ProcessSpecifications

NumberofActualTheoreticalStages=21
AmountofFeedTaken=2.5litre=2.5 103m3
CompositionofFeedSolution=5050%byvolume.
CoolingWaterFlowRate=90.8ml/s=90.8*106m3/s.
MassFlowRateofCoolingWater=90.8*106*997.4=0.0906kg/s
InletTemperatureofcoolingWater=23oC=296K.
OutletTemperatureofcoolingWater=24oC=297K.
Temperatureofthestill=87oC=360K.
Temperatureofthedistillate=78oC=351K.
Averagetemperature=(360+351)/2=355.5K.
HeatInputbyHeater=400W
DensityofEthanol,ethanol=789kg/m3
DensityofWater,water=997.4kg/m3
MolecularWeightofEthanol,Methanol=46kg/kmol
MolecularWeightofWater,Mwater=18kg/kmol

volumeof
Ethanol(ml)

Volume
ofwater
(ml)

Volume
%of
Ethanol
Volume
%ofpure water
Solution
Ethanol

30

95

1.33

27

95

9.5

1.339

25

24

95

19

1.344

21

95

28.5

12

18

95

15

15

18

0.9832

0.0337

25

24.23

0.9692

0.0725

1.348

25

23.9

0.956

0.1176

38

1.351

25

23.23

0.9292

0.1707

95

47.5

1.354

25

22.91

0.9164

0.2343

12

95

57

1.357

25

22.46

0.8984

0.3115

21

95

66.5

1.36

25

21.77

0.8708

0.4075

24

95

76

1.364

25

21.22

0.8488

0.5299

27

95

85.5

1.366

25

20.59

0.8236

0.6916

95

95

1.368

25

20.06

0.8024

0.9149

0.789

MoleFraction
ofethanol

24.58

100

Density
(gm/cc)

Weight
(gm)

0.9972

30

Total
Refractive Volume
Index (ml)

EquilibriumDataforEthanolWaterSystem

FromGibbsphaserule,wehave
F=CP+2
whereC=Numberofcomponents=2
P=Numberofphases=2
F=Degreesoffreedom=22+2=2
So, we have to fix two parameters to completely specify the properties of two component
system. Since pressure is known to be 1.013*105 N / m2 so by specifying different
temperatures, we can generate equilibrium curve by using equations for real (non ideal)
systems.

T(K)

x=Xs(still)

y=Xp(Distillate)

373.16

361.37

0.0714

0.391

357.56

0.143

0.498

355.79

0.214

0.548

354.76

0.286

0.579

354.02

0.357

0.606

353.42

0.429

0.631

352.89

0.500

0.658

352.42

0.571

0.688

352.02

0.643

0.722

351.69

0.714

0.762

351.45

0.786

0.809

351.32

0.857

0.863

351.31

0.929

0.926

351.46

1.000

1.000

Case1.TotalReflux

R.I.

Weightofstill(gm)
Volume(ml)

1.348

23.19

25

Density(gm/cc)
(UsingCalibration
chart)

EthanolMoleFraction
(usingCalibrationPlot)

0.96276

0.12

Case2.RefluxRatio(5:1)

S.
No.

Time(min)

Mixture

Weight(g)

R.I.

SpecificGravity

EthanolMoleFraction
(usingCalibrationPlot)

15.56

19

1.359

0.8189

0.3755

10

Distillate

12.78

16

1.36

0.7984

0.4075

15

(Top)

9.84

12.5

1.362

0.7872

0.4687

24.23

25

1.348

0.9692

0.1176

10

Still

23.67

25

1.349

0.9468

0.1353

15

(Bottom)

23.65

25

1.349

0.946

0.1353

Volume(ml)

Case3.ZeroRefluxRatio

S.
Time(min)
No.

Mixture

Weight(g)

Volume(ml)

R.I.

SpecificGravity

EthanolMoleFraction
(usingCalibration
Plot)

20.92

25

1.36

0.8369

0.4075

10

Distillate

20.04

25

1.361

0.8016

0.4381

15

(Top)

19.64

25

1.362

0.7856

0.4687

23.11

25

1.351

0.9244

0.1707

10

Still

23.14

25

1.351

0.9257

0.1707

15

(Bottom)

23.31

25

1.346

0.9324

0.0951

 CalculationofNumberofPlates(N)&Efficiency

RefractiveIndexofDistillate=1.348
CorrespondingMoleFractionofEthanol,xs=0.12(usingcalibrationplot).
xs=0.12
xp=0.47(fromEquilibriumPlot)
Nowcalculatingsaturationpressuresataveragetemperature355.5KusingAntoinesequation:

SaturationPressureofEthanol=906.55mmHg

SaturationPressureofWater=398.35mmHg

Relativevolatility,=PSat,Ethanol/PSat,Water

=2.27

N=1+(log(0.47(10.12)/0.12(10.47)))/log(2.27)
N=1.3
Therefore,Efficiencyofthecolumn,=(1.3/21)*100=6.12%

Efficiency=6.12%

MaterialBalance

Thecompositioninthestillpotchangeswithtime.Inderivingtheequationforthisprocess,
weassumethatasmallamount,dSofliquidisvaporized.Thecompositionofliquidchangesfromxs
toxsdxsandtheamountofliquidchangesfromStoSdS.Amaterialbalancecanbemade,where
theoriginalamount=theamountleftintheliquid+theamountinvapor:
xs*S=(xsdxs)*(SdS)+xp*dV.

alsodV=dS(dSmolesofliquidgetsvaporizedintodSmolesofvapor).

Neglectingthetermdxs*dSandrearranging,

dS/S=dxs/(xpxs).
Integrating,
S1

dS / S =
S2

X S1

(x

X S2

dx s

p xs )

ln

S1
=
S2

X S1

(x

X S2

dxs

p xs )

EnergyBalance

Rateofchangeofenergyofthesystem=energyofinputstreamenergyofoutputstream+rateof
energygenerationrateofenergyconsumption.

ForCondenser:
Rateofchangeofenergyofthesystem=Mo(dH/dt).
Energyofinputstream=FHin
Energyofoutputstream=FHout
Rateofenergyconsumption=Qo.


Equation:
Mo(dH/dt)=F(HinHout)Qo

Qo=F(HinHout)Mo(dH/dt)

WhereQo=Heatremovedbythecoolingwater
F=Massflowrateofthemixturethroughthecondenser
Hin=Enthalpyperunitmassofvaporentering
Hout=Enthalpyperunitmassofvaporleaving
Mo=Massofthemixtureresidinginsidethecondenserattimet

ForReboiler:
Rateofchangeofenergyofthesystem=MI(dH/dt).
Energyofinputstream=FHL.
Energyofoutputstream=FHV.
Rateofenergygeneration=QI.
Equation:
MI(dH/dt)=F(HLHV)+QI.

QI=F(HVHL)+MI(dH/dt)

Where
QI=Heatsuppliedbytheelectricheater.

F=Massflowrateofthemixturethroughthereboiler
HV=Enthalpyperunitmassofvaporleaving.
HL=Enthalpyperunitmassofliquidentering.
MI=Massofthemixtureresidinginsidethereboilerattimet.

HeatBalanceforTotalReflux

Rateofheatremoval,Hlost=mCp(ToutTin)
m=massflowrateofcoolingwater=0.0906kg/s.
Cp=Specificheatcapacityofwater=4180J/kgK
Tout=Outlettemperatureofcoolingwater=297K
Tin=Inlettemperatureofcoolingwater=296K
Hlost=0.0836*4180*(297296)
Hlost=349.44Watt
Rateofheatsupplybyheater,Hsupply=400Watt
Sofractionofheatloss=(HsupplyHlost)*100/Hsupply=12.65%

PercentageHeatLoss=12.65%

CalculationofS2asafunctionofXp

InitialVolumeofthesolution=2500ml
Fractionofethanol(95%byvolume)insolution(byvolume)=50%

Initialmolesofethanol,S1=(2500*0.5*0.95*0.789)/46=20.37moles

ExperimentalS2:
Duringthedistillation,someofethanolisremoved.Thisamountremovedvariesdependinguponthe
modeofoperationi.e.refluxratioandthestageofwithdrawalwhethertoporbottom.Followingare
thetablesshowingtheamountofEthanol(inmoles)leftinthestillaftereachtypeofwithdrawal.

CalculationforEthanolmolesremainingfortotalrefluxcase

Refractive
Index

1.348

Molecular
Molefraction
Weightof
ofethanol
sample
0.12

21.36

Massof
liquid
removed
(g)

23.19

Molesofliquid
removed(mol)

Molesof
ethanol
removed
(mol)

Molesof
ethanol
remaining(mol)

1.09

0.130

20.24

CalculationforEthanolmolesremaininginDistillatefor5:1refluxcase

Molecular
Weightof
sample

Molesof
Massof
liquid
liquid
removed
removed(g)
(mol)

Molesofethanol
removed(mol)

S.No.

Refractive
Index

Mole
fractionof
ethanol

1.

1.359

0.3755

28.51

15.56

0.5457

0.2049

2.

1.36

0.4075

29.41

12.78

0.4345

0.1771

3.

1.362

0.4687

31.13

9.84

0.3162

0.1482


Molecular
Weightof
sample

Molesof
Massof
liquid
liquid
removed
removed(g)
(mol)

Molesofethanol
removed(mol)

S.No.

Refractive
Index

Mole
fractionof
ethanol

1.

1.348

0.1176

21.2928

24.23

1.137943

0.1338

2.

1.349

0.1353

21.7884

23.67

1.086358

0.1469

3.

1.350

0.1358

21.7884

23.65

1.08544

0.1469

CalculationofexperimentalValueofS2

S.No.

MolesofEthanolfrom
Distillate(mol)

MolesofEthanol
fromStill(mol)

Totalmolesof
Ethanolextracted
(mol)

S2exp(moles)

1.

0.2049

0.1338

0.3387

19.90

2.

0.1771

0.1469

0.3240

19.58

3.

0.1482

0.1469

0.2951

19.28

Molesof
liquid
removed
(mol)

 Comparisonbetweentheoretical&experimentalvaluesofS2(5:1reflux)

S.No.

Molfractionofethanol
indistillate(xp)

Molfractionof
ethanolinstill(xs)

S2
(experimental)

S2
(theoretical)

Relative
error

1.

0.3755

0.1176

19.90

2.

0.4075

0.1353

19.58

18.67

4.87%

3.

0.4687

0.1358

19.28

18.63

3.48%

Graphof1/(XPXS)vs.Xs

PlotofExperimentalS2vs.XP

CalculationforEthanolmolesremaininginDistillatefornorefluxcase

Molecular
Weightof
sample

Massof
liquid
removed
(g)

Molesofliquid
removed(mol)

Molesof
ethanol
removed(mol)

S.No.

Refractive
Index

Molefraction
ofethanol

1.

1.36

0.4075

29.41

20.92

0.711323

0.289864

2.

1.361

0.4381

30.2668

20.04

0.662112

0.290071

3.

1.362

0.4687

31.1236

19.64

0.631032

0.295765

CalculationforEthanolmolesremaininginStillfornorefluxcase

Massofliquid
removed(g)

Molesofliquid
removed(mol)

Molesof
ethanol
removed(mol)

22.7796

23.11

1.014504

0.173176

0.1707

22.7796

23.14

1.015821

0.173401

0.0951

20.6628

23.31

1.128114

0.107284

S.
No.

Refractive
Index

Molefraction
ofethanol

1.

1.351

0.1707

2.

1.351

3.

1.346

Molecular
Weightof
sample

CalculationofexperimentalValueofS2(noreflux)

S.No.

MolesofEthanolfrom
Distillate(mol)

MolesofEthanol
fromStill(mol)

Totalmolesof
Ethanolextracted
(mol)

S2exp(moles)

1.

0.289864

0.173176

0.46304

18.82

2.

0.290071

0.173401

0.463472

18.35

3.

0.295765

0.107284

0.403049

17.95


Materialbalanceonlastrun

MolesofEthanollost=MolesofEthanolfedmolesofEthanolin(distillate+still)
=20.3717.95=2.42moles
So%ofEthanollost=11.88%
ThismuchamountislostbecauseEthanolisveryvolatileinnaturesoitevaporates.