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ISSN: 1806-2563
eduem@uem.br
Universidade Estadual de Maring
Brasil
de Lima Arajo, Daniel; Tibrcio Nunes, Fernanda Gabrielle; Dias Toledo Filho, Romildo; Souza de
Andrade, Moacir Alexandre
Shear strength of steel fiber-reinforced concrete beams
Acta Scientiarum. Technology, vol. 36, nm. 3, julio-septiembre, 2014, pp. 389-397
Universidade Estadual de Maring
Maring, Brasil
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ISSN printed: 1806-2563
ISSN on-line: 1807-8664
Doi: 10.4025/actascitechnol.v36i3.19005
Escola de Engenharia Civil, Universidade Federal de Gois, Rua Universitria, 1488, 74605-220, Goinia, Gois, Brazil. 2Programa de Ps-graduao e
Pesquisa de Engenharia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 3Departamento de Apoio e Controle
Tcnico, Furnas Centrais Eltrica, Aparecida de Goinia, Gois, Brazil. *Author for correspondence. E-mail: dlaraujo@ufg.br
ABSTRACT. This study analyzed the mechanical behavior of shear strength of steel fiber-reinforced concrete
beams. Six beams subjected to shear loading were tested until failure. Additionally, prisms were tested to evaluate
fiber contribution to the concrete shear strength. Steel fibers were straight, hook-ended, 35 mm long and aspect
ratio equal to 65. Volumetric fractions used were 1.0 and 2.0%. The results demonstrated a great contribution
from steel fibers to shear strength of reinforced concrete beams and to reduce crack width, which can reduce the
amount of stirrups in reinforced concrete structures. Beam capacity was also evaluated by empirical equations,
and it was found that these equations provided a high variability, while some of them have not properly predicted
the ultimate shear strength of the steel fiber-reinforced concrete beams.
Keywords: empirical models, cracking, transverse reinforcement reduction.
Introduction
The inclusion of steel fibers in concrete, at an
appropriate volume, can significantly increase its tensile
strength and ductility. A random distribution and
orientation of these fibers provides reinforcement
of the small attenuating spacing in three
dimensions, which is impossible to achieve by
means of any conventional reinforcement,
therefore resulting in a more uniform tensile
capacity. Hence, the fibers intercept and transfer stress
from the cracks formed in every direction, increasing
tensile strength of a cracked matrix and shear strength
of cracking surfaces. For these reasons, fibers can
significantly contribute to concrete strength when
subjected to shear loads.
There are several experimental studies that show
positive contributions from fibers when beams are
subjected to shear forces. Table 1 shows the main
empirical equations used to evaluate shear strength of
Acta Scientiarum. Technology
Arajo et al.
390
Table 1. Shear strength models for FRC beams without shear
reinforcement.
Investigator
Narayanan;
Darwish
(1987)
cf e 0.24 f ct , sp 80 sl 0.41 bf F
a
Sharma
(1986)
d
cf kf ct
a
d
d
cf 0.7 f c 7F 17.2sl
a
a
Ashour et al.
(1992)
Li et al.
(1992)
0.25
a/d 2.5
Khuntia et al.
(1999)
cf 0 .167 e 0 .25 F f c
e = 1 for a/d 2.5 or
cf
Iman et al.
(1995)
Shin et al.
(1994)
d
25d a
and
1 4F
Lf
Vf , with bf = 4.04 MPa
Df
cf 0.41 bf
d
a
0.34 bf F , for 3
d
a
d
a
93 sl 0.34 bf F , for 3
d
a
cf 0.22 f ct , sp 217 sl
cf 0.19 f ct , sp
f cu
L
cf e 0.32
1.918 f Vf 75 sl
3
Df
Padmarajaiah;
Ramaswamy
(2001)
with
a d 5
5.08
1
d a
Swamy
et al. (1993)
with
1/ 3
cf 1.25 4.68 f ct , f f ct , sp 3 / 4 sl d 1 / 3 if
a
d
g 0.645 bf F
1 d 25d a
e = 1 for a/d > 2,8 or e = 2.8 d/a for a/d between 1.0 and 2.8
or e = 1.5 for a/d 1;
g = 1 for a/d > 2.8 or g = 1.3 for a/d 2,8.
1/ 3
d
cf 3.7ef ct, sp 2 / 3 sl
a
Kwak et al.
(2002)
0.33 bf F
Iman et al.
(1994)
Oh et al.
(1999)
Mansur et al.
(1986)
Slater et al.
(2012)
1 d 25d a
cf
sl
a d
, with
L
0.5 bf Vf f
Df
Vd
L
0.41 bf Vf f
cf 0.16 f c 17.2 sl
Df
M u
cf 1
L
9
3
a 11 L
f c f csl 7.4 10 4 f c f 136sl sl f 2F
100
2
Df
d 5
Df
391
Coarse Aggregate
(kg) (2)
817
836
Water
198
200
(1)
Mixture 1 was used in the direct shear tests; mixture 2 was used in the beams tested for shear; (2)The maximum size of the coarse aggregate was 12.5 mm; (3)The percentage in mass of
the concrete plus the silica fume.
Transverse reinforcement
ratio, sw (%)
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.0
0.0
0.0
Obtained from the test on cylindrical specimens of 150 x 300 mm; (2) Obtained
from the test on prismatic specimens of 100 x 100 x 400 mm; (3) Obtained from
the test of compression with displacement control; (4) Flexural toughness obtained
from the four-point bending test on prismatic specimens of 100 x 100 mm x 400
mm and calculated according to the procedure presented by JSCE (1984).
Arajo et al.
392
(b)
(a)
Figure 3. Average (a) compression test curve with displacement control and (b) four-point bending test on prismatic specimens.
Vf (%) fc (MPa)
0.0
51.77
1.0
65.27
2.0
71.30
Fmax (kN)
cf (MPa)
119.93
85.53
122.96
152.06
268.92
232.58
278.76
281.92
8.13
5.79
8.33
10.39
18.22
16.02
18.73
19.26
k
1.13
2.12
2.25
cf k f c
(1)
393
S
S
S
S
S
B
Maximum crack
width (3)(mm)
2.37 (1)
1.62 (3)
1.55 (2)
1.37 (1)
1.85 (4)
0.90
(1)
Shear strength (Vu = V/2), where V was the maximum load measured by the load cell;
Type of failure: S = shear; B = bending; (3)Greater crack width measured by the transducer a
step before the failure. The number in parenthesis shows the quantity of cracks formed
between the attachment points of the transducer.
(2)
(b)
(a)
(c)
Figure 6. Load-deflection response from beams tested in shear: (a) Vertical deflection in the middle of the span, (b) Strain of longitudinal
reinforcement intercepted by a critical shear crack, (c) Strain of shear reinforcement intercepted by a critical shear crack.
Acta Scientiarum. Technology
Arajo et al.
394
(a) V-0-0
(b) V-2-0
LVDT1
1.98
0.37
0.13
0.18
0.00
0.19
LVDT2
1.54
0.87
0.00
0.14
0.00
0.07
LVDT3
1.29
0.79
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.09
LVDT4
2.37
0.42
0.23
0.00
0.29
0.28
LVDT5
1.80
0.71
0.02
0.05
0.26
0.02
LVDT6
0.49
0.19
0.05
0.17
0.04
395
(2)
(3)
(4)
Arajo et al.
396
Table 8. Comparison between experimental shear strength and values obtained from project recommendations of RILEM TC TDF-162
(2003).
Beam
V-0-0
V-0-0.21
V-1-0
V-1-0.21
V-2-0
V-2-0.21
(1)
Vu,exp
(kN)
172.5
228.5
260.0
275.5
290.5
360.0
Vc(1)
(kN)
73.84
74.33
79.99
77.19
76.59
79.55
fR,4
(MPa)
4.36
5.48
12.23
9.10
Vsw(2)
(kN)
109.47
97.32
75.32
Vcf
(kN)
33.24
41.78
93.13
69.33
Vu,cal(3)
(kN)
73.84
183.80
113.29
216.29
169.73
224.20
Vu,exp / Vu,calc
2.34
1.24
2.29
1.27
1.71
>1.61
Obtained from recommendation of EUROCODE 2 (CEN, 2004): Vc 0.18k100f c 1 / 3 0.15 cp bd and k 1 200 2; d is the beam height; (2) V A sw 0.9df cot ; (3)Vu,calc =
sw
y
s
d
Vc + Vcf + Vsw..
Table 9. Comparison between experimental shear strength and values obtained from other empirical equations.
Investigator
Narayanan; Darwish (1987)
Sharma (1986)
Ashour et al. (1992)
Li et al. (1992)
Khuntia et al. (1999)
Iman et al. (1995)
Swamy et al. (1993)
Shin et al. (1994)
Padmarajaiah and Ramaswamy (2001)
Kwak et al. (2002)
Iman et al. (1994)
Oh et al. (1999)
Mansur et al. (1986)
Slater et al. (2012)
V-0-0
1.46
1.45
1.57
0.93
2.93
1.53
2.95
0.92
2.48
1.08
1.05
1.85
3.08
-
V-0-0.21
1.05
1.08
1.04
0.77
1.35
1.02
1.36
0.79
1.27
0.90
0.83
1.12
1.38
-
Vu,exp Vu,calc-1
V-1-0
1.25
1.40
1.21
1.07
2.01
1.02
2.24
1.00
1.55
1.00
1.25
1.80
2.19
3.44
V-1-0.21
0.90
0.96
0.90
0.84
1.25
0.79
1.31
0.77
1.05
0.76
0.91
1.15
1.29
1.89
V-2-0
1.08
1.48
0.97
0.91
1.62
0.81
1.79
0.93
1.12
0.93
1.36
1.48
1.70
2.69
Mean
CV(%)
1.15
1.28
1.14
0.90
1.83
1.04
1.93
0.88
1.49
0.93
1.08
1.48
1.93
2.67
18.97
18.81
23.67
12.54
37.09
28.55
35.42
11.35
39.15
12.99
20.41
23.33
38.05
29.00
CV is the coefficient of variation defined by dividing the standard deviation by the mean.
Conclusion
References
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank CAPES for
their financial support to this research and to the
Brazilian company Furnas Centrais Eltricas S.A.
for making available their laboratories and
technicians to carry out this research.
Acta Scientiarum. Technology
397
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