CH 12

Problem 12.
1
Problem
12.2
12.1
[Difficulty: 2]
Problem 12.2
Problem
12.10
[Difficulty: 2]
12.2
Given:
Cooling of air in a tank
Find:
Change in entropy, internal energy, and enthalpy
Solution:
Basic equation:
p R T
T2
p2
s cp ln R ln
T1
p1
u cv T
h cp T
Assumptions: 1) Ideal gas 2) Constant specific heats

Given or available data M 5 kg
T1 ( 250 273) K
cp 1004
cv 717.4
kg K
For a constant volume process the ideal gas equation gives
p2
T2
p2
T1
T2
p2
s cp ln R ln
T1
p1
s 346
u cv T2 T1
cp
k 1.4
cv
T2
p 1 3 MPa
p
T1 1
R cp cv
R 287
p 2 1.85 MPa
J
kg K
u 143
h cp T2 T1
h 201
S M s
S 1729
U M u
U 717 kJ
H M h
H 1004 kJ
kJ
kg
kJ
kg
J
K
Here is a plot of the T-s diagram:
T-s Diagram for Constant Volume Cooling

750
1
T (K)
Total amounts are
kg K
p1
Then
T2 ( 50 273) K
500
250
0
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
s (J/kg.K)
-150
-100
-50
J
kg K
Problem 12.3
Problem
12.11
[Difficulty: 3]
12.3
Given:
Air in a piston-cylinder
Find:
Heat to raise temperature to 1200oC at a) constant pressure and b) constant volume
Solution:
The data provided, or available in the Appendices, is:
T1 ( 100 273 ) K
T2 ( 1200 273 ) K
a) For a constant pressure process we start with
R 287
J
kg K
J
kg K
cv cp R
cv 717
J
kg K
T ds dh v dp
dh
dT
cp
T
T
Hence, for p = const.
ds
But
q T ds
Hence
q cp dT
b) For a constant volume process we start
cp 1004
q c p dT
q c p T2 T1
q c v dT
q c v T2 T1
q 1104
q 789
kJ
kg
T ds du p dv
du
dT
cv
T
T
Hence, for v = const.
ds
But
q T ds
Hence
q cv dT
Heating to a higher temperature at constant pressure requires more heat than at constant volume: some of the
heat is used to do work in expanding the gas; hence for constant pressure less of the heat is available for
raising the temperature.
From the first law:
Constant pressure:
Constant volume: q u
q u w
The two processes can be plotted using Eqs. 11.11b and 11.11a, simplified for the case of constant pressure
and constant volume.
a) For constant pressure
T2
p2
s2 s1 cp ln R ln
T1
p1
so
T2
s cp ln
T1
b) For constant volume
T2
v2
s2 s1 cv ln R ln
T1
v1
so
T2
s cv ln
T1
The processes are plotted in Excel and shown on the next page
kJ
kg
T-s Diagram for Constant Pressure and Constant Volume

Processes
1500
T (K)
1250
1000
750
500
a) Constant Pressure
250
b) Constant Volume
0
0
250
500
750
s (J/kg.K)
1000
1250
1500
Problem 12.4
(Difficulty 1)
12.4 Calculate the power delivered by the turbine per unit mass of airflow when the transfer in the heat
exchanger is zero. Then, how does the power depend on the heat transfer through the exchanger if all
other conditions remain the same? Assume air is a perfect gas.
Assumption: Air is an ideal gas. The flow is steady

Find: The energy delivered to the turbine and its dependency on heat transfer.
Solution: Use the energy equation to find the power (eq. 4.56):
=
2

+ + +
+

2
The flow is steady, there is no shear work, there is no change in elevation, the entering velocity V1 is zero,
and the flow work and internal energy can be combined into the enthalpy. For the situation of zero heat
transfer through the heat exchanger we have on a per unit mass basis:
1
= = (2 1 ) + 22
2
For ideal gas the enthalpy is related to the specific heat and temperature change:
1
= (1 2 ) 22
2
Where for air
Thus the turbine power is then

= 1003
= 1003
1
2
(100 ) 100 = 95.3

2
If the heat transfer through the heat exchanger is , we have:
1
= (1 2 ) 22 +
2
= 95.3
If the heat is added to the fluid flow, the energy delivered to the turbine will increase in direct proportion.
Problem 12.5
(Difficulty 1)
12.5 If hydrogen flows as a perfect gas without friction between stations 1 and 2 while = 7.5
105
find 2 .
Assumption: Hydrogen is an ideal gas. The flow is steady.

Find: The velocity 2 .
Solution: Use the energy equation (eq. 4.56) to find the velocity:
=
2

+ + +
+

2
The flow is steady, there are no work terms, there is no elevation change, and the internal energy and flow
work can be combined into the enthalpy. The energy equation on a per unit mass flow becomes:
1
= (2 1 ) + (22 12 )
2
For ideal gas the enthalpy difference can be related to the specific heat and temperature difference, and
we have:
Where for hydrogen
Thus the velocity V2 is
1
= (2 1 ) + (22 12 )
2
= 14446
2 = 2 2 (2 1 ) + 12
2 = 2 7.5 105
2 14446
(50 ) + 75 = 247
Problem 12.6
Problem
12.14
[Difficulty: 3]
12.6
Given:
Air is compressed from standard conditions to fill a tank
Find:
(a) Final temperature of air if tank is filled adiabatically and reversibly

(b) Heat lost if tank is filled isothermally
(c) Which process results in a greater mass of air in the tank
Solution:
cp 1004
J
kg K
V 1 m
R 287
cv cp R
kg K
p 1 0.1 MPa
cv 717
T1 ( 20 273) K
J
kg K
cp
k 1.4
cv
p 2 2 MPa
k 1
p2
T2s T1
p1
Adiabatic, reversible process is isentropic:
For the isothermal process, we look at the first law:
The work is equal to: w p dv
v2
From Boyle's law: p 1 v 1 p 2 v 2
w 252
kJ
kg
v1
R T1
v
T2s 689.9 K
u q w cv T
p1
p2
substituting this into the above equation:
kJ
kg
R T2s
(The negative sign indicates heat loss)
p V M R T
p2 V
R T1
23.8 kg
Q 5.99 10 kJ
The mass in the tank after compression isothermally is:

p2 V
p1
w R T1 ln
p2
Q M q
qw
The mass of the air can be calculated from the ideal gas equation of state:
For the isentropic compression:
u 0 and
2 1
v2
dv R T1 ln
dv R T1
v
v1
v
Therefore the heat transfer is q w 252
So the actual heat loss is equal to:
but T = 0 so:
10.1 kg
M t 23.8 kg
Therefore the isothermal compression results in
more mass in the tank.
Problem 12.16
12.7
Problem
12.7
[Difficulty: 2]
12.8
Problem 12.17
12.8
Problem
[Difficulty: 3]
Problem 12.9
(Difficulty 1)
12.9 Carbon dioxide flows at a speed of 10

50
in a pipe and then through a nozzle where the velocity is
What is the change in gas temperature between pipe and nozzle? Assume this is an adiabatic flow
of a perfect gas.
Assumptions: Carbon dioxide is an ideal gas. The flow is steady and adiabatic.
Find: The change in temperature.
Solution: Use the energy equation (eq. 4.56) to find the temperature change:
=
2

+ + +
+

2
There is no heat or work transfers, the flow is steady, and there is no change in elevation. The internal
energy and flow work are combined into enthalpy and we have:
1
0 = (2 1 ) + (22 12 )
2
For ideal gas we have the enthalpy change related to the temperature change through the specific heat:
Where for carbon dioxide
Thus
1
0 = (2 1 ) + (22 12 )
2
= 858
2
2
10 50
(12 22 )
2
(2 1 ) =
=
1
1

2
2 858

== 1.39 = 1.39
Problem 12.10
Problem
12.20
12.10
[Difficulty: 4]
Problem 12.11
Problem
12.23
[Difficulty: 3]
12.11
Given:
Five different gases at specified temperature
Find:
Sound speeds for each gas at that temperature
Solution:
Basic equation: c
k R T

k H2 1.41
RH2 4124
J
kg K
J
k CH4 1.31 RCH4 518.3
kg K
T ( 20 273 ) K
J
k He 1.66
RHe 2077
k N2 1.40
RN2 296.8
kg K
J
kg K
J
k CO2 1.29 RCO2 188.9
kg K
cH2
k H2 RH2 T
cH2 1305
cHe
k He RHe T
cHe 1005
cCH4
cN2
cCO2
k CH4 RCH4 T
k N2 RN2 T
k CO2 RCO2 T
cCH4 446
cN2 349
m
s
m
s
cCO2 267
m
s
Problem 12.12
Problem
12.28
[Difficulty: 1]
12.12
Given:
Airplane cruising at two different elevations
Find:
Mach numbers
Solution:
Basic equation:
k R T
M
J
Available data
R 286.9
At
z 1500 m
Hence
kg K
k R T
Repeating at
z 15000 m
Hence
The Mach number is
k R T
k 1.4
T 278.4 K
c 334
M
The Mach number is
from Table A.3
m
s
c 1204
km
and we have
hr
V 550
km
hr
M 0.457
T 216.7 K
c 295
M
V
c
m
s
c 1062
M 1.13
km
hr
and we have
V 1200
km
hr
Problem 12.13
Problem
12.30
12.13
[Difficulty: 1]
Problem 12.14
(Difficulty 1)
12.14 For a speed of sound in steel of 4300
determine the bulk modulus of elasticity. Compare the
modulus of elasticity of steel to that of water. Determine the speed of sound in steel, water, and air at
atmospheric conditions. Comment on differences.
Find: the bulk modulus of elasticity

Assumption: Steel is homogeneous
Solution: Use the relation between speed of sound, bulk modulus, and density
Using the specific gravity of steel from Table A.1, we have the bulk modulus as:
= 2 = 2 = 4300
The bulk modulus of water from Table A.2 is:
7.83 1000 3 = 144.8 2
= 2.24
= 4300
So the modulus of elasticity of water is smaller than that of steel.

For the sound speed of steel:
The sound speed of water is then
2.24 2
= 1497
=
=
1000 3
For the sound speed of air at atmospheric conditions:

= = 1.4 287
So we have the following relation:
288
= 340
2

< <
It means the sound speed is increasing from gas, liquid to solid.
Problem 12.15
(Difficulty 1)
12.15 Determine and plot the Mach number of an automobile as a function of speed from 25 to
100 for winter ( = 0 ) and summer ( = 100 )
Find: Mach numbers
Assumption: Air behaves as an ideal gas

Solution: Use the relation for speed of sound in an ideal gas
=
For the air we have:
= 1.4 = 1715
For the winter conditions we have:

= = 1.4 1715

459.67 = 1.4 1715
459.67
= 1051
The Mach number is defined as:
We have the following range:

= 25 = 36.7
For the summer we have:
= = 1.4 1715
The plot is shown in the figure:
= 100 = 146.7
(100 + 459.67) = 1159

For the same velocity, the Mach number is higher in winter than summer because the temperature is lower
and thus the speed of sound is lower.
Problem 12.16
Problem
12.32
[Difficulty: 2]
12.16
Given:
Airplane cruising at 550 mph
Find:
Mach number versus altitude
Solution:
c
k R T
Here are the results, generated using Excel:
V = 500 mph
R = 286.90 J/kg-K
k = 1.40
(Table A.6)
Data on temperature versus height obtained from Table A.3

z (m)
T (K)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
288.2
284.9
281.7
278.4
275.2
271.9
268.7
265.4
262.2
258.9
255.7
249.2
242.7
236.2
229.7
223.3
c (m/s) c (mph)
340
338
336
334
332
330
329
326
325
322
320
316
312
308
304
299
661
658
654
650
646
642
639
635
631
627
623
615
607
599
590
582
M
0.756
0.760
0.765
0.769
0.774
0.778
0.783
0.788
0.793
0.798
0.803
0.813
0.824
0.835
0.847
0.859
Mach Number versus Elevation

0.90
0.85
Basic equation:
0.80
0.75
0.70
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
z (m)
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Problem 12.17
Problem
12.36
[Difficulty: 2]
12.17
Given:
Shuttle launch
Find:
How long after seeing it do you hear it?
Solution:
Basic equation:
k R T
Assumption: Speed of light is essentially infinite (compared to speed of sound)
The given or available data is
T ( 80 460 ) R
L 3.5 mi
Hence
k Rair T
c 1139
t 16.23 s
Then the time is
ft
s
In the winter:
T ( 50 460 ) R
Hence
k Rair T
c 1107
t 16.7 s
Then the time is
ft
s
k 1.4
Rair 53.33
ft lbf
lbm R
Problem 12.18
Problem
12.38
[Difficulty: 2]
12.18
Given:
Data on water specific volume
Find:
Speed of sound over temperature range
Solution:
c
Basic equation:
As an approximation for a liquid c
at isentropic conditions
using available data.
We use compressed liquid data at adjacent pressures of 5 MPa and 10 MPa, and estimate the change in density between these
pressures from the corresponding specific volume changes
p p 2 p 1
v2
and
v1
at each
temperature
Here are the results, calculated using Excel:
p2 =
p1 =
p =
10
5
5
MPa
MPa
MPa
Data on specific volume versus temperature can be obtained fro any good thermodynamics text (try the Web!)
p1
o
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0.0009977
0.0009996
0.0010057
0.0010149
0.0010267
0.0010410
0.0010576
0.0010769
0.0010988
0.0011240
0.0011531
p2
Speed of Sound versus Temperature
T ( C) v (m /kg) v (m /kg) (kg/m ) c (m/s)

2.52
2.31
2.18
2.14
2.19
2.31
2.42
2.68
2.82
3.18
3.70
1409
1472
1514
1528
1512
1470
1437
1366
1330
1254
1162
1500
1400
c (m/s)
0.0009952
0.0009973
0.0010035
0.0010127
0.0010244
0.0010385
0.0010549
0.0010738
0.0010954
0.0011200
0.0011482
1600
1300
1200
1100
1000
0
50
100
o
T ( C)
150
200
Problem 12.19
(Difficulty 1)
12.19 An object traveling in atmospheric air emits two pressure waves at different times. At an instant in
time, the waves appear as in the figure. Determine the velocity and Mach number of the object and its
current location.
Find: The velocity and Mach number

Assumption: The air is uniform in temperature and is an ideal gas
Solution: Use the relations for the speed of sound and Mach number
We have the equation for the speed of sound in an ideal gas as:
=
The speed of sound is then:
= 1.4 = 287
= = 1.4 287
The geometry of the sound waves are
288 = 340

Where 1 = 0.1 , 2 = 0.01 , = 1.5

The geometric relation is:
Or the distance between the two locations is

=
1
2
= =
1 10
10 10 1.5
=
= 1.667
9
9
The current location is 1.667 from the center of the circle 1.

=
1
0.1
=
= 0.000294
340
The velocity of the object can be calculated as:
The Mach number is calculated as:
This is supersonic flow.
1.667
=
= 5670
0.000294
5670
= =
= 16.67
340
Problem 12.20
(Difficulty 1)
12.20 An object traveling in atmospheric air emits two pressure waves at different times. At an instant in
time, the waves appear as in the figure. Determine the velocity and Mach number of the object and its
current location.

=
= 1.4 = 287
1 = 1
2 = 0.2
We have the equation for ideal gas as:
= 0.5
= = 1.4 287
288 = 340

The time after emitting the pressure wave 1 for circle 1 is:
1 =
1
1
=
= 0.00294
340
The time after emitting the pressure wave 2 for circle 2 is:
2 =
2
0.2
=
= 0.000588
340
So the time between these two pressure waves is:
The velocity of the object is then:
The Mach number is calculated as:
This is subsonic flow.
= 1 2 = 0.002352
=
0.5
=
= 213
0.002352
213
= =
= 0.626
340
The current location of the object (distance from the center of circle 1) is computed by:
= 1 = 213
0.00294 = 0.626
Problem 12.21
(Difficulty 1)
12.21 While at the seashore, you observe an airplane that is flying at 10,000 . You hear the airplane
8 after it passes directly overhead. Estimate the airplane speed and Mach number. If the
airplane had been flying at 30,000 , how many seconds would have passed before you heard it?
=
The speed of sound is then

= = 1.4 1715
= 1.4 = 1715

(459.67 + 59) = 1.4 1715
518.67
= 1115
We have the following geometric relationships between the time the sound was emitted and when the
airplane was overhead:
We have the following geometric relation:

tan =
We also have the relation between the speed of the airplane, the speed of sound, and the angle of the
sound cone:
sin =
Using trigonometric relations
The cone angle is
sin
=
cos =
tan
1115
8
= =
= 0.892
10,000

= 26.9
And the Mach number is
The velocity is then
If = 30000 ,
1
=

1
= 2.21
sin
= = 1115
2.21 = 2460
= 26.9
tan =
=
=
tan
30000
= 24.
2460
0.507
We could also see this different time in terms of geometry. If the height is three times and the angle of
the cone is the same, the time must be three times greater too.
Problem 12.22
Problem
12.41
[Difficulty: 3]
12.22
Given:
Data on atmospheric temperature variation with altitude
Find:
Lapse rate; plot rate of change of sonic speed with altitude
Solution:
Rair 286.9
dz
c
dc
dz
z (km)
T (K)
-1
dc/dz (s )
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
288.2
281.7
275.2
268.7
262.2
255.8
249.3
242.8
236.3
229.8
223.3
-0.00383
-0.00387
-0.00392
-0.00397
-0.00402
-0.00407
-0.00412
-0.00417
-0.00423
-0.00429
-0.00435
T T0
Hence
T0 288.2 K T10k 223.3 K
z 10000 m
T T0 m z
dT
For an ideal gas
k 1.4
kg K
T10k T0
z
k R T
which can be evaluated at z = 10 km
m k R
2 c
3K
6.49 10
k R T0 m z
Here are the results, calculated using Excel:
Rate of Change of Sonic Speed

with Altitude
-0.0038
-0.0039
-1
For a linear temperature variation
dc/dz (s )
The given or available data is:
-0.0040
-0.0041
-0.0042
-0.0043
-0.0044
0
6
z (km)
10
Problem 12.23
Problem
12.44
[Difficulty: 3]
12.23
Given:
Projectile fired into a gas, Mach cone formed
Find:
Speed of projectile
Solution:
Basic equations:
Given or available data
k R T
p 450 kPa
4.5
asin
kg
3
k 1.625
Combining ideal gas equation of state and the sonic speed:
From the Mach cone angle:
1
sin( )
M 4.62
25
2
p R T
deg 12.5 deg
c 403.1
Therefore the speed is:
m
s
V M c
V 1862
m
s
Problem 12.24
Problem
12.45
12.24
[Difficulty: 1]
Problem 12.25
Problem
12.47
12.25
[Difficulty: 2]
Problem
12.49
Problem 12.26
12.26
[Difficulty: 2]
Problem 12.27
Problem
12.50
[Difficulty: 3]
12.27
Given:
Supersonic aircraft flying overhead
Find:
Time at which airplane heard
Solution:
Basic equations:
k R T
V 1000
m
s
asin
h 3 km
k 1.4
The time it takes to fly from directly overhead to where you hear it is t
If the temperature is constant then
R 286.9
J
kg K
x
V
h
tan ( )
The temperature is not constant so the Mach line will not be straight. We can find a range of t by considering the temperature range
At h 3 km we find from Table A.3 that
Using this temperature
k R T
Hence
asin
M

1
Hence
asin
c 329
m
s
19.2 deg
and
x
h
tan ( )
V
c
x 8625m
M 3.04
t
x
V
t 8.62s
T 288.2 K
At sea level we find from Table A.3 that

T 268.7 K
k R T
M

1
c 340
m
s
19.9 deg
and
x
h
tan ( )
V
c
x 8291m
Thus we conclude that the time is somwhere between 8.62 and 8.29 s. Taking an average
M 2.94
t
x
V
t 8.55 s
t 8.29s
Problem 12.28
Problem
12.51
12.28
[Difficulty: 3]
12.27
h
x = Vt
Given:
Supersonic aircraft flying overhead
Find:
Location at which first sound wave was emitted
Solution:
Basic equations:
k R T
V 1000
asin
V
c
h 3 km
k 1.4
R 286.9
J
kg K
x h tan( )
We need to find x as shown in the figure
The temperature is not constant so the Mach line will not be straight ( is not constant). We can find a range of
and x by considering the temperature range
At h 3 km we find from Table A.3 that
Hence
asin
T 268.7 K
k R T
1
c 329
Hence
asin
19.2 deg
an
d
x h tan( )
x 1043 m
an
d
x h tan( )
x 1085 m
M 3.04
T 288.2 K
At sea level we find from Table A.3 that

k R T
M
1
c 340
m
s
19.9 deg
Thus we conclude that the distance is somwhere between 1043 and 1085 m. Taking an average
V
c
x 1064 m
M 2.94
Problem 12.29
Problem
12.52
12.29
[Difficulty: 4] Part 1/2
Problem 12.52
Problem 12.30
Problem
12.55
[Difficulty: 2]
12.30
Given:
Mach number range from 0.05 to 0.95
Find:
Plot of percentage density change; Mach number for 1%, 5% and 10% density change
Solution:
k 1.4

Basic equation:
1
( k 1)
2
k 1
(12.20c)
Hence
0
0
so
1 1
Here are the results, generated using Excel:

M
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
/ o
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
7.6%
9.4%
11%
14%
16%
18%
21%
23%
26%
29%
31%
34%
0.1%
0.5%
1.1%
2.0%
3.1%
4.4%
5.9%
To find M for specific density changes

use Goal Seek repeatedly
/ o
M
0.142
1%
0.322
5%
0.464
10%
Note: Based on (not o) the results are:
0.142
0.314
0.441
Density Variation with Mach Number

40%
/o
30%
20%
10%
0%
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
M
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
( k 1)
2
1 k
Problem 12.31
Problem
12.62
[Difficulty: 2]
Given:
Pressure data on aircraft in flight
Find:
Change in air density; whether flow can be considered incompressible
Solution:
k 1.4
p 0 48 kPa
p 27.6 kPa
T ( 55 273 ) K
Governing equation (assuming isentropic flow):

p
k
constant
(12.12c)
Hence
p
p
0
so
p0
1 1
p
0
48.5 %
NOT an incompressible flow!
Problem 12.32
(Difficulty 2)
12.32 Carbon dioxide flows in a duct at a velocity of 90
absolute pressure 140 , and the
temperature 90 . Calculate pressure and temperature on the nose of a small object placed in this flow.
Find: The pressure and temperature on the nose.

Assumptions: Carbon dioxide behaves as an ideal gas. The flow is steady. The flow decelerates
isentropically to the stagnation conditions.
Solution: Use the energy equation (4.56)
=
2

+ + +
+

2
For isentropic flow, we have the relation for the pressure and temperature
1
=
0
0
The flow is steady and there is no heat transfer or work and the elevations are the same. The velocity at
the nose is zero. The energy equation becomes, where 0 denotes the stagnation condition:
1
0 = (0 ) 2
2
For ideal gas the enthalpy is related to the specific heat and we have:
Thus the stagnation temperature is
1
0 = (0 ) 2
2
= 858.2
2
90
2
0 = +
= 90 +
= 90 + 4.72 = 94.7 = 367.9
2
2 858.2

For the stagnation pressure we have from the isentropic relation
1
= 0
0
The stagnation pressure is then
= 1.28
1.28
363.2 1.281
= 148.5
= 140
367.9
Problem 12.33
(Difficulty 1)
12.33 If nitrogen at 15 is flowing and the stagnation temperature on the nose of a small object in the
flow is measured as 38 , what is the velocity in the pipe?
Find: The velocity in the pipe.

Assumptions: Nitrogen behaves as an ideal gas. The flow is steady. The flow decelerates isentropically
to the stagnation conditions.
=
2

+ + +
+

2
1
0 = (0 ) 2
2
For nitrogen, the specific heat is
1
0 = (0 ) 2
2
0 = 2 (0 )
= 1038
0 = 2 1038
(39 15)
=
219

2
Problem 12.34
Problem
12.67
[Difficulty: 2]
12.34
Given:
Mach number of aircraft
Find:
Pressure difference; air speed based on a) compressible b) incompressible assumptions
Solution:
R 287
cp 1004
kg K
J
kg K
T 223.3 K
From Table A.3, at 10 km altitude
k 1.4
M 0.65
p 0.2615 101 kPa
p 26.4 kPa
p0
The governing equation for pressure change is:
k1
k 1
(12.20a)
Hence
The pressure difference is
p 0 p 1
k1
k 1
p 0 35.1 kPa
p 0 p 8.67 kPa
a) Assuming compressibility c
k R T
c 300
V M c
V 195
m
s
b) Assuming incompressibility
Here the Bernoulli equation applies in the form
For the density
Hence
p0
so
2 p0 p
0.412
R T
V 205
kg
3
2 p0 p
m
s
In this case the error at M = 0.65 in computing the speed of the aircraft using Bernoulli equation is
205 195
195
5.13 %
Problem 12.35
Problem
12.69
[Difficulty: 2]
12.35
Given:
Flight altitude of high-speed aircraft
Find:
Mach number and aircraft speed errors assuming incompressible flow; plot
Solution:
The governing equation for pressure change is:
p0
p
Hence
k1
k 1
(12.20a)
k
k 1
k 1 2
p p 1
M
1
2
p0
p p 0 p p
1
p
(1)
For each Mach number the actual pressure change can be computed from Eq. 1
p
Assuming incompressibility, the Bernoulli equation applies in

the form
p0
so
2 p
and the Mach number based on this is
Using Eq. 1
M incomp
V
c
k R T
2 p
k R T
k 1
2
k 1 2
M incomp
1
M
1
k
2
The error in using Bernoulli to estimate the Mach number is
M
M
M incomp M
M
For errors in speed:

Actual speed:
V M c
Speed assuming incompressible flow:
The error in using Bernoulli to estimate the speed from the pressure difference is
V M k R T
Vinc M incomp k R T
V
V
The computations and plots are shown below, generated using Excel:
Vincomp V
V
2 p0 p
2 p

R =
k =
T =
286.9
1.4
216.7
J/kg.K
K
(At 12 km, Table A.3)
Computed results:
c =
M
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
295
M in comp
0.100
0.201
0.303
0.408
0.516
0.627
0.744
0.865
0.994
m/s
M/M
V (m/s)
0.13%
0.50%
1.1%
2.0%
3.2%
4.6%
6.2%
8.2%
10.4%
29.5
59.0
88.5
118
148
177
207
236
266
V incomp (m/s)
29.5
59.3
89.5
120
152
185
219
255
293
V/V
0.13%
0.50%
1.1%
2.0%
3.2%
4.6%
6.2%
8.2%
10.4%
Error in Mach Number Using Bernoulli

12%
10%
M/M
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Error in Speed Using Bernoulli

12%
10%
V/V
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
0
50
100
150
V (m/s)
200
250
300
Problem 12.36
Problem
12.70
[Difficulty: 2]
12.36
Given:
Wind tunnel at M = 2.5
Find:
Stagnation conditions; mass flow rate

k
Solution:
Basic equations:
Then
k R T
p0
M 2.5
T ( 15 273 ) K
k 1.4
R 286.9
T0 T 1
k1
k1
k 1
T0
T
A 0.175 m
T0 648 K
T0 375 C
J
kg K
p 0 p 1
k1
k 1
p 0 598 kPa
The mass flow rate is given by
mrate A V
We need
k R T
c 340
0.424
and also
Then
R T
mrate A V
V M c
s
kg
3
kg
mrate 63.0
s
p 35 kPa
Also
k1
V 850
m
s
Problem 12.37
(Difficulty 2)
12.37 Oxygen flows in a passage at a pressure of 25 . The pressure and temperature on the nose of
a small object in the flow are 28 and 150 , repectively. What is the velocity in the passage?
Find: The velocity 0 in the passage.
Assumptions: Oxygen behaves as an ideal gas. The flow is steady. The flow decelerates isentropically

=
2

+ + +
+

2
1
=
0
0
1
0 = (0 ) 2
2
Or the velocity is
1
0 = (0 ) 2
2
= 2 (0 )
To find the temperature, we use the isentropic relation

1
= 0
0
Where for oxygen k = 1.4. The static temperature is then
1.41
1.4
25
= (150 + 459.7)
28
The specific heat of oxygen is cp = 0.2172 Btu/lbm-R
= 590.3 = 130.6

= 2 0.2172

778
(150 130.6)
= 459.6
2

Problem 12.38
(Difficulty 2)
12.38 What is the pressure on the nose of a bullet moving through standard sea level air at 300
according to (a) the flow is incompressible and (b) the flow is compressible. Compare results.
Find: The pressure on the nose of a bullet

Assumptions: The speed of the bullet is steady. The air decelerates isentropically to the stagnation
conditions.
Solution: Use the Bernoulli and energy equation and isentropic relations
a) For the incompressible assumption, we have the Bernoulli equation between the static and stagnation
states as:
2
0 02
+
+ = +
+ 0
2
There is no elevation change and the velocity on the nose is zero. We assume the elevation is constant so
the Bernoulli equation becomes
2 0
+
=
For air we have:
= 1.225
, = 1.4, = 1004
3
We have the absolute pressure on the nose as:
2
2
300
0 = +
= 101.3 + 1.225 3
= 156.4
2
2
b) For the compressible flow case, we have the energy equation

=
2

+ + +
+

2
the nose is zero. The energy equation becomes:
1
0 = (0 ) 2
2
1
0 = (0 ) 2
2
The stagnation temperature is then
2
3000
2
0 = +
= (20 + 273.2) +
= 338
2
2 1004

=
0
0
The stagnation pressure is then
1.4
0 1
338 1.41
= 101.3
= 166.7
0 =
293.2
Problem 12.39
Problem
12.71
12.39
[Difficulty: 2]
Problem 12.40
Problem
12.76
[Difficulty: 2]
12.40
Given:
Data on air flow in a duct
Find:
Stagnation pressures and temperatures; explain velocity increase; isentropic or not?
Solution:
R 287
M 1 0.1
cp 1004
kg K
T1 ( 20 273 ) K
For stagnation temperatures:
k 1.4
kg K
p 1 1000 kPa
T01 T1 1
k1
T02 T2 1
k1
M 2 0.7
M1
M2
T2 ( 5.62 273 ) K
p 2 136.5 kPa
T01 293.6 K
T01 20.6 C
T02 293.6 K
T02 20.6 C
(Because the stagnation temperature is constant, the process is adiabatic)

k
For stagnation pressures:
p 01 p 1 1
k1
2
M1
k 1
p 01 1.01 MPa
k
p 02 p 2 1
The entropy change is:
Note that
k1
2
M2
k 1
p 02 189 kPa
T2
p2
s cp ln
R ln
T1
p1
V1 M 1 k R T1
m
V1 34.3
s
s 480
V2 M 2 k R T2
Although there is friction, suggesting the flow should decelerate, because

the static pressure drops so much, the net effect is flow acceleration!
The entropy increases because the process is adiabatic but irreversible (friction).
q
From the second law of thermodynamics ds
: becomes ds > 0
T
J
kg K
m
V2 229
s
Problem 12.41
Problem
12.
12.41
[
3]
Problem 12.42
Problem
12.82
12.42
[Difficulty: 2]
Problem 12.43
Problem
12.84
12.43
[Difficulty: 3]
Problem 12.44
Problem
12.86
[Difficulty: 2]
12.44
Given:
Air leak in ISS
Find:
Mass flow rate

1
Solution:
mrate V A
Basic equations:
2 k
Vcrit
k1
R T0
crit
k 1
k 1
The interior conditions are the stagnation conditions for the flow
T0 ( 65 460 ) R
The density of air inside the ISS would be:
Then
crit
k
2
The mass flow rate is
p 0 14.7 psi
Rair 53.33
p0
0
Rair T0
crit 1.49 10
k 1
ft lbf
lbm R
0 2.35 10
ft
2 k
Vcrit
A 0.001 in
3 slug
ft
3 slug
k 1.4
k1
Rair T0
ft
Vcrit 1025
s
mrate crit Vcrit A
mrate 1.061 10
5 slug
4 lbm
mrate 3.41 10
Problem 12.45
Problem
12.87
12.45
[Difficulty: 1]
Problem 12.46
(Difficulty 2)
12.46 Nitrogen flows from a large tank, through a convergent nozzle of 2 tip diameter, into the
atmosphere. The temperature in that tank is 200. Calculate the pressure, velocity, temperature, and
sonic velocity in the jet. And calculate the flow rate when the tank pressure is (a) 30 and (b) 25 .
Barometric pressure is 15.0 . What is the lowest tank pressure that will produce sonic velocity in the
jet? What is this velocity and what is the flow rate?
Solution:
For nitrogen we have:
= 1.4
= 6210
= 1773
(a)
2
2 1
=
= 0.528
+1
1
2 = 0.528 30 = 15.84 >
Therefore, the flow is sonic at the exit and we have:
2 = 2
2 = 15.85
1
2
2
=
1
1
0.4
15.85 1.4
2 = (200 + 459.6)
= 550
30
2 = 2 = 2 = 1.4 1773
The flow rate is:
2
2 =
=
2
15.85 144
1773
550 = 1168

550

= 2 2 2 = 0.06
(b)
Therefore we have:
= 0.00234
2 = 0.528 25 = 13.2 <

2 = 15.0
0.4
15 1.4
= 570
2 = (200 + 459.6)
25
2 +
2 = 2 ( 2 ) = 2 6210
22
=
2
(659.6 570) = 1058

2 = 2 = 1.4 1773
2
2 =
=
2
1773
15 144
570 = 1189

570

= 2 2 2 = 0.049
= 0.00214
The lowest tank pressure to yield sonic velocity must be:
2 1
15
=
= 0.528
+1
1
1 = 28.41
0.4
15 1.4
= 550
2 = (200 + 459.6)
28.41
2 = 2 = 1.4 1773
2
2 =
=
2
1773
15 144
550 = 1168

550

= 2 2 2 = 0.056
= 0.0022
Problem 12.47
(Difficulty 3)
12.47 Air flows from the atmosphere into an evacuated tank through a convergent nozzle of 38 tip
diameter. If atmospheric pressure and temperature are 101.3 and 15 , respectively, what
vacuum must be maintained in the tank to produce sonic velocity in the jet? What is the flow rate?
What is the flow rate when the vacuum is 254 of mercury?
Find: The pressure in the tank and the flow rate.
Assumptions: The flow in the nozzle is steady and isentropic. Air can be treated as an ideal gas
Solution: Use the energy equation and the isentropic relations. The energy equation is:
=
2

+ + +
+

2
The relation between the pressures and the Mach number for isentropic flow is given by
1 2 1
0
= 1 +

2
At the throat of the convergent nozzle, the Mach number is unity when the velocity is sonic. The pressure
p is then, where the specific heat ratio of the air is 1.4
=
1 2 1
1 +

2
The vacuum can be calculated as:
101.3
= (101.3 53.5 )
So the vacuum is 359 Hg vac.
1.4
1.4 1 2 1.41
1 +
1
2
= 53.5
760
= 359
101.3
To calculate the temperature we need to determine the temperature, density, and velocity at the exit. The
temperature is determined from the isentropic relation between temperature and pressure, written as:
= 0
53.5
= 288.3
101.3
1.41
1.4
= 240.2
From the ideal gas law we compute the density as

=
53.5
=
= 0.777 3
286.8 240.1
We evaluate the velocity from the speed of sound and Mach number. The speed of sound is:
= = 1.4 286.8
The velocity equals the sonic velocity
= = 310.4
The mass flow rate can be calculated as:

= = 0.777
240.1 = 310.4

310.4 (0.038 )2 = 0.274

3
If the vacuum is 254 of mercury, the pressure is:
= 101.3 101.3
The exit temperature is then
The energy equation is:
= 0
254
= 67.4
760
67.4
= 288.3
101.3
1.41
1.4
= 256.5
2

+ + +
+

2
There are no heat or work transfers and the elevation change is zero. The entering velocity is zero and so
the energy equation becomes, using the enthalpy as the sum of the internal energy and flow work:
As the air is an ideal gas we have:
1
0 = ( 0 ) + 2
2
1
0 = ( 0 ) + 2
2
With the value of cp of 1004 J/kg-K, we have for the velocity
= 2 (0 ) = 2 1003
(288.3 256.5 ) = 252.2

Then density is again calculated using the ideal gas law:

=
67.4
=
= 0.916 3
286.8
256.5

The mass flow rate in this case is:
= = 0.916
252.2 (0.038 )2 = 0.262

3
Problem 12.48
(Difficulty 2)
12.48 Oxygen discharges from a tank through a convergent nozzle. The temperature and velocity in the
jet are 20 and 270
respectively. What is the temperature in the tank? What is the temperature
on the nose of a small object in the jet?
Find: The temperature in the tank and the stagnation temperature of the jet.
Assumptions: Oxygen behaves as an ideal gas. The flow is steady. The flow decelerates isentropically
=
2

+ + +
+

2
For the flow from the tank through the nozzle, the flow is steady and there is no heat or work transfer and
the elevations are the same. The velocity in the tank is zero. The energy equation becomes, where 0
denotes the stagnation condition in the tank:
1
0 = (0 ) 2
2
1
0 = (0 ) 2
2
For oxygen
= 909.2
Thus
2
270
2
0 = +
= 20 +
= 20.1
2
2 909.2

The temperature in the tank is 20.1.
The flow from the tank through the nozzle and then to stagnation on the nose is adiabatic. On the nose
the velocity is zero, so the temperature on the nose is the same as in the tank, and also 20.1 .
Problem 12.49
Problem
12.90
[Difficulty: 1]
12.49
Given:
Data on hot gas stream
Find:
Critical conditions
Solution:
R 287
J
kg K
For critical conditions
k 1.4
T0
Tcrit
T0 ( 1500 273) K
k1
Tcrit
T0
T0 1773K
p 0 140 kPa
Tcrit 1478K
k 1
2
p0
p crit
k 1
p0
p crit
k
2
Vcrit
k R Tcrit
m
Vcrit 770
s
k 1
p crit 74.0 kPa
absolute
Problem 12.50
(Difficulty 2)
12.50 Carbon dioxide discharges from a tank through a convergent nozzle into the atmosphere. If the
tank temperature and gage pressure are 38 and 140 , respectively, what jet temperature,
pressure and velocity can be expected? Barometric pressure is 101.3 .
Find: The pressure, temperature, and velocity in the jet
Assumptions: Carbon dioxide behaves as an ideal gas. The flow is steady and isentropic.
Solution: Use the isentropic flow relations.
We first need to check to see if the nozzle is choked. The critical pressure ratio for choked flow is given
by
+ 1 1
2
0
For the carbon dioxide we have = 1.28. The critical pressure for the exhaust is
1.28
+ 1 1
1.28 + 1 1.281
= 0
= (140 + 101.3)
= 2401.3 0.549 = 132.6

2
2
The discharge pressure for choked flow through the nozzle is higher than atmospheric pressure, so the
flow is sonic. The pressure in the jet is then 132.6 kPa
Since the flow is isentropic, we have the relation between temperature and pressure:
1
=
0
0
Or
1
= 0
0
= (38 + 273.2) (0.549)
1.281
1.28
= 273.0 = 0.2
Since the discharge velocity is sonic, we have for the speed of sound:
= = 1.28 187.8
As the jet exhausts at sonic speed
273 1
=
256

2
= = 256
Problem 12.51
(Difficulty 3)
12.51 Air ( 100 100 ) in a large tank flows into a 6 pipe, whence it discharges to the
atmosphere (15 ) through a convergent nozzle of 4 tip diameter, calculate pressure, temperature ,
and velocity in the pipe.
Find: The pressure, temperature, and velocity in the jet

Assumptions: Air behaves as an ideal gas. The flow is steady and isentropic.
by
+ 1 1
2
0
For the air we have = 1.4. The critical pressure for the exhaust is
1.4
+ 1 1
1.4 + 1 1.41
= 0
= 100
= 100 0.528 = 52.8

2
2
flow is sonic. The pressure in the jet is then 52.8 psia
Since the flow is choked and isentropic we can use the equations that relate the flow at any location in the
channel to the exit flow. The relation between the area and Mach number at any location and the throat
area is given by eq 12.30d:
+1
1 2 2(1)
1 1+ 2
+1

2
The ratio of the area in the 6 in pipe to the throat area is

2
12
=4
2 = 2.25

4

12
4
Using either an equation solver, iteration, or Figure D.1, the Mach number in the 6 in pipe is
= 0.268
The temperature in the pipe is given by equation 12.30b or Figure D.1

1 2
0
= 1+
The temperature can be calculated or found using Figure D.1 to be
The speed of sound at this temperature is
= 551.7 = 92.0
= = 1.4 1715
551.7 1
= 1151
2

The velocity is then from the definition of Mach number
= = 0.268 1151
= 309
The pressure is found using equation 12.30 a or in Figure D.1
The pressure is found to be
1 2 1
0
= 1 +

2
= 95.1
Problem 12.52
(Difficulty 3)
12.52 Calculate the required diameter of a convergent nozzle to discharge 5.0
of air from a large
tank (in which the temperature is 100 ) to the atmosphere (14.7 ) if the pressure in the tank is:(a)
25.0 . (b) 30.0 .
Find: The diameter of a converging nozzle

by
+ 1 1
2
0
a) The critical pressure for the exhaust if the tank pressure is 25 psia
1.4
+ 1 1
1.4 + 1 1.41
= 0
= 25
= 25 0.528 = 13.2
2
2
The exhaust pressure is atmospheric and higher than this pressure so flow is not choked and is subsonic
throughout. We compute the temperature of the flow at this pressure from the isentropic relation
1
Where k = 1.4. The temperature is
=
0
0
= 480.9 = 21.2
The relation between temperature and the Mach number is given by

1 2
0
= 1+
Using either an equation solver, iteration, or Figure D.1, the exit Mach number is
= 0.905

= = 1.4 1715
480.9 1
=
1075

2
The exit velocity is from the definition of Mach number
= = 0.905 1075
= 973
The density at the exit is determined from the ideal gas relations
=
=
14.7 144
1715

480.9

= 0.00257
The nozzle area is related to the flow rate as
The diameter needed for 5 lbm/s is then
= 0.0826
3
= = 2
4
= 0.282
b) The critical pressure for the exhaust if the tank pressure is 30 psia
+ 1 1
= 0
= 30 0.528 = 15.8
2
flow is sonic. We can use the expression for the flow though a choked nozzle(12.32a)
+1
Which for air reduces to (eq 12.32b)
2 2(1)
= 0
0 + 1
The area of the nozzle for 5 lbm/s is then
= 0.04
0
0
0
= 0.0274 2
0.040
The diameter is then

= 0.187
Problem 12.53
Problem
13.3
[Difficulty: 2]
12.53
Given:
Steam flow through a nozzle
Find:
Speed and Mach number; Mass flow rate; Sketch the shape
Solution:
Basic
equations:
mrate V A
h1
V1
h2
V2
2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Isentropic 3) Uniform flow 4) Superheated steam can be treated as ideal gas
T0 ( 450 273 ) K
p 0 6 MPa
p 2 MPa
D 2 cm
k 1.30
R 461.4
(Table A.6)
kg K
From the steam tables (try finding interactive ones on the Web!), at stagnation conditions
Hence at the nozzle section
J
s0 6720
kg K
h 0 3.302 10
6 J
J
an
s s0 6720
kg K d
p 2 MPa
T 289 C
From these values we find from the steam tables that

Hence the first law becomes
The mass flow rate is given by
Hence
For the Mach number we need
2 h0 h
mrate A V
mrate
c
A V
v
k R T
6 J
h 2.997 10
s
2
kg
v 0.1225
V 781
A V
kg
D
4
A 3.14 10
kg
mrate 2.00
s
c 581
The flow is supersonic starting from rest, so must be converging-diverging
m
s
V
c
M 1.35
kg
Problem 12.54
Problem
13.4
[Difficulty: 2]
12.54
Given: Data on flow in a passage

Find:
Pressure and Mach number at downstream location
Solution:
R =
k =
p1 =
M1 =
296.8
1.4
450
0.7
J/kg-K
A1 =
0.15
A2 =
0.45
m2
p 01 =
624
kPa
0.1371
m2
624
kPa
kPa
2
Equations and Computations:

From M 1 and p 1, and Eq. 13.7a
(using built-in function Isenp (M ,k ))
From M 1, and Eq. 13.7d

(using built-in function IsenA (M ,k ))
*
1
For isentropic flow (p 01 = p 02, A *2 = A *1)

p 02 =
A
0.1371
A 2/A *2 =
3.2831
From A 2/A 2, and Eq. 13.7d

(using built-in function IsenMsubfromA (M ,k ))
Since there is no throat, the flow stays subsonic
0.1797
M2 =
p2 =
610
kPa
Problem 12.55
Problem
13.7
[Difficulty: 2]
12.55

Find:
Pressure at downstream location
Solution:
ftlbf/lbmoR
R =
k =
53.33
1.4
T1 =
p1 =
V1 =
M2 =
560
30
1750
2.5
c1 =
1160
M1 =
1.51
p 01 =
111
psi
p 02 =
111
psi
p2 =
6.52
psi
psi
ft/s

From T 1 and Eq. 12.18
Then
ft/s

For isentropic flow (p 01 = p 02)

Problem 12.56
(Difficulty 2)
12.56 In a given duct flow = 2.0, the velocity undergoes a 20% decrease. What percent change in
area was needed to accomplish this? What should be the answer if = 0.5?
Find: Change in area
Solution: Use the isentropic flow relations for the relation between area and velocity changes (eq 12.29):
1
=
2
( 1)
Or, for the change in area
(2 1)
=
For = 2.0 and a 20 % decrease in velocity
= 0.2 (22 1) = 0.6 = 60%
So the area needed to decrease by 60%.

For = 0.5,
= 0.2 (0.52 1) = 0.15 = 15%
So the area needed to increase by 15%.
Problem 12.58
(Difficulty 3)
12.58 Five pounds of air per second discharge from a tank through a convergent-divergent nozzle into
another tank where a vacuum of 10 of mercury is maintained. If the pressure and temperature in the
upstream tank are 100 of mercury absolute and 100 , respectively, what nozzle-exit diameter must
be provided for full expansion? What throat diameter is required? Calculate pressure, temperature,
velocity and sonic velocity in throat and nozzle exits. Barometric pressure is 30 of mercury.
Find: Flow properties and areas

Assumptions: Air can be treated as an ideal gas. The flow is steady and isentropic.
Solution: Use the relations for isentropic flow
by
+ 1 1
= 0.528
2
0
Corresponding to a throat pressure of 52 in. hg. The exit pressure is lower than this value so the flow
through the nozzle will be choked. We can compute the throat area using the isentropic flow relation for
choked flow W which for air reduces to (eq 12.32b)
= 0.04
0
0
The pressure of 100 in. hg absolute is converted to 49.1 psia. The nozzle area A* is then calculated as
(100
5
+ 459.7)
=
= 0.0314 2
=
0.04 49.1
0.040
The corresponding diameter is D = 0.200 ft = 2.4 in.
The temperature of the air at the nozzle is calculated using the isentropic flow relation (eq 12.30b) or
Figure D.1
0
1 2
= 1+
At the throat the Mach number is unity. The temperature is then 466.4 R.
The velocity is the speed of sound at this temperature since the Mach number is unity
= = 1.4 1715
466.4 1
= 1058
2

For the exit of the nozzle, we will first compute the Mach number using the relation between pressure and
Mach number. The Mach number is found using equation 12.30 a or Figure D.1, where the stagnation
pressure is 49.1 psia and the pressure is 20 in. hg, or 9.82 psia
The Mach number is found to be 1.71.
0
1 2 1
= 1 +

2
The area is found using the relation between the Mach number and critical, or throat, given by eq 12.30d,
or Figure D.1:
+1
1 2 2(1)
1 1+ 2
+1

2
The exit area of the nozzle is found to be 0.0423 ft2, corresponding to a diameter of 0.232 ft or 2.78 in.
The temperature of the flow is found from (eq 12.30b) or Figure D.1
1 2
0
= 1+
The temperature is 353.4 R. The speed of sound at this temperature is found from
= = 931
For a Mach number of 1.71 at the exit, the velocity is
= = 1.71 931
= 1574
Problem
Problem 12.59
13.10
[Difficulty: 3]
12.59
Given: Data on flow in a nozzle

Find:
Mass flow rate; Throat area; Mach numbers
Solution:
R =
k =
T0 =
p1 =
A =
286.9
1.4
523
200
J/kgK
K
kPa
p2 =
50
kPa
cm

We don't know the two Mach numbers. We do know for each that Eq. 13.7a applies:
Hence we can write two equations, but have three unknowns (M 1, M 2, and p 0)!
We also know that states 1 and 2 have the same area. Hence we can write Eq. 13.7d twice:
We now have four equations for four unknowns (A *, M 1, M 2, and p 0)!

We make guesses (using Solver) for M 1 and M 2, and make the errors in computed A * and p 0 zero.
M1 =
0.512
from Eq. 13.7a:
p0 =
239
and from Eq. 13.7d:
A* =
0.759
cm
For:
M2 =
1.68
kPa
p0 =
239
kPa
0.00%
A* =
0.759
cm2
0.00%
Note that the throat area is the critical area
Sum
The stagnation density is then obtained from the ideal gas equation
0 =
1.59
kg/m
The density at critical state is obtained from Eq. 13.7a (or 12.22c)
* =
Errors
1.01
kg/m3
The velocity at critical state can be obtained from Eq. 12.23)
V* =
418
m/s
m rate =
0.0321
kg/s
The mass flow rate is *V *A *
0.00%
Problem 12.60
Problem
13.13
12.60
[Difficulty: 2]
Problem 12.61
(Difficulty 2)
12.61 Carbon dioxide flows from a tank through a convergent-divergent nozzle of 25 throat and
50 exit diameter. The absolute pressure and temperature in the tank are 241.5 and 37.8 ,
respectively. Calculate the mass flow rate when the absolute exit pressure is (a) 172.5 and (b)
221 .
Find: The mass flow rate through the nozzle

Assumptions: Carbon dioxide behaves as an ideal gas. The flow is steady and isentropic.
We will first assume that the exit pressure is low enough so that the flow through the nozzle is choked.
The critical pressure ratio for choked flow is given by
+ 1 1
2
0
For the carbon dioxide we have = 1.28. The critical pressure for the exhaust is
1.28
+ 1 1
1.28 + 1 1.281
= 0
= (140 + 101.3)
= 2401.3 0.549 = 132.6

2
2
This pressure is less than the exit pressure so that flow is choked. The flow may not be isentropic in the
diverging section as there may be shock waves present, but this does not affect the flow up to the
converging section.
We have the following equation as:
= 187.8
2 1
2
= 0.549
=
+1
1
At the throat we have:

25 = 25
For choked flow we have the relation for flow rate (eq 12.32a):
+1
2 1
2 1
=
1 + 1
2.28
(0.025 )2 241.5
0.28
2
1.28
= 4
= 0.325
2.28
(37.8 + 273.2)
187.8

This is the flow rate for both exit pressures.
Problem 12.62
(Difficulty 2)
12.62 A convergent-divergent nozzle of 50 mm tip diameter discharges to the atmosphere (103.2 kPa)
from a tank in which air is maintained at an absolute pressure and temperature of 690 kPa and 37.8"C,
respectively. What is the maximum mass flow rate that can occur through this nozzle? What throat
diameter must be provided to produce this mass flow rate?
Find: The maximum flow rate and throat diameter.
For the maximum flow rate, the flow will be fully expanded so the exit pressure equals atmospheric.
Using the relation between pressure and Mach number (eq 12.30a), we can find the exit Mach number
from either an equation solver or Figure D.1, where the stagnation pressure is 690 kPa and the exit
pressure is 103.2 kPa
The Mach number is found to be 1.90.
1 2 1
0
= 1 +

2
Using the relation between the area and Mach number at any location and the throat area (eq 12.30d) or
Figure D.1, wc can find the relation between the exit area and the throat area:
+1
1 2 2(1)
1 1+ 2
=
+1

2
The ratio A/A* is 1.55. The exit area of the 50 mm diameter nozzle is 0.001963 m2. The nozzle area id
then 0.001264 m2, corresponding to a diameter:
= 0.0412 = 41.2
The flow rate is computed for isentropic flow, which for air reduces to (eq 12.32b)
The flow rate
= 0.04
0
0

= 1.98
Problem 12.63
Problem
13.14
[Difficulty: 3]
12.63

Find:
Mach numbers at entrance and exit; area ratio of duct
Solution:
R =
k =
T1 =
p1 =
T2 =
T 02 =
p2 =
286.9
1.4
310
200
294
316
125
J/kg-K
K
kPa
K
K
kPa

Since the flow is adiabatic, the stagnation temperature is constant:
316
K
T 01 =
Solving for the Mach numbers at 1 and 2 using Eq. 13.7b
(using built-in function IsenMfromT (Tratio ,k ))
M1 =
0.311
0.612
M2 =
Using the ideal gas equation of state, we can calculate the densities of the gas:
kg/m3
1 =
2.249
Then
2 =
1.482
kg/m3
c1 =
c2 =
V1 =
V2 =
352.9
343.6
109.8
210.2
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
From static temperatures and Eq. 12.18
Since flow is steady, the mass flow rate must be equal at 1 and 2.
So the area ratio may be calculated from the densities and velocities:
A 2/A 1 =
0.792
Note that we can not assume isentropic flow in this problem. While the flow is
adiabatic, it is not reversible. There is a drop in stagnation pressure from state 1 to 2
which would invalidate the assumption of isentropic flow.
Problem 12.64
Problem
13.19
[Difficulty: 2]
12.64
Given:
Isentropic air flow in converging nozzle
Find:
Pressure, speed and Mach number at throat
Solution:
Basic equations:
T0
T
k1
p0
k1
p 1 350 kPa
m
V1 150
s
k 1.4
R 286.9
k 1
M 1 0.5
p b 250 kPa
J
kg K
The flow will be choked if p b/p0 < 0.528

k
k1
p 0 p 1 1
M1
k 1
pb
p 0 415 kPa
p0
0.602
(Not choked)
Hence
p0
pt
so
Mt
k1
Mt
k 1
where
k 1
2 p 0

1
k1
pt
Also
V1 M 1 c1 M 1 k R T1 or
Then
T0 T1 1
Hence
Then
Finally
k1
Tt
ct
T0
1
k1
2
k R Tt
Vt M t ct
Mt
M1
pt pb
p t 250 kPa
M t 0.883
V1
T1
k R M1

1
T1 224 K
T0 235 K
T0 37.9 C
Tt 204 K
Tt 69.6 C
ct 286
m
s
m
Vt 252
s
T1 49.1 C
Problem 12.65
Problem
13.20
[Difficulty: 2]
12.65
Given:
Air flow in a converging nozzle
Find:
Mass flow rate
Solution:
k
Basic equations:
mrate V A
Given or available data p b 35 psi
pb
p0
p 0 60 psi
k 1.4
Since
T0
p R T
Rair 53.33
ft lbf
lbm R
0.583 is greater than 0.528, the nozzle is not choked and
Hence
Mt
and
Tt
ct
k 1
2 p 0

1
k1
pt
T0
1
k1
2
Mt
k Rair Tt
k1
2
pt pb
ft
Vt 1166
s
mrate t At Vt
slug
mrate 0.528
s
At 0.0873 ft
Vt ct
3 slug
ft
k1
2
At Dt
4
Tt 106 F
Dt 4 in
Tt 566 R
t 5.19 10
p0
T0 ( 200 460 ) R
M t 0.912
pt
t
Rair Tt
lbm
mrate 17.0
s
k 1
Problem 12.66
(Difficulty 2)
12.66 Atmospheric air ( 98.5 20 ) is drawn into a vacuum tank through a convergentdivergent nozzle of 50 throat diameter and 75 exit diameter. Calculate the largest mass flow
rate that can be drawn through this nozzle under these conditions.
Find: The maximum flow rate.

For the maximum flow rate, the flow will be choked. We can compute the flow rate for isentropic flow,
which for air reduces to (eq 12.32b)
For air we have:
= 0.04
0
0
(0.05 )2 98.5 103
4
= 0.451
= 0.04
(273.2 + 20 )
Problem 12.67
(Difficulty 2)
12.67 The exit section of a convergent-divergent nozzle is to be used for the test section of a supersonic
wind tunnel. If the absolute pressure in the test section is to be 140 , what pressure is required in
the reservoir to produce a Mach number of 5 in the test section? For the air temperature to be 20
in the test section, what temperature is required in the reservoir? What ratio of throat area to test
section area is required to meet these conditions?
Find: The pressure and temperature in the reservoir and the throat diameter
The reservoir pressure is found using the relation between pressure and Mach number. The stagnation, or
reservoir pressure, using equation 12.30 a or Figure D.1, where the exit pressure is 140 kPa and the Mach
number is 5
The reservoir pressure must be
0
1 2 1
= 1 +

2
0 = 74,070
The temperature of the air in the reservoir is calculated using the isentropic flow relation (eq 12.30b) or
Figure D.1
The temperature in the reservoir must be
0
1 2
= 1+
0 = 1519 = 1246
The area ratio is found using the relation between the Mach number and critical, or throat, given by eq
12.30d, or Figure D.1:
+1
The area ratio is found to be
1 2 2(1)
1 1+ 2
+1

2
= 0.040
Problem 12.68
Problem
13.23
12.68
[Difficulty: 2]
Problem
13.24
Problem 12.69
12.69
[Difficulty: 2]
Problem 12.70
Problem
13.26
12.70
[Difficulty: 2]
Problem 12.71
Problem
13.29
[Difficulty: 2]
12.71
Given: Temperature in and mass flow rate from a tank

Find:
Tank pressure; pressure, temperature and speed at exit
Solution:
R =
k =
T0 =
286.9
1.4
273
At =
m rate =
0.001
2
J/kg.K
K
m2
kg/s

Because p b = 0
Hence the flow is choked!
pe =
p*
Hence
Te =
T*
From T 0, and Eq. 12.22b

(12.22b)
T* =
228
Te =
228
-45.5
K
K
o
Also
Hence
Me =
Ve =
1
V* =
From T e and Eq. 12.18
ce
(12.18)
Then
ce =
302
m/s
Ve =
302
m/s
To find the exit pressure we use the ideal gas equation

after first finding the exit density.
The mass flow rate is m rate = eA eV e
Hence
e =
6.62
kg/m3
pe =
432
kPa
From the ideal gas equation p e = eRT e
From p e = p * and Eq. 12.22a

(12.22a)
p0 =
817
kPa
We can check our results:

From p 0, T 0, A t, and Eq. 13.9a
(13.9a)
Then
m choked =
m choked =
2.00
m rate
kg/s
Correct!
Problem 12.72
Problem
13.32
[Difficulty: 2]
12.72
Given:
Isentropic air flow into a tank
Find:
Initial mass flow rate; Ts process; explain nonlinear mass flow rate
Solution:
Basic equations:
Then
T0
T
k1
p0
p 0 101 kPa
p b p 0 10 kPa
k 1.4
R 286.9
J
kg K
Avena 65 % A
pb
The flow will be choked if p b/p0 < 0.528
p0
0.901
k1
p b 91 kPa
k 1
mrate A V
T0 ( 20 273 ) K
D 5 mm
2
Avena 12.8 mm
(Not choked)
Hence
p0
p vena
so
M vena
Then
Tvena
k1
2
k 1
wher
e
k 1
2 p 0

1
k1
pvena
T0
1
k1
2
M vena
p vena 91 kPa
M vena 0.389
Tvena 284 K
cvena 338
Tvena 11.3 C
Then
cvena
and
Vvena M vena cvena
m
Vvena 131
s
Also
p vena
vena
R Tvena
vena 1.12
mrate vena Avena Vvena
mrate 1.87 10
Finally
k R Tvena
p vena p b
kg
3
3 kg
The Ts diagram will be a vertical line (T decreases and s = const). After entering the tank there will be turbulent mixing (s increases)
and the flow comes to rest (T increases). The mass flow rate versus time will look like the curved part of Fig. 13.6b; it is nonlinear
because V AND vary
Problem
13.34
Problem 12.73
12.73
[Difficulty: 3]
Problem 12.74
Problem
13.38
[Difficulty: 3]
12.74
Given: Air flow through a converging-diverging nozzle

Find:
Nozzle exit area and mass flow rate
Solution:
R =
k =
p0 =
T0 =
pe =
286.9
1.4
2
313
200
MPa
K
kPa
At =
20
cm2
J/kg-K

Using the stagnation to exit static pressure ratio, we can find the exit Mach number:
Me =
2.1572
A e/A * =
1.9307
From M e, and Eq. 13.7d

(using built-in function IsenA (M ,k ))
At the throat the flow is sonic, so At = A*. Therefore:

Ae =
38.6
cm2
To find the mass flow rate at the exit, we will use the choked flow equation:
From p 0, T 0, A t, and Eq. 13.9a
(13.9a)
m =
17.646
kg/s
Problem 12.75
Problem
13.41
12.75
[Difficulty: 3]
12.76
Problem 12.76
Problem
13.44
Problem 13.44
Problem 13.44
Problem 12.77
Problem
13.52
12.77
[Difficulty: 2]
Problem
12.78
Problem
13.55
12.78
[Difficulty: 2]
Problem 12.79
Problem
13.61
12.79
[Difficulty: 3]
Problem 12.80
Problem
13.66
[Difficulty: 3]
12.80
Given:
Normal shock due to explosion
Find:
Shock speed; temperature and speed after shock
V
Shock speed Vs
Shift coordinates: (Vs V)
(Vs)
Solution:
Basic equations:
M2
p2
p1
k1
V M c M k R T
2 k
k 1 M1 1
2 k
k1
k 1.4
From the pressure ratio
M1
Then we have
Shock at rest
M1
M1
1 k 1 M 2 k M 2 k 1
1
1
2
2
T1
2
k 1 M 2
1
2
T2
k1
k1
R 286.9
J
kg K
k 1 p2 k
2 k p1 k
1
1
1 k 1 M 2 k M 2 k
1
1
2
2
T2 T1
2
k 1 M 2
1
2
2
M2
M1
p 2 30 MPa
T2 14790 K
T2 14517 C
2
k1
M 2 0.382
2 k M 2 1
k 1 1
V1 M 1 k R T1
m
V1 5475
s
After the shock (V2) the speed is
V2 M 2 k R T2
m
V2 930
s
V Vs V2
V 4545
V2 Vs V
T1 ( 20 273 ) K
M 1 16.0
Then the speed of the shock (Vs = V1) is
But we have
p 1 101 kPa
Vs V1
m
s
These results are unrealistic because at the very high post-shock temperatures experienced, the specific heat
ratio will NOT be constant! The extremely high initial air velocity and temperature will rapidly decrease as the
shock wave expands in a spherical manner and thus weakens.
m
Vs 5475
s
Problem 12.81
Problem
13.71
12.81
[Difficulty: 2]
Problem 12.82
Problem
13.72
12.82
[Difficulty: 2]
Problem 12.83
(Difficulty 2)
12.83 Air discharges through a convergent-divergent nozzle which is attached to a large reservoir. At a
point in the nozzle in a normal shock wave is detected across which the absolute pressure jumps from
69 to 207 . Calculate the pressures in the throat of the nozzle and in the reservoir.
Find: The pressure at the throat and in the reservoir

Assumptions: Air can be treated as an ideal gas. The flow is steady.
Solution: Use the relations for a normal shock wave and for compressible flow
We will use the relation between the upstream and downstream pressures first to find the upstream Mach
number. Then, we will assume the flow is isentropic between the reservoir and upstream of the shock
wave. We can then use isentropic relations to obtain the throat and reservoir pressures.
The upstream Mach number in terms of pressure is given by equation 13.20d or Figure D.2
The upstream Mach number is
2
1 207
2
=
12
=
+1
69
1 + 1
1 = 1.65
The pressure in the reservoir is the stagnation pressure for the flow from the reservoir to upstream of the
shock wave. We can use equation 12.30a or Figure D.1 to find the stagnation pressure:
The stagnation pressure is
1 2 1
0
= 1 +
1
2
1
0 = 315
The pressure in the nozzle throat is the critical pressure, given by:
The throat pressure is then
2 1
= 0.528
+1
0
2 = 166
Problem 12.84
(Difficulty 2)
12.84 A normal shock wave exists in an air flow. The absolute pressure, velocity and temperature just
upstream from the wave are 207 , 610
and 17.8 , respectively. Calculate the pressure,
velocity, temperature, and sonic velocity just downstream from the shock wave.
Find: The properties downstream of the shock wave

Solution: Use the relations for a normal shock wave
We need to find first the upstream Mach number. Then from the normal shock wave relations we can
find the downstream properties.
The upstream sonic velocity is calculated as:
1 = 1 = 1.4 286.8
And the upstream Mach number is
(273.2 17.8) = 320.2

610
1
= 1.905
1 = =
1 320.2
The downstream Mach number for a normal shock wave is given in terms of the upstream Mach number
by eq 12.43 a or Figure D.2:
22
This yields
1 2
1
2
=
1
12
2
1+
2 = 0.595
With the upstream Mach number and upstream pressure, we can find the down stream pressure and
temperature from equations 13.20d and 13.20c or Figure D.2
The downstream pressure is
2
1
2
=
12
+1
1 + 1
The temperature is given by
2 = 842
2 1 +
=
1
The downstream temperature is
1 2
1
1 12
2
2
= 1.612
+1 2 2
1
2
The velocity after the shock wave is then
2 = 412 = 145
2 = 2 = 406
2 = 2 2 = 0.595 406
= 242
Problem 12.85
Problem
13.74
[Difficulty: 3]
12.85
Given: Air approaching a normal shock

Find:
Pressure and velocity after the shock; pressure and velocity if flow were
decelerated isentropically
Solution:
R =
k =
V1 =
p1 =
T1 =
286.9
1.4
900
50
220
m/s
kPa
K
c1 =
297.26
m/s
J/kg-K

The sonic velocity at station 1 is:
So the Mach number at 1 is:
3.028
M1 =
Downstream of the normal shock wave, the Mach number is:
0.4736
M2 =
The static pressure and temperature ratios are:
10.528
p 2/p 1 =
2.712
T 2/T 1 =
So the exit temperature and pressure are:
526
kPa
p2 =
596.6
K
T2 =
At station 2 the sound speed is:
c2 =
489.51
m/s
Therefore the flow velocity is:
232
m/s
V2 =
If we decelerate the flow isentropically to
M 2s =
0.4736
The isentropic pressure ratios at station 1 and 2s are:
38.285
p 0/p 1 =
1.166
p 0/p 2s =
32.834
p 2s/p 1 =
So the final pressure is:
1642
p 2s =
The temperature ratios are:
2.833
T 0/T 1 =
1.045
T 0/T 2s =
2.712
T 2s/T 1 =
So the final temperature is:
596.6
T 2s =
The sonic velocity at station 2s is:
489.51
c 2s =
Therefore the flow velocity is:
232
V 2s =
kPa
K
m/s
m/s
Problem 12.86
Problem
13.76
[Difficulty: 2]
12.86
Given: Normal shock

Find:
Speed and temperature after shock; Entropy change
Solution:
R =
k =
cp =
53.33
1.4
0.2399
T 01 =
p1 =
M1 =
1250
20
2.5
1 =
0.0432
V1 =
4334
T 01 /T 1 =
2.25
ftlbf/lbmR
0.0685
Btu/lbmR
Btu/lbmR
o
psi

From
p1 1 RT1
slug/ft3
ft/s
Using built-in function IsenT (M,k):

T1 =
728
143
psi
556
96
Using built-in function NormM2fromM (M,k):

M2 =
0.513
Using built-in function NormTfromM (M,k):

T 2 /T 1 =
Using built-in function NormpfromM (M,k):

p 2 /p 1 =
From
V 2 M 2 kRT 2
From
T
s c p ln 2
T1
2.14
T2 =
7.13
V2 =
867
s =
0.0476
37.1
p2 =
ft/s
p
R ln 2
p1
Btu/lbmR
ftlbf/lbmR
1188
Problem 12.87
Problem
13.77
12.87
[Difficulty: 2]
Problem 12.88
(Difficulty 2)
12.88 If through a normal shock wave (in air), the absolute pressure rises from 275 to 410 and the
velocity diminishes from 460 to 346
downstream from the wave?
what temperature are to be expected upstream and
Find: The temperatures upstream and downstream of the shock wave

Solution: Use the relations for a normal shock wave
We will use the relation between the upstream and downstream pressures to find the upstream Mach
number, and then the downstream Mach number. With the Mach numbers we can find the temperature.
The upstream Mach number in terms of pressure is given by equation 13.20d or Figure D.2
The upstream Mach number is
The upstream temperature is then
2
1 410
2
=
12
=
+ 1 275
1 + 1
1 = 1.19
1 = 1 1 = 386
1.19 = 1
1 = 371
The downstream Mach number is related to the upstream Mach number through eq 12.43 a or Figure D.2:
1 2
1
2
22 =
1
12
2
1+
The downstream Mach number is then

2 = 0.846
2 = 2 2 = 346
The downstream temperature is then
0.846 = 1
1 = 417
Problem 12.89
(Difficulty 3)
12.89 The stagnation temperature in an air flow is 149 upstream and downstream from a normal
shock wave. The absolute stagnation pressure downstream from the shock wave is 229.5 . Through
the wave the absolute pressure rises from 103. 4 138 . Determine the velocities upstream and
downstream from the wave.
Find: The velocities upstream amd downstream of the shock wave

Solution: Use the relation between static and stagnation properties and the relation for a normal shock
wave
We can find the upstream Mach number from the static pressures using equation 13.20d or Figure D.2
The Mach number is
2
1
138
2
=
12
=
+ 1 103.4
1 + 1
1 = 1.134
The downstream Mach number for a normal shock wave is given in terms of the upstream Mach number
by eq 12.43 a or Figure D.2:
22
This yields
1 2
1
2
=
1
12
2
1+
2 = 0.886
We can now compute the upstream velocity from the definitions of Mach number and stagnation
temperature. The upstream static temperature can be related to the velocity and Mach number as
Or, the static temperature is
The definition of the stagnation temperature is:
The velocity V1 is then
1
1
=
1 1
1 =
1 =
12
12
12
12
12
=
+
0 = 1 +
2
2
12
1003
(273.2 + 149)
=
= 417
1 =
1003
+

1
12 2
1.4 286.8
1.1342

We can use a similar approach for the downstream velocity. The downstream Mach number is given as
Or, solving for the temperature
2 =
2
2
=
2 2
2 =
22
22
Again, the stagnation temperature in terms of the downstream properties is:
Or, the velocity V2 is
0 = 2 +
22
22
22
=
+
2
2
22
1003
(273.2 + 149)
2 =
=
=
339
1003
+

1
22 2
1.4 286.8
0.8862
Problem 12.90
Problem
13.81
12.90
[Difficulty: 2]
Problem 12.91
Problem
13.82
12.91
[Difficulty: 2]

CH 12

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CH 12

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Problem 12.

Cooling of air in a tank

Change in entropy, internal energy, and enthalpy

Assumptions: 1) Ideal gas 2) Constant specific heats

For a constant volume process the ideal gas equation gives

T-s Diagram for Constant Volume Cooling

Total amounts are

Heat to raise temperature to 1200oC at a) constant pressure and b) constant volume

a) For a constant pressure process we start with

Hence, for p = const.

b) For a constant volume process we start

Hence, for v = const.

a) For constant pressure

b) For constant volume

T-s Diagram for Constant Pressure and Constant Volume

Assumption: Air is an ideal gas. The flow is steady

Where for air

Thus the turbine power is then

(100 ) 100 = 95.3

If the heat transfer through the heat exchanger is , we have:

Assumption: Hydrogen is an ideal gas. The flow is steady.

Where for hydrogen

Thus the velocity V2 is

Air is compressed from standard conditions to fill a tank

(a) Final temperature of air if tank is filled adiabatically and reversibly

Adiabatic, reversible process is isentropic:

For the isothermal process, we look at the first law:

The work is equal to: w p dv

From Boyle's law: p 1 v 1 p 2 v 2

substituting this into the above equation:

(The negative sign indicates heat loss)

The mass in the tank after compression isothermally is:

For the isentropic compression:

Therefore the heat transfer is q w 252

So the actual heat loss is equal to:

12.9 Carbon dioxide flows at a speed of 10

in a pipe and then through a nozzle where the velocity is

Where for carbon dioxide

Five different gases at specified temperature

Sound speeds for each gas at that temperature

The data provided, or available in the Appendices, is:

Airplane cruising at two different elevations

The Mach number is

The Mach number is

from Table A.3

12.14 For a speed of sound in steel of 4300

determine the bulk modulus of elasticity. Compare the

Find: the bulk modulus of elasticity

The bulk modulus of water from Table A.2 is:

7.83 1000 3 = 144.8 2

So the modulus of elasticity of water is smaller than that of steel.

The sound speed of water is then

For the sound speed of air at atmospheric conditions:

It means the sound speed is increasing from gas, liquid to solid.

Assumption: Air behaves as an ideal gas

For the air we have:

For the winter conditions we have:

The Mach number is defined as:

We have the following range:

For the summer we have:

(100 + 459.67) = 1159

Airplane cruising at 550 mph

Mach number versus altitude