Cover

Preface
Thank to Allah SWT that merciful and compassionate, who has given His
bless to us for finishing the Physics paper assignment entitled X-rays.
This Physic X RAY working paper was written as an assignment. We
intend this working paper in the students an understanding of the principles of
physic that would serve equally well as the basis for further study of physic.
This

working

paper

explained

about

Electromagnetic

waves,

electromagnetic spectrum, definition of X Ray, history of X Ray, Daily using and

the tolls detail.
Anyone can learn physic. your success in Physic directly commensurate
with your ability to learn how to study well. You have to practice problems to
gain mastery of the material.

Content

Chapter 1 Forword
A. Background
Natural science is a human activity that is active and dynamic,
meaning that human activities are endless. From an experiment will produce a
draft, then of the concept can be pushed in the experiment.
One natural science is the science of physics. All phenomena in the
universe has a relationship with the physical sciences. Along with the
development of more advanced age, human beings can not be separated from
technology in his life. The technology developed for example on health or
medical field, namely the use of X-rays to the X-ray at a particular organ of
the human body.
X-rays have higher penetrating power enough to the material in its
path. X-ray was discovered by Wilhelm C. Roentgen. In the physics of X-rays
belong to the electromagnetic waves consist of a form of ionizing radiation
and can be dangerous.
B. Problems
1. What is electromagnetic waves?
2. What is the definition of X-rays?
3. How does the light spectrum?
4. How can the discovery of X-rays?
5. What is the use of X-ray in the daily life?
6. How is the mechanism of X-rays?
C. Purposes
1. Knowing about electromagnetic waves.
2. Knowing about X-rays.
3. Knowing about the spectrum of the electromagnetic waves.
4. Knowing about the discovery of X-rays.
5. Knowing the use of X-ray in the daily life. And tell the detail one of them.
6. Knowing about the mechanism of X-rays.

Chapter 2 Discussion
A. Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic waves are electric fields and magnetic fields that
propagate in all directions.
1. The properties of electromagnetic waves:
a. Can propagate in a vacuum.
b. Is a transverse wave.
c. Can be polarized.
d. Can undergo reflection (reflection).
e. Be susceptible to interference.
f. Can undergo bending or scattering (diffraction).
g. Propagates in the straight direction. Based on calculations have been
performed Maxwell, in electromagnetic waves room velocity vacuum
is 3 x 108 m / s is equal to the speed of light measured.
2. The basic equations wave

C=Lxf
Description:
C = Speed of light.
L = Panjang gelombang.
F = Frequency.
B. Definition of X-ray

X-rays are part of the electromagnetic spectrum, with wavelengths

shorter than visible light. Different applications use different parts of the Xray spectrum. X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of
electromagnetic radiation. Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 0.01
to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to
30 exahertz (31016 Hz to 31019 Hz) and energies in the range 100 eV to 100
keV. X-ray wavelengths are shorter than those of UV rays and typically
longer than those of gamma rays.
C. Spectrum

The electromagnetic Spectrum

The frecuency of X-ray can be calculated by the following formula:

v=.f
With:
v = Kecepatan cahaya (3 x 108 m/s).
= Panjang gelombang (m).
f = frequency (Hz).
v=.f
3 x 108 = 10-10 . f
f = 3 x 1018

The energy of X-ray can also be calculated by the following formula:

E=h.f
With:
E = Total energi pada suatu panjang gelombang.
h = Konstanta Plank ( 6.625 x 10-34 J s).
f = frekuensi (Hz).
E=h.f
E = 6.625 x 10-34 . 3 x 1018
E = 1.988 x 10-15 J
The sequence of the spectrum of electromagnetic waves of :
1. Short wavelength to long wave length :
a. Gamma ray.
b. X-ray.
c. Ultraviolet.
d. Visible light.
e. Infrared.
f. Micro waves.
g. Radio waves.
2. High frequency to low frequency :
a. Gamma ray.
b. X-ray.
c. Ultraviolet.
d. Visible light.
e. Infrared.
f. Micro waves.
g. Radio waves.

3. Low energy to High energy :

a. Radio waves.
b. Micro waves.
c. Infrared.
d. Visible light.
e. Ultraviolet.
f. X-ray
g. Gamma ray.
D. Properties of X-ray
1. Permeability
X-rays can penetrate materials or solid mass with penetrating
power very large such as bone and teeth. The higher the tube voltage (kV
magnitude) is used, the greater the power breakdown. The lower the
atomic weight or the density of an object, the greater the power
breakdown.
2. Dispersion (Scattering)
If the x-ray beam through a material or a substance, then the beam
will be scattered in every direction, causing secondary radiation (radiation
scattering) in materials or substances that pass. This will lead to
radiographic images and the movie will appear gray overall blurring. To
reduce the scattering of radiation is then placed among subjects with lead
(grid) thin.
3. Absorption
In radiography x-ray is absorbed by the substance or substances in
accordance with the atomic weight or density of such material or
substance. The higher the density or weight greater atomic absorption.

4. Photographic effects

X-rays can discolor film emulsion (silver bromide emulsion) after

processing chemically (raised) in a dark room.
5. Fluorescence
X-ray causes certain materials such as calcium or zinc tungsten
sulfide fluorescent (luminisensi). Luminisensi there are 2 types:
a. Fluorescence, which fluoresces when no x-ray radiation alone.
b. Fosforisensi, pemendaran light will take a while though x-ray
radiation is turned off (after - glow).
6. Ionization
The primary effect of x-rays when concerning a substance or
substances can because ionization particles or substances.. Biological
effects X-rays will cause changes in biological tissue. Effect This biology
used in radiotherapy treatment.
E. Dicoverer of X-ray
German physicist Wilhelm Rntgen is
usually credited as the discoverer of X-rays in
1895, because he was the first to systematically
study them, though he is not the first to have
observed their effects. He is also the one who
gave them the name "X-rays" (signifying an
unknown quantity) though many others referred
to these as "Rntgen rays" (and the associated Xray radiograms as, "Rntgenograms") for several
decades after their discovery and even to this day
in some languages, including Rntgen's native

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

German.
Hand mit Ringen (Hand with Rings): print of Wilhelm Rntgen's first
"medical" X-ray, of his wife's hand, taken on 22 December 1895 and

presented to Ludwig Zehnder of the Physik Institut, University of Freiburg,

on 1 January 1896.
X-rays were found emanating from Crookes tubes, experimental
discharge tubes invented around 1875, by scientists investigating the cathode
rays, that is energetic electron beams, that were first created in the tubes.
Crookes tubes created free electrons by ionization of the residual air in the
tube by a high DC voltage of anywhere between a few kilovolts and 100 kV.
This voltage accelerated the electrons coming from the cathode to a high
enough velocity that they created X-rays when they struck the anode or the
glass wall of the tube. Many of the early Crookes tubes undoubtedly radiated
X-rays, because early researchers noticed effects that were attributable to
them, as detailed below. Wilhelm Rntgen was the first to systematically
study them, in 1895.

Crookes Tube

At that time Roentgen work using Crookes tube in his laboratory at

the University of Wurzburg. He observed a green flame in the tube that
previously attracted the attention of Crookes. Roentgen subsequently tried to
close the tube with black paper with the hope that no visible light that can
pass. But after closing it is still something that can be passed. Roentgen
concluded that there was the invisible rays were able to pass through the
black paper.
Green flame seen by Crookes and Roentgen was finally known that
the light is none other than the light wave emitted by a glass wall on the tube

when the electrons hit the wall that, as a result of the dismantling of
electricity through a gas remaining in the tube. At the same time it stimulates
the atomic electrons in the glass to release the electromagnetic waves are very
short wavelengths in the form of X-rays.
F. Applications in the daily life
1. Roentgen Stereophotogrammetry.
Roentgen

Stereo

photogrammetry
(RSA)

is

highly

accurate technique for

the

assessment

of

three-dimensional
migration

and

micromotion of a joint
replacement prosthesis
relative to the bone it is
attached to.

2. X-Ray Fluorenscence.
X-ray

fluorescence

(XRF) is the emission

of

characteristic

"secondary"

(or

fluorescent)

X-ray

from a material that

has been excited by
bombarding
high-energy X-rays or Gamma-ray.

with

3. X-Ray Microscopic.
X-Ray
uses

Microscopic

electromagnetic

radiation in the soft Xray band to produce

magnified images of
objects.

4. X-Ray Cristallography.
X-Ray
Cristallography is a
tool

used

for

identifying the atomic

and

molecular

structure of a crystal,
in which the crystalline
atoms cause a beam of
incident

X-ray

to

diffract into many specific directions.

5. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is a surface-sensitive quantitative
spectroscopic technique that measures the elemental composition at the
parts per thousand range, empirical formula, chemical state and electron

state of the elements

that exist within a
material.
Alat yang didetailkan

G.

H. The mechanism of X-ray

Crookes tube

1. Cathode is heated (> 20.0000C) until light by drain the electric that come
from transformer.
2. Cause heat, electrons from cathode is released.
3. When be connected with high voltage transformer, the electrons

movement is accelerated toward anode that be centered in the focusing

cup.
4. The electron clouds is stopped suddenly on the target, so that be shaped
the heat (99%) and X-ray (1%).
5. The lead protector will prevent the x-ray release, so that x-ray is shaped it
only can close through the window.
6. The high heat on the target by dint of electron clash is disappeared by
refrigerator radiator.
I. The dangers of X-ray
1. Cause a decrease in blood cell production.
2. Cause infection and irritation of the skin.
3. Have bad effect for the eyes.
4. Influence the decreased of sperm production and infertility.
5. Pneumonitas and pulmonary disorders.
6. Indigestion in the small intestine.

Chapter 3 Finality
A. Conclusion
X-rays is an electromagnetic wave of high energy and very short
wavelength (10-10 m), which is able to pass through many opaque materials.
X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. In daily life,
X-rays is often used to make many tools that using the principle of X-rays.
Such as X-ray crystallography, X-ray microscopic, X-ray fluorenscence,
Roentgen stereophotogrammetry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
B. References
1. https://heruvee.wordpress.com/2011/04/25/sejarah-penemu-sinar-x-sertacara-kerjanya/
2. http://amateur-physics.blogspot.co.id/2015/02/foto-rontgen-dan-carakerja-sinar-x.html
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/
4. https://www.youtube.com/