
3. In a lot of country, water can be easily obtained and is free.
4. Building a hydroelectric plant does not involve very high
technology as nuclear power plant.

The disadvantages of using hydroelectric as a source of energy are.

1. Building a dam will cause a large area flooded with water, and
hence seriously destroys the ecosystem nearby.
2. The flooded area causes the loss of wild life habitat and
agriculture land.
3. Dam failure happens will cause a disaster to the lower reaches
area of the river.
4. The cost to build a dam is very high.
Nuclear Power
The advantages of using nuclear energy as a source of energy to
generate electricity are.
1. The nuclear fuel such as uranium and plutonium has high
energy capacity. Small amount of uranium can produces huge
amount of energy.
2. Nuclear energy does not pollute the air.
The disadvantages of using nuclear energy as a source of energy are.
1. Hazardous radioactive waste is produced during nuclear
reaction.
2. The radioactive waste will cause pollution in a very large area
if leakage happens in the nuclear power plan.
3. The cost to maintain a nuclear plant is very high.
4. Building a nuclear plant involving very high technology. Only
a few countries own such technology.

Wind Power

[This image is shared by

gner Christian. This file is licensed under the Creative Common
s Attribution Sh

1. It is a renewable energy.
2. It does not pollute the environment.
3. It is suitable for mountain area because the wind speed in
mountain area is relatively high.
The disadvantages of using wind as a source of energy are.
1. A large area is needed to build the windmills.
2. The windmills will produce high level of noise.
3. The power generated is inconsistent due to the inconsistent of
the wind speed and wind direction.

Solar power

The advantages of using s

1. It is a renewable energy.
2. Sunlight is free and can be obtained easily.
3. It does not pollute the air.
The disadvantages of using solar energy as a source of energy are.
1. A large area is needed to install the solar plate.
2. The amount of sunlight at non-tropical area depends on the
season.
3. The energy collected need to be store in a cell so that it can be
used at the time sunlight is not present.
4. Its capacity is limited by the capacity of the cell. Normally a
cell has relatively low capacity.

Transmission of Electricity
Posted by Electromagnetism | 8:27 PM | electricity transmission | 0 comments

Why the voltage is stepped up before transmitting electricity over

long distance?
Stepping up the voltage can reduces the current in the cable. This
reduces the power loss in the cable during transmission.
[This image is shared by its author Aatu Liimatta in Wikipedia Image. This file is licensed under the Creative
Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.5 License.]

Problems Involving Electricity Transmission.

1. Power Loss During Transmission.
2. The high voltage transmission cable is very dangerous.
3. The cost of the cables are high.
4. Charge leakage may happen between cables and earth.
5. Pylons may be struck by lightning.
6. Pylons and cables may be struck by light aircraft.

National Grid Network

Posted by Electromagnetism | 8:28 PM | National Grid Network | 0 comments

What is a national Grid Network?

A national Grid Network is a network of cable that connects all the power stations in
a country to transmit electricity to the consumers throughout the nation.

The advantages of the National Grid Network

1.

Reduces power lost during transmission. The potential

difference is increased before transmission. This can reduce the
current and hence reduces the energy lost during transmission.

2.

Electricity supply is

more stable and

reliable. This ensures a continuous supply of electrical

energy to the whole country.

3.

Electric current can be distributed to different users

according to the voltage

requirement. Transformer is used to step down the
voltage to certain level according to the needs of the
consumers.

4.

Maintenance and repair work can

be done at anytime. This is because any power stations can be
shut down without affecting users in other areas.