TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ASSIGNMENT NO. 1
AC MACHINERY, LEC

SUBMITTED BY:
AGON, RUEL JR. N.

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. ROVENSON SEVILLA

DECEMBER 17, 2015

DATE

TERTIARY WINDING
What is Tertiary Winding?
In some high rating transformer, one winding in addition to its primary and
secondary winding is used. This additional winding, apart from primary and secondary
windings, is known as Tertiary winding of transformer. Because of this third winding,
the transformer is called three winding transformer or 3 winding transformer.
Tertiary winding is an auxiliary delta winding being distinctly separated from
both primary and secondary winding, is provided upon the same core and kept near to
the core.
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF TERTIARY WINDING TRANSFORMER

Why tertiary winding was used?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

To reduce third harmonic contents of the output voltage.

To provide the path for the 3rd harmonic existing current, obtained in the core.
To reduce the zero sequence phase impedance of the transformer.
To permit the transformation of unbalanced three phase loads.
It is used as a voltage coil for testing purposes.
To supply an auxiliary load in additional to the main load.
To be used to load large split winding generators.

Advantages of Using Tertiary Winding in Transformer

Tertiary winding is provided in electrical power transformer to meet one or more of the
following requirements1. It reduces the unbalancing in the primary due to unbalancing in three phase
load.

2. It redistributes the flow of fault current.

3. Sometime it is required to supply an auxiliary load in different voltage level in
addition to its main secondary load. This secondary load can be taken from
tertiary winding of three winding transformer.
4. As the tertiary winding is connected in delta formation in 3 winding transformer,
it assists in limitation of fault current in the event of a short circuit from line to
neutral.
Stabilization by Tertiary Winding of Transformer
In star-star transformer comprising three single units or a single unit with 5 limb
core offers high impedance to the flow of unbalanced load between the line and neutral.
This is because, in both of these transformers, there is very low reluctance return
path of unbalanced flux. If any transformer has N turns in winding and reluctance of the
magnetic path is RL, then,

Where I and are current and flux in the transformer.

Now, from equation (1) & (2), it can be rewritten as,

From this above mathematical expression it is found that, impedance is inversely

proportional to reluctance. The impedance offered by the return path of unbalanced load
current is very high where very low reluctance return path is provided for unbalanced
flux. In other words, very high impedance to the flow of unbalanced current in 3 phase
system is offered between line and neutral. Any unbalanced current in three phase
system can be divided into three sets of components likewise positive sequence,
negative sequence and zero sequence components. The zero sequence current is

actually co-phasial current in three lines. If value of co-phasial current in each line is Io,
then total current flows through the neutral of secondary side of transformer is In = 3.Io.
This current cannot be balanced by primary current as the zero sequence current
cannot flow through the isolated neutral star connected primary. Hence the said current
in the secondary side set up a magnetic flux in the core. As we discussed earlier in this
chapter, low reluctance path is available for the zero sequence flux in a bank of single
phase units and in the 5 limb core consequently; the impedance offered to the zero
sequence current is very high. The delta connected tertiary winding of transformer
permits the circulation of zero sequence current in it. This circulating current in this delta
winding balances the zero sequence component of unbalance load, hence prevents
unnecessary development of unbalance zero sequence flux in the transformer core. In
few words it can be said that, placement of tertiary winding in star - star-neutral
transformer considerably reduces the zero sequence impedance of transformer.
Rating of Tertiary Winding of Transformer
Rating of tertiary winding of transformer depends upon its use. If it has to supply
additional load, its winding cross - section and design philosophy is decided as per load,
and three phase dead short circuit on its terminal with power flow from both sides of HV
& MV.
In case it is to be provided for stabilizing purpose only, its cross - section and
design has to be decided from thermal and mechanical consideration for the short
duration fault currents during various fault conditions single line -to-ground fault being
the most onerous.

ZIGZAG TRANSFORMERS
The zigzag connection of transformer
is also called the interconnected star
connection. This connection has some of
the features of the Y and the connections,
combining the advantages of both.
The zigzag transformer contains six
coils on three cores. The first coil on each
core is connected contrariwise to the
second coil on the next core. The second
coils are then all tied together to form the
neutral and the phases are connected to
the primary coils.
Each phase, therefore, couples with each other phase and the voltages cancel
out. As such, there would be negligible current through the neutral pole and it can be
connected to ground

One coil is the outer coil and the other is the inner coil. Each coil has the same
number of windings turns (Turns ratio=1:1) but they are wound in opposite directions.

Zigzag transformer coil connections

The transformer coils are connected as follows:
The outer coil of phase a1-a is connected to the inner coil of phase c2-N
The outer coil of phase b1-b is connected to the inner coil of phase a2-N
The outer coil of phase c1-c is connected to the inner coil of phase b2-N
The inner coils are connected together to form the neutral and our tied to
ground
The outer coils are connected to phases a1, b1 and c1 of the existing delta
system.
If three currents, equal in magnitude and phase, are applied to the three
terminals, the ampere-turns of the a2-N winding cancel the ampere-turns of the b1-b
winding, the ampere-turns of the b2-N winding cancel the ampere turns of the c1-c
winding, and the ampere-turns of the c2-N winding cancel the ampere turns of the a1-a
winding. Therefore, the transformer allows the three in-phase currents to easily flow to
neutral.
If three currents, equal in magnitude but 120 out of phase with each other, are
applied to the three terminals, the ampere-turns in the windings cannot cancel and the
transformer restricts the current flow to the negligible level of magnetizing current.
Therefore, the zigzag winding provides an easy path for in-phase currents but
does not allow the flow of currents that are 120out of phase with each other.
Under normal system operation the outer and inner coil windings magnetic flux
will cancel each other and only negligible current will flow in the in the neutral of the
zigzag transformer.

During a phase to ground fault the zigzag transformers coils magnetic flux are no
longer equal in the faulted line. This allows zero sequence.
If one phase, or more, faults to earth, the voltage applied to each phase of the
transformer is no longer in balance; fluxes in the windings no longer oppose. (Using
symmetrical components, this is Ia0 = Ib0 = Ic0.) Zero sequence (earth fault) current
exists between the transformers neutral to the faulting phase. Hence, the purpose of a
zigzag transformer is to provide a return path for earth faults on delta connected
systems. With negligible current in the neutral under normal conditions, engineers
typically elect to under size the transformer; a short time rating is applied. Ensure the
impedance is not too low for the desired fault limiting. Impedance can be added after
the secondarys are summed (the 3Io path)
The neutral formed by the zigzag connection is very stable. Therefore, this type
of transformer, or in some cases an auto transformer, lends itself very well for
establishing a neutral for an ungrounded 3 phase system.
Many times this type of transformer or auto transformer will carry a fairly large
rating, yet physically be relatively small. This particularly applies in connection with
grounding applications. The reason for this small size in relation to the nameplate KVA
rating is due to the fact that many types of grounding auto transformers are rated for 2
seconds. This is based on the time to operate an over current protection device such as
a breaker. Zigzag transformers used to be employed to enable size reductions in drive
motor systems due to the stable wave form they present. Other means are now more
common, such as 6 phase star.
Advantages of Zigzag Transformer
1. Less Costly for grounding Purpose
It is typically the least costly than Y-D and Scott Transformer.
2. Third harmonic suppression
The zigzag connection in power systems to trap triple harmonic (3rd, 9th, 15th,
etc.) currents. Here, we install zigzag units near loads that produce large triple
harmonic currents. The windings trap the harmonic currents and prevent them from
traveling upstream, where they can produce undesirable effects.
3. Ground current isolation
If we need a neutral for grounding or for supplying single-phase line to neutral
loads when working with a 3-wire, ungrounded power system, a zigzag connection
may be the better solution. Due to its composition, a zigzag transformer is more
effective for grounding purposes because it has less internal winding impedance
going to the ground than when using a Star type transformer.

4. No Phase Displacement
There is no phase angle displacement between the primary and the
secondary circuits with this connection; therefore, the -zigzag connection can
be used in the same manner as Y-Y and - transformers without introducing
any phase shifts in the circuits.
Applications
1. An Earthing Reference
Occasionally electrical engineers use a combination of YD and zigzag windings
to achieve a vector phase shift. For example, an electrical network may have a
transmission network of 220 kV/66 kV star/star transformers, with 66 kV/11 kV delta/star
for the high voltage distribution network.
If a transformation is required directly between the 220 kV/11 kV network the
most obvious option is to use 220 kV/11 kV star/delta. The problem is that the 11 kV
delta no longer has an earth reference point.
Installing a zigzag transformer near the secondary side of the 220 kV/11 kV
transformer provides the required earth reference point.
2. As a Grounding Transformer
The ability to provide a path for in-phase currents enables us to use the zigzag
connection as a grounding bank, which is one of the main applications for this
connection.
We rarely use zigzag configurations for typical industrial or commercial use,
because they are more expensive to construct than conventional Star connected
transformers. But zigzag connections are useful in special applications where
conventional transformer connections arent effective.
D or Y / Zigzag are used in unbalanced low voltage system mostly with single
phase appliances
3. Harmonic voltages presented in system to some extent can be cancelled in
zigzag windings due to opposite connection of winding coils.
4. Power Electronic converters
In power electronic converters the zig zag transformer is used to eliminate the
DC magnetizing component presented due to improper firing angles. The improper firing
angles of power electronic components (SCR) may introduce DC magnetizing
component and this is canceled in each limb of zig zag transformer due to opposite
direction of DC magnetizing component of currents flowing in the windings on the same
limb.

EXTENDED WINDING
A winding with additional turns to provide application for higher voltage. This
effectively changes the turns ratio of the transformer when the extended winding is
employed in the circuit.
Extended wye connection is primarily used in HVDC converter transformers.
As High AC and DC voltages put specific requirements on the dielectric insulation
that of normal Y connection transformers.
Non-Sinusoidal currents give rise to additional losses which are to be considered
while selecting/ designing transformer on converter applications.
For Medium power and voltage ratings, 3-phase transformers are viable. A 3phase transformer have the advantage in amount of material, space needed in the
transformer bay and somewhat lower losses especially the no load loss.
With Separate transformer for the two bridges the transformer output voltages
shall have a phase angle difference of 30 Degrees.
With the line side windings on the two transformers connected in star, one
transformer will have its valve side windings connected in star and the other in Delta.
That means at least two spare units have to be provided for one for each connection
combination.
An Alternate way for a 30 degree phase shift is the use of a so called
EXTENDED DELTA connection, giving a 15 degree shift in relation to the incoming
voltage.
The advantage is that for three phase converter transformer the same
transformer can be used for +15 as well as -15 degree phase shift giving a total of 30
degree. One spare only will then be necessary.
The disadvantage with extended delta is a few percent larger unit size and thus
an increase in operating losses of the same range.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS

2 GENERAL TYPES
Core Type Construction

In core type three phase transformer, core is made up of three limbs or legs and
two yokes. The magnetic path is formed between these yokes and limbs. On
each limb both primary and secondary windings are wounded concentrically.
Circular cylindrical coils are used as the windings for this type of transformer. The

primary and secondary windings of one phase are wounded on one leg. Under
balanced condition, the magnetic flux in each phase of the leg adds up to zero.
Therefore, under normal conditions, no return leg is needed. But in case of
unbalanced loads, high circulating current flows and hence it may be best to use
three single phase transformers.

Shell Type Construction

In shell type, three phases are more independent because each phase has
independent magnetic circuit compared with core type transformer. The
construction is similar to the single phase shell type transformer built on top of
another. The magnetic circuits of this type of transformer are in parallel. Due to
this, the saturation effects in common magnetic paths are neglected. However,
shell type constructed transformers are rarely used in practice.

Shell Type

DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
-

A distribution transformer or service transformer is a transformer that provides

the final voltage transformation in the electric power distribution system, stepping
down the voltage used in the distribution lines to the level used by the customer.

Distribution transformers are classified into different categories based on certain factors
such as:

Mounting location pole, pad, underground vault

Type of insulation liquid-immersed or dry-type

Number of Phases single-phase or three-phase

Voltage class

Basic impulse insulation level (BIL).

POLE-MOUNTED

PAD MOUNTED

OIL COOLED

DRY TYPE

POWER TRANSFORMERS
-

A power transformer is used primarily to couple electrical energy from a power

supply line to a circuit system, or to one or more components of the system.

TYPES
LAMINATED CORE
-

This is the most common type of transformer,

widely used in electric power transmission and
appliances to convert mains voltage to low
voltage to power electronic devices.

TOROIDAL
-

Doughnut shaped toroidal transformers save

space compared to E-I cores, and sometimes to
reduce external magnetic field. These use a ring
shaped core, copper windings wrapped round this
ring (and thus threaded through the ring during
winding), and tape for insulation.
AUTOTRANSFORMER

The autotransformer is a special type of power

transformer. It consists of a single, continuous
winding that is tapped on one side to provide
either a step-up or a step-down function. This is
different from a conventional two-winding
transformer, which has the primary and secondary
completely isolated from each other, but
magnetically linked by a common core. The
autotransformer's windings are both electrically
and magnetically interconnected.
VARIABLE AUTOTRANSFORMER

By exposing part of the winding coils of an

autotransformer, and making the secondary
connection through a sliding carbon brush, an
autotransformer with a near-continuously variable
turns ratio can be obtained, allowing for wide
voltage adjustment in very small increments.
INDUCTION REGULATOR

The induction regulator is similar in design to a wound-rotor induction motor but it

is essentially a transformer whose output voltage is varied by rotating its
secondary relative to the primary.

POLYPHASE TRANSFORMER
-

For polyphase systems, multiple single-phase transformers

can be used, or all phases can be connected to a single
polyphase transformer. For a three phase transformer, the
three primary windings are connected together and the three
secondary windings are connected together.
GROUNDING TRANSFORMER

Grounding transformers let three wire (delta)

polyphase system supplies accommodate phase to
neutral loads by providing a return path for current to
a neutral. Grounding transformers most commonly
incorporate a single winding transformer with a
zigzag winding configuration but may also be
created with a wye-delta isolated winding
transformer connection.
LEAKAGE OR STRAY FIELD TRANSFORMERS

A leakage transformer, also called a stray-field

transformer, has a significantly higher leakage inductance
than other transformers, sometimes increased by a
magnetic bypass or shunt in its core between primary and
secondary, which is sometimes adjustable with a set
screw
Leakage transformers are used for arc welding and high
voltage discharge lamps (neon lights and cold cathode
fluorescent lamps, which are series connected up to 7.5
kV AC). It acts then both as a voltage transformer and as
a magnetiballast

OIL COOLED TRANSFORMER

-

Large transformers used in power distribution or electrical substations have their

core and coils immersed in oil, which cools and insulates. Oil circulates through

ducts in the coil and around the coil and core assembly, moved by convection.

CAST RESIN TRANSFORMER

-

Cast-resin power transformers encase the windings in epoxy resin. These

transformers simplify installation since they are dry, without cooling oil, and so
require no fire-proof vault for indoor installations. The epoxy protects the
windings from dust and corrosive atmospheres.

ISOLATING TRANSFORMER
-

An isolation transformer links two circuits magnetically, but provides no metallic

conductive path between the circuits. An example application would be in the
power supply for medical equipment, when it is necessary to prevent any leakage
from the AC power system into devices connected to a patient.
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

For measuring high values of current or voltage, it is desirable to use standard

low-range measuring instruments together with specially-constructed instrument
transformers, also called accurate ratio transformers. An accurate ratio
transformer does just as the name suggests. It transforms at an accurate ratio to
allow an attached instrument to gauge the current or voltage without actually
running full power through the instrument. It is required to transform relatively
small amounts of power because it's only load, called a burden, is the delicate
moving elements of an ammeter, voltmeter or wattmeter.

There are two types of instrument transformers:

1. Current - Used with an ammeter to measure current in AC voltages
2. Potential - Used with a voltmeter to measure voltage (potential difference) in
AC.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
-

Current Transformers are a type of instrument transformers. They are used for
the measurement of electric currents.

A current transformer has a primary coil of one or

more turns of heavy wire. It is always connected
in series in the circuit in which current is to be
measured. The secondary coil is made up of
many turns of fine wire, which must always be
connected across the ammeter terminals. The
secondary of a current transformer must never be
open-circuited. This is because the primary is not
connected to a constant source. There is a wide
range of possible primary voltages, because the
device can be connected to many types of
conductors. The secondary must always be
available (closed-circuited) to react with the
primary, to prevent the core from becoming completely magnetized. If this
happens, the instruments will no longer read accurately.
A clamp-on ammeter works in a similar way. By opening the clamp and placing it
around a current carrying conductor, the conductor itself acts as a single turn
primary. The secondary and the ammeter are conveniently mounted in the handle
of the device. The dial allows a number of current ranges to be gauged
accurately.
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

A potential transformer is a carefully designed,

extremely accurate step-down transformer. It is
normally used with a standard 120-volt voltmeter. By
multiplying the reading on the voltmeter (called the
deflections) by the ratio of transformation, the user
can determine the voltage on the high side. Common
transformation ratios are 10:1, 20:1, 40:1, 80:1,
100:1, 120:1, and even higher.
In general, a potential transformer is very similar to a
standard two-winding transformer, except that it
handles a very small amount of power. Transformers
for this service are always the shell type, because
this construction has been proven to provide better
accuracy.