/

) (EHS" * ),- / 0 1 * & % * % ) ( & $%

.!
*6 =&< ) "0& / " 9/ "0 1 "0
) "0 ) ( ) . (GIIP 6- /
1 -1- "- %- .>
<-,

& - "@ / ! /1
- "- 9- %1- 0 E/

! , & 9- - ) / /) $ B* ,
<, - "0 6 ) 6 "- - B ) "0 E, , & . "0 & , 1,0 % 9- 1- 1-
, & 6 $%& & /!-// & $% > B :" -
H % 6 9
, & . /1 6 ( & $% ,
.www.ifc.org/ehsguidelines
= !) - "-) -%- E 0 ) 6 E,, -

<-- . !
"0 0 ) & $%< B

,1 J%6 9 /,- & - .> / - ! > B > B - B & - ) / "/ . E, , -

9
/ B=9 9 6 "0 /- N -/ $ ,-

- "@ / -
.
/1 1 =9
" 9 "0(& - @- > B : E/ < "0 B % < "/1 > ( "0 1 -
) 6 ."/1 /- - - / J $ "/E 9- & 9 %
9
9 $0 % 1 ) .

-1 "0 % < % & - !) /- "- & E %!

%-9- % S /-
.
-> B & - E*6 . / 6 - !) => /- "- &%- E % !

< "0 < - "/1 = - $ 6 J -, "0 ,- " %> B .

.
>
"@ / - -9 - = %

0 >

> %1 %1-- )/

- . !
. - "@ / $%& E,0 > ,- ) 6 6 > ,- =* " - - E,

"-%! / @ - . - % )( & $% 6 /X "0 & / , . /--

- /Y 9 ,/ E6 . E% @ -

& $ % ! ><

E /1 ) -> / $%& 1 ,1 /E E 9 "0 % 1 / Z J/ 1 "0

1- E/
B/ %- &Z %
=< E J/ * . & % > "- ) EE /E 9 E &/ ,- ) & = 9
.
!< 0 - $ )% J%-9 /J
> E-( 1 -
- $%& J-- -
- -0 $%& * (

* ,

& $% / :" -

................................................

.)( &
...........................................................................................................

.................................................................................... /E
) ..................................................................................... B -

. + .........................................................................................
.........................................................................................................

.................................................................................... /E

- 0 = /

0 > ...................................

-6

- 0 J /& E 9
.)(

-$

0 > ..........................................

- 0 > ,- B - J 6 1- . E1& $% /

, , " -) <,
.
_*

"@ / &" NE/ 1 "0 1- <> B

, "0
"0 -9 > B )

"0 % - 6 % , ! 6 "0 <- & -

- 0

J _* % % - . E% %,-= E *6 _* & $%1 / 9 - > 6 J- - E "9 "0 -9 >.B

- . / ! / "00 > & E-= !& > B / $9 > B J )J-

"0 J 9 / @ - - B0 1 - E 6 / / - -

,/ %- > / =
- - E 6- 6 &% 6 )0 = - =( @ - 1 ) . - / E/

/=

% & - >.B

) *
- / / 0 > E% @ - E/ 9 E- - _* & $%
> . - _*
<< * - ( /- )" ) * - & $% 0 J9 * ( ./ 1 > B0 > $0= %> 6
J 6 % , B= * .( % , , 9
,/ 1 * / ! / E/ 9 - ) ,/ * ) - 6 %

, - 1- B <, ,%1-

% 1 ! / E/ 9 "0
0 "0> / B 9 $ < 0 < E/_* $%& % /- )"
.> / !>

E "- -
9

(< / $ 1- . / E,- !
_* - /Y @ - / % - - E- 0 6 &. E %
>
< 0
.

<,

/Y ,%1-

& 0 > E% @ - E/ 9 E-

$%& / < "0 S 0 )(.

$%& "%) Z - :

#$ !
' &
& -0
() & - - . 6"0
/ . 10 > 6 , - 6 9 _*
!
% 1 9 0 ,- _* - "@ / (Cumulative Impact Assessment) 6 ) $
9 /1
) "0 < . ) ) ,- *c -/& 6 - - > B0 > 1- , ,-
/- )".
/ 6 , 1

)( 23- $

)(

$%& . > B 6 0 > * & $% 9 / 6 < 1% / /6 >B

- / 6 % 1 * ) E- % ( J-
& >
> B,- . E/%1-- _* -

& - /(.
> . /- _* < 9 0 & J- 0 B % 1 1 / "1/ E 6 . _* & $% /
/-% - * "0 ," < < B& - . &Y $ /9 ,
/
> / / -1 E =

/- "6 E ,- & % -.
* - & 6 E " J - 6
%1-- . - J- %,- _* -% *c & $% / 1 E _* $ 6 -9 >- B /
/ - - - ) 6 = ) J& ( 9- . E
- "@ / . "9 9- "0 - / ) E/ >E
) * ,& /6 9- / / -

$ B / "1

,-

(.

"@ / . < - "9 > "0 - / - / / /6 ,- =9 %,- _* _*

& $% * /6 6 "@ / .9 6 "0 > 1(& - &/ / "0> B - / "0
- / , .
. / & 9 6 & %,- E- _*
3

9 #, + 5 6

/0 + 1 23 0 4 *

@ & > 3 ?4 = 0 <6

, .) * +

< ) : = 9 & @3

(.

5 +# & ?4 = 0 = 4 + G
4= >J= K 2
! =
5 6' ( : P E N . E +
0 = & G

> 4!3 >: & C 0 * = > 4! = 5 * 5

' Z3 @ @42+ = W . 4+

- * !
) ( /6
& $% ).(
- (
- > )
/ ,J 1 "0
> B ,=* J - 9 * 0 , /J . /

E# ) D'K <C* $
, 90 = G N:

+#L

= J U J3 V 63

- ) ,- _* - 6 1- : E1 ,% 9 "0= /
:"%
% 1 - >
> , - > /6 "0 ) ( - "1( /%-6 ,- _* -6

&1- $% " /

> / / -1 E ".

_ 3 N @ 3= ^ >:& 23

> W N = 3 '[ 4 + . 4K

4 4

4 4 $
<%< )J-
1 > > .B - = /
"@ / . << & )- / ! / & $%
- / - 6 - / . E- 6 ( & $% - , "0
9 /
.

> . -* << - (- & ) / & %! / "0 ) * / ) -/ 9 ( % & $%=

6 - "- -/ "0 9- 6 > $%& B 6 * --
. 1
E 0= *
-% E - - . "@ /) ,- 1-% & $% 6 $- 6 6 %-9 & $%
=/
.
-* << - & $% ) 6 1-% &- $% J9-

4 4

6 / 6 6 / . -
- . - / << 9 6 J%-9 & EJ / - $

/ - 6 " "yaw motors 6 E/ Z- . 6 < - =/

6 / 6 / 6
6 / 6=9 6 6 E "0 6( * 1 / - . %6 -/- << & 6 / 6 S - -J
9 ) & /-& % 1 B
) "0 - . N-/ & J- E J - << 6 /

E 0 J ) .
.

,- "@ / * << % ,0 -

_ , # ! C L C !0

) D

(.

! + : & C + ! L 9J .> @+ J3 N[ = 0 : C '

_ ' N

( _ . b: 3 N[ & ?4 # ! C L C
' : d )= ? ' >: 0 63c ' !' 9+ *#
E 0 9+ + 3= * /0 + 0 9 .
= >: ?4& 9 # ! C J L L C & ?4[ g C+ @4,) LA 90 (
[
= ! & L & (A) > C !+ + ?4& ' / @3 + & L N 0 > 4 N[ 0 :
D = @42
> * L
)'o0 c? = @ N ' N # @3 P: *
& ?4[ < ! g
.

_ 3& 4 & >: N

+ >: 9+ P /0 *

0 6

' J+ C+

W 0 @42 3 .
*
9 0

L ?

?0 2 L +
[* ? /0 + *
. J3 + W # ! C
_ < N & 9+ P: # ! C 4 L C
: ,b4 !0 , > ! C+. ,
9J : > ! C[* * + 9+

/- - / ) & Z << %6 & .S

." 9- / :) 1 <0 ).(
-0 , ).A S
- << - )- & $% "0
& /6- ) > ,-" Report ETSU-R-97 / - << *1 / " ).(

3 +* /t 2 L + . L + _
?4& @42 @3 & + ?4 0 4C4L ! +
_ *

?4& C , N,[*> G43 9+ ! L 3 +* >: u2 0 /t*< & L g & L 9+ g' # ?

,
/.

9: ( 4 4
1 - /E " -9 > B - / . B - / *
- . - - B/ $ 0 6 << J

6 << & 6 / 6 > *6 << 6 / E = 9 ,- 1J - - - "0 J.> . - - !< 0 1-% E $ B <<

> _ 3 0 > _ 3 5
/ b
c @3 (.

t#+

@2

> _ 3 9+ 0 & L

./ , " -

:"%
.
> w3 ) J c N , 0 c[

'
3

&

& 9 $% J9- * << 0

!+ W 9
9

$' U

,- ! 6 ) .

$ <%
/ E/
& $% /- * / ! / @ -

6 6- 0 > * %
.
9 ., - = * $%& % _* J/ 0 J9 ) -/ - J/ 0 J9 ) -/ * - - <@
) ) (pulmonary barotrauma )E- - -/ ,, << - "- * "0
)- /& )
0 "0 . > * %9 > "0 ! / ) < & $% ,

=/ "/ - "- * E% 1 ) / - / @ .> > B - / "0 %9 % 1 - 6

0 J9% ) * 6 @- $ ) * > B * 6-( - * - & , / ) / / 1 . ,
6 f /-_* % < & / - - % 9 9 ,/ E6 %1 = ) J&
E1 -" ) - ,- ETSU-R-97 / - << - / " ).(
%0 6 ." @- "0 )- S & E-* & ,- $% << - / " / - -/- / -
).(
) B.Z-
: ) 1 1- / /- / > .(
- . / 6 9 & J- > / ") / 1
: / ".(
()- & - > / 1
." .") 9 <9- :(& -

- $ _* $%& % 0 J9 ) -/ < S <@" 6 @ "@ / . E 0 / "0 "@ / 6 - :.

() R-R: . 9
. 9" < S <@" " J/ 0 J9 &/ - / E " )
0 J9% % % - , - / :_* 9 0 < S <@"" & ,- " "EJ /)% /- / >

"
) - / B - 0 -/ * "/ J/6 ( - = () 6 .Z 6 . /
< " * ) .() -:
9 - & J/ 0 J9 "0& :<@< S"
> )- & $% /- )" * : 0 J9 , - )0 "0 1 0
6- 9" * @-
- / "0.(
&% - @- > )-" ) E/E1 :
.Z ) .- @/-" B * 6- "0 , 1J-" %) ! 6 ) - .() ,
/ * - 0 > 6 - -/ & $%=) S< B& - "0 & , 9 ) "-
- 1-< * - E %1-- )- .
) .(
6 .Z ) 9 ) ( > : _*
.Z . - . %- @/( . ,-" * & $% " ) B. :() Z-
9" 1 - 6 :* & $% ) E" %) %1 %) % " ( 6- :()
.

!< 6 =

. -9 >B

/)- %,- _* %

/ 9- - "- E 0 ,.

$%& % - /- )" "@ / . <- -9 >B

:"%

/- )" "0 / "0 ) , >1

/ > "0 0 > -, > B , 1
-9 > B & $% - "%6 =
& $% ) E=9 6 .( / J% 6
% ,- %,- " - _* < & $% /- )" 6- "0 ,-> . - > B =
( / % E /
/ ) "0 /
/
%!>%
> B - ) B/(,/ (AZE) ,% > B X<"
/- )" =
J /& E E . 6 1 0 >B
= ) (RAMSAR > B B )- 1 0=/
)E =<" / - @- * 6- > <- / ) ( ) * 0 J9%
E
- = E/ / E/ . = J
"0
> - - & 1 $% <- E
=9 %-9 /

! - ) - ,- "- /- )"
( -9 > () :"% B ,-
() . 9 )%1 E %& %
/-
(). > - "-E / & ,
)" () . ,,9 ,- /.
l = -9 >9 0 - B 0 - 1- / =
) * / @- * 6- ( J- (l =9 6 @ /
*
-9 > B <
6.
S% / / < B 1 =& ,
1-< / . )-/
< &,- $% %1 % & "0 -9 > B 0
& - B / / /1

& $% .

>& B /- )" !* %1
1 . ( 6- -6 6- / ) %1 $ )9 1
. "@ / )- ,- /- )" )/ 6 * 1 % "0 > 6
&/ ,- _* () & -
> - ) * /& - / > & ( "@ / -&" . % 6 6 NE/

$%& * ,% ) E - &http://migratorysoaringbirds.undp.birdlife.org/en $%
./ www.ibat-
6 & - 1 =* ,- 6- /-% E - "0 ) $& /
.alliance.org
/ /http://www.protectedplanet.net
* , J< = "& % - > - / 6 .() "

- "0 ,- /- )" J
/ % , < , .
)"

( ,-

/- B - %

/-

B & >

. / J- / ,- /- )" 0 > ,,, .,, , ,, "0

& ) > 9 % "@ / "/1 9- ! & $% -& $ < 6- ( ,-
0 . 1 - 6- ,- 9 9 J9- _* J > %
> B =/
9
,/% E =/ > .B "@ / -&" ( ,- :"%
>< 9
)".

>B

:& > B )@ "0> 0 > > B ,

/-

/- )"
=/ - / / , 1
/ "@ / : E- - ( ,-
>< 9
* -% 0 > $%& . *
=/ B- -- "-< B " 9 "/ =/ 1< 9 &
=/ - "-) 9 Z - & / / 1 0 / ,% -- "- ( 1-< ) / ) E & <0 1 )- ) 0 J9 ) E ) * 0 = ) %6 . - =/
1< 9 & / < ! =/ - -J /)-- "- @ ! / . 1>
> - - . - =/
$0 > * ) 6 / @-
)/ 1 =/ * % , ) / , & $% / )/ 6
1< 9 - 9 ,/ E6 %
/ 6 "6 %,% ) B % / /( & <0 / . - =/
1< 9 1 E6 " 1J 9 ,/ E6 %-9 % ) / /& / 1 ,%
=9 ) / - "- *6 $ )* &9 $% E6 ! / - . % =/
) "00 ( * ) 9
- "-)9 Z & 1-% / < ) -/ << -
/ -( /& / 1 = ) ( - "- "0 ) * .( )/ ,- "@ / _* 9 )E
$%& % - 6 / & $%.
-0 / 1 / 6 E 0> B J >
1 "@ / : -&" ( ,-
<, 9
6 ) 6 )E 6) J%-9 * 6- -( . "@ /) & $%& /=> &/ - -

.Z/ 6/) . 9 <0 J9- _* "0 > B -, - > /) "0 0 .() ,

%= ) J ( = " 6 > "0 / " ).(

- "1( /%-6 ,- :<0 ).(

%= ) J ( = . 6
. @ 9" & 0 J9 "0& " / % % J- J 0 J9 "0 > ) : N /=
- / % J- J 0 J9 "0 .(
./ ,- 0 J9 : <0 / ( J "/ - 0 J9.(
"0 6% - ) ) 1 1-/
% - 0 ,- _*
J 6 .Z 6 /
"0 .(

<0 ( 9- /,- & 1 "0 ") ) 1 1-/

.Z ) . 9" ,/
"0 .(
. . %6 . 9" 1- )E/ ,- ",-) / ( "/ - %1 "/ %6- ) 1
"0 .(
1-/
S * : 1- )-% = 9 & -6(",-)
- 6 * ." ." .- .Z 6 .- " & >
"0 .(
/ ( "/ - %1 "/ %6- ) 1 1-/
. . %6 . 9" 9- ) ( -6 - 1J ",- / ( "/ - %1 "/
)* J- : / ( "/ - %1 "/ (.
"0
> 1 )% 1-/
6 ) . " . % J-" S 9 0 @- > )- "0 /%-6" ) .() .
- / 6 9 .

1< 9% . > / 6- / ) $ "0 / / <- "- 1 )- &

) E "0= 6- "- / E 0 /- )" . - & $% 6 & $%.

J/- - "6 "0 E( -9 > < B - / ) -9 - /( %,- 9

- "@ / . . ( ,-
- - "-) Z 0 J9 . -> & B / &%1 B ) $% > & / , = / 9- ( / 6 > B
/ S > 1 -)- /
S 0 6 )
) / / 1< 9% 6 & >B
% / 1
9 / , / "1 "@ / . E -9 B ) / 1 / -

& $% - 9 /J > ,
> B =/
/- $& - 9
)&( 9- ) 0 - ) B / ( 1 - & 1 = =9 EJ / 6
(> <- . "@ / /- ) B / B 9 - "-) Z /- )" "00 > .
,- "@ / . 9- 10 / /,- ( 1 - & 1 =9 "0 &= , ! / & $% 6
J/ /
& $% > 6 9 < 0 & $% ( ,-
% ,0 . -1- /,-
1 *6 "0 J%6-
( 1 - & 1 J ) 9 Z "00 6- J/ /
.
6 - 9- "- 0 J9 ,- @- / )* 9 / , "0 $%& E /
.
! ! / )E 6
) , & ( 9- J -6 0 J9 ) 0 -
) 0 ) - 9 "0> B - /( . <J < B)E 6 * $%& - & J- 6 "0 E- *-
= ) .
& $%) < 9- /) 9
6 / =/
$%& . > B0 > & $% (& - 9
/- )",.

- )(CRM 9 &/ 6 > B0 > , / , 1

- 9 $ % ,- / 1J/) 9 - & $% 6 & $% .1- /) 9 - J &$%
.
6- = )-
9 "00
/-
/& . 6- / 0 1- ) / "0@) , 0 , / > &
)" $ J/ & > "0 , / )E/ . 10 NE/ J%6- 6
9 J/- 6 - ,- B 6- /-- 6 . )E/ NE/ - 6 < ,- B _* 6 - ) B / - )E . "@ /) ,- _* -/& 6 6- /
-6
/- )".
1- ) , / > &

9: )( ) (
.

"@ / %, "0 "/ - -9 > B9- Z_* %

> <- :"%

& $% /- )" . - - * %

6 , - J9- $

. 9- >
> B=/
1- & - / ) E9- E 9 % ,0 _* / 1 %
1 %, @ = "- / ! / "@ / . < 1- ,-
& > %, 9 - /
.") ) . / 9 > 6 6 "-/ ,- .- m/ 1 " E/
" % > @J 6 / -6 =<" / ) m/ : - 6 - /6- )" /.(
- "1( /%-6.
- / 6 9 .
9 .
9 - / -0 & 9- ) J-%".()
- "1( /%-6" : -
/ ." " 9- 9 - ,- 9 - "0 ") / ( "/ - %1 "/ .(
- "1( /%-6 ).(
) 1 1- / /- / > ) & J9- _* .()

S6

> B / - - * "/1 9 ,/ E6

9 _* & $% /- )" & $%* %1

J& .

/- )" "@ / / "0 - /

6 0 > ) , / > &
"0 /)
/ $%& * ) J9- ! , &/ % "0 - J9- ) - _* -9 "0
"0 6 %6 . "@ / 6- , J9- > 6-% % - - N /

> 1 6 ) 1 & ! / . "@ /( J/- - J9- ! , &/ % & $% )- 9-

$%& <J9 - -%6 ) & - > - 6 J9- $ J9 / "0
/ < 1( 0 J/ ( "@ / 6 . / "0 - / 9- /,- ( "0 / 1 & $%
"0 & % --
/ & $% / "@ / -J B<9 ,- , - & $% > B 9
, & $% 6-.
)/ - 1 "0 & / /
E/)- 0 J9 $0 > 6
)* 1- / @- ) - )*& - . @- )- J "0 ) $%& "/
>*) % - B 0 J9.
@ -> / 6 1 %9- J/ "0 > B 9) Z 6 ) ,( J/ 6
)/ ) $&/ ) / 9 )% %6 .> % < J/- =/ - J9- "0 /
E 9
0 > 6- "6 . 10
/1
=/
& ) 1- "0& (/ %,- - - B 0 J9 . "@ / 1- / 9
> B & $%* %1 - ) !) - . 6 6 Y "0 J J&
.
(/ , - < J9- 6 1 "0( J/ 0 J9 , "0 , J9/ ( 6 - "0 > 1
" B/ " 1J &/ & @ - - / - E6 .
* 6<= 0 . < * - - -)- J ) * ( -)- "-
!< & /
)/

-J . 9- <<0= 0 =< < < ) . , /)- =< * - .

S J = E)- & %,- $% %- < ".
& 9- < > 1 - 6
9 ,/ E6 - "-0 "0 >.B
6 1 % ) 1 ( &9 $% ,/ E6 = ) %,- - /- )" , E// "0= 6 6- "- E 0 ,
&/ ) "0 / , 1
, .
/- )" &< 9 -
1
1 E6 ".
" B / ) " =& E6 %,- 9
9- -
.
0 J9 / J/- "0 /6- ) * - 6 * E- 10
,- /6- )

9: )( ) (

0 J9.
%1 - / -1- E- & / ) "0
." . / @-" & - %, 1( J/ 0 J9 "00 > " %) "0 $E-/! 6 )
).(
. . 9" 0 J9 "0& 0 ,-/ 1 ( / ,- " / :" E/ // -6 -/
S& 0 ) % -@/ : - 6 - /6- )" /.(
= &
S : % ) / 6- - "- , 6 ) .() :
.Z ) . m/9" (( -
" %) % %1 :
6 ." @/ 91 " ( J/ ) E !< ) &/ - / "0 6
.()
E1 : E6%
/) & J- 9 E6 %,- 9 E6 : /,- ) "0 / 1
) / & J- 9 E6 .(
/) & J- 9 E6 .
) B.Z-
:()

> . - - J9- * 0 ,%1-

/- )"

"0 J9- _* ,%1-

<<

:"%

>) B 9- / ! / J-- "6 =>

/- )" -
> &
/ 6 / /
X.
6) / " )E * 6-( -- "6 B=> => "0 ) -/ / /

9- ) " @ - E" "0 / 9 & % &1- B/ $% $

9 - & ,J * / 9 .% E & / 6 . , $ <
0 -

- < <<

%9 *- - / %,- (< ) /

& %,- 9% .

9- 9

9 & > > ( -9 , ,/ "- 6 % / @ .

9- & 6 -% / "0 > % % 1

=9 "0 . =*6 & , 6 = / 9-
9- )E "- 1 - "- - - = & / ,* / / ! /.

/- )"* 6
> &
6 -> B) /
1 > > "0! / "@ / . ! / &1 - 0 $% - & $%=>. 9- /6- ) J/ E "6 /6- ) 9 > <
6 6.E6 @ / 9 / , - - J9- -9 / 6
) /
"0
& . E/0

/ =

"0 /) ,

E% 0

. ,-/& 1 - %9 - ",%-0 ( . J - 0 J/ ,/
) ,1 6 /6 6
/& %6 6- / ,- % -
* $ ,- . 1> S - ,-1( ) , / 1 E) "0 B,- 0 .
1 f / %1- / &
6 %6 0
"0 . 1 ( -1- ,-1
,- % - ) & $% .n

9 0 > / %

> . 6- 6 ,- 1 % -*6 &/ 9 1 =& $% 6-

",%- 1- & - $% / - - Z 0* 6 ( ,-. 1

0 J- "- - /

"0< B "0 $/

" -

/& . 6- / ,- > 6 9- ) )- - /) > 1- ) 1- & $% 0 > "- - - E*

,- . 1& 6 9- ) E- < /-% -> ,- "0 1 , 1 &/
, - / 1) / "0 , * - - ( ,-. 1 . 6 ! 6 -9 < B0-/ / > ( 1-- ,- ) _* ,- 1 ( $
/ & > , "0 * - &$%
)-- -> *_ 1 ,- 1 - "- 1- & E ,-

/ .Z ) 9 ,-" << - - S (- & )- / - / * & $% ) J (

"0
* / / & ,< E-/< ,- " J%9 ) 1 1-/
> <%< -
6 -.(
) R 0424*- E 6% - :6
6 / > " ).(
6 6 / - " _*

.%-

,,,

- . - B/ 0 6

/)- * ,- 1 6

5 V 6 VL
3 5 0
0 9 @! C! .
& ?4
!

9J 3 6+

* 9& d

:"%
#$4 !
<0

> 0[*

@ Lc

63 #$ !

& + ?4 #$

6 -1 1 % J 6 &/ 61/- &J $% "0 )- 1

0 .
* $%& - ) 1 - 6 . % 1 % 1 -1 6 %6 -- $% / J & 6 6
- B / * .

$ -

- / 6 - =< / / - -
> . - 6
@</ - ) " - "0 .> /- - B/ 0 6 6 "0
.
% E "- -

"0!

& $ 1-

- / -
. - 6
& * %, /&
> 6f- $ < > "0 "1
& C < "0 0
- . - >

0 6

& ,c 4
.

"0
$ > "0 -
6 - $ %9 > "0
)- - & . E 0 & $% Y0 > ! /
6 * & $%=/
3C$

@- "0 6 . <--
.

=9 -% *c &) $%

* 3 5& c 3 >, ' J |' t

:"%
4

+ 5+

, ( *- % / "@ / E $) - /- $%& Z / 6%J $ . E

t[ L 6 0

% - 1/6 Z0

+ >t['

:"%

- $%& 0
) 1
) - 0 6 J - / -.
"0< & B & $% )- , 1 .

> ) 0 - =0 ( -9 "0(& - )/ ( - ) 1J = / @ .("- /

0 S < . @% %

6/ < "0 ) ( 9 "0(& -.

/) ( J = <,% / & $% %-%1 - ,- ( * 1 / - / .()

J " / / 9 0 -/ E6 9- > ) 6 / 6 0 > - 9( ) J" /
/ 9 0 -/ E6 9- > "0 6 / 60 > - 9 ) /1 - B
(.
! / J/
/6 > , " - > /6 "0" ).(

1 23' V : 3 ' J |' 5+ t[ 0 N, &c b 0 5+ 9+ +

.
['
0 <J 2 L '@~ t C @! & b VL N @ 3N ['
& 9 * 5 C(.

& J
.
- "- "0
1
9 J

?0 L C

+ 0 : + 9 b ) +

/E - "- * / / 0 > E% @ - E/ 9 %- B E-

9 Z - f / & / 6 & $/ . - -> - 9 1 6 "0 / 1J- 1 "0 6

%- 9
>

B( = > - .> /-
) ! & 1 0 6 9.
6

- . 9

/E 9

> 0

> 0g L

> + 0*t ' 5

- 0 > /E-

:"%

@3

& 4 50

& % $ 9

. / "@ /
1 "0 / *6 1J- @ - "0 0 > - 9
.
6 - 6 " &/ 1 "0 / 1J- B/ ,6 . =9 =9 "@ / "- < 9 1 (& - -
= > - = ) ) & ) - 0 %(-- .% / 1 "0 / 1J-
E "% - -:
9 / 9- . 0 6> - J9- %<J ? > 0 / #, . @3 + 1 23 4 < 3& : 3 + < !3 _ + + _
_ > 4!3
? > 0 / @3 : N > 3 . 4 & J +[ ?4& 4P+N 5 63 >: N @ 3[& ' & C+ ?4

[ < 50 #+ : >J ? ) * +! J + N 6+ 9+ c 0 ~ . @4J

? > 0 / < @3 2 L + & > , 5 !C N @ 3 _ .'4 $
N 3 _
b * > * t 64 ? + !L 5 + [ 0#& . & ?4 9J G 2 L ` J
: 4+ b
+ t L > 4! t !C .
.

!< 0 $ % -
9+ :w >:

"@ / 9 ,/ -
+ >:

"0(& - 6 B/ 1 "0 / 1J-=

w + 4 !0

t# >t L t#

_ * + + / L + $c @ >@L '

9+ :w >:

9N

4 0

@3

& > 0

0> 4
@3

+ @: 0 2 L '$

% ! ) 1 _ * / / @ -
/ ) &
% / > : ".(c)
" !&
."
" /)% E66
$%& * /)% E66

@3

P9J+

- / / E

> 0N

> - .

+.
9+[` . * C

/'$

|'!

!.

>

b3 9 4+ 6 VL +
! 4).
3

c + 50 '

& > 0
. 4 & J +

@3

V6 2 L !

V6 , 5
/ . @3

4_ + ?4& 50 V

< 4L >J

_ b3 >:[

> * >:

50 }@,[

&

'! 3 t @3

.VL

/ 4 3 1 P 5+ 9J+ 2 L ` J ! : P N
0

' 0[ 6
#[ V L

>.
4 & ?4|'

, D C & 2+

2 C3 |'!

. @3

&./

& < * 4 & * ?4& < 3

0 6
:"%

>

2 4 < !3

9+ :w

1 0 S

' $ & > + >J 9+

5 + @: 0
*. 4 _ 3 < + 5

-J

> 0 g L 23

1% 0 "0 / - 10

* < + 5 ! 0 2 L

d @2[ ,.

0 + G *

&c / L : 2 L + @
| 0 ? + * 2
L >P+) 6
@ + & ( !4 0 g L ! 0 + 2+ W.
&
6.

+ @2 +

& 2 L + @ + 5+ 5 + !C &
3V

? ` 4

& V 63 ?4

C * 0 |'! t#

? ' @2 0 3 N @ 3 V6 <C6
> 0

_ @3 J3 N ['$

* L >P+ t

+. !0

+.

5+[ 0 9 4 0

&

& % ! $

1
. 9- & / < "0
) & /& E- 9- 1% "0>/ B
t#+

b 3c

*<

3 V @: [ 0 0 9 4+
|` > * 9+ 0 @:
4 >t L
,

< 0

& D

- . - >
0 <! $
6

> G N: 9+ :w

V6 0c * + , 9+[&

V ' V 63[

# 0'$

+ 5 ' J+ 5+ !0

E 0 E- * / & E% "0>/ B:"%

>.
/ t b

+ 5 +#C # 0 +

< # 23 ! VC[ $ 5* + 0

5* + 5 *<

>* .

. 4 +

* 1 1- 9

.ISO 12402

*.5
>.

"0 > B - . ) (

0 3 0 + ?4& 9| 0 L [
.

6 ( &%1 $% < 0

+: 9 4

9 *<

>.

1 J/ 1/ "0! 1

3 - &!
% & . ) B0 ( )- / 0 > . 9 %! /) 1 - B )- 6 / E%,/ $ >B
- Z 0 .B )- - & $% 9- 1 6 B0 ,1 B0 J%-9= 1 = & .
* -- . - % B0* / / 0 - B % "0 B0 6 " / &/ 6- / ) % & $ "0 B0
"0
6 6 % & B0 ,1- --% & > 10 . 6 J & & 9 !< 0
6 "- - - ,/ "0 B0 6 / 6 ( -
6 "- -* & $% ,- / B0
> 1- ) / > "0 J/- % J/ & % .B0
-- .% & % B0 9- 0 J6 9- > ,-
)/ : -
5 + 4 9& *#

0 + 9+ :w

<6 : ! / 4'! .1

+ 5 ) 50 0 !' G 1
t#+ 9+ :w
b + V 4 gt . $
9+ :w

9 0 4_ +

( ( 10 - & ! &/ J/- & % .B0 "@ /&

( * ?4& 3&<

4_ + + 50 @: + 0 50 V L 50 5+b 2 L. +

_ P 9J+' + / $ @ &4

5 ? + / .50

.& J +
& 50 : V6 9+ :w [ 4 L + 6
4 _ 3 _ & 63 N 0 * . 9Jc# & + 4 + ?4
.

,& "@ / . ) - 9- " 6 =

% 1 9- m % - %1- =.

' 0

[ @3

% & "0 6 B0 "@ / <- J-

0
50 4 !P > _ 3+ +
0 [ 6 ! 0 L
& % B0 6

"0

< !

) B - - "- * / / 0 > E% @ - E/ 9 * - E- %- & J "-

9 .
/ % %6 E % - - =
"0 f / & / 6 & $/ . - -> /- =9 & $% J 6 1- . E1

/ 6 ) E > .> /-
. - 9

@ 46

) # 6

) B - 9

- 0 > /E-

+#C

|` J _+ C

'!> & W

:"%

< 3

. 1 9 - J & @ ( J9/.
> * & $%
6 1- - - "0 J ) E/
.
6 "0 ) "0 / 1 9 / 6 -/- > B * N% &$%
-6 *) N% ) %( & $% J
>& ZJ 1. * / @ - , - &"0 Z %

") 0-"( ,
) -9 6 - / 6- /
- %)% E/ J.
"0 1
:"%

- . - ) - 1- - B J

- /

,-

) J &$%

0 C+ c 3 9 / w . ['? 0 Cc 3 @3 = ) 9 * d ' +
3
( ' : !3 N @3 ' J+ 0 C+
VC <6 @ ` 4J' & L @3 = .9=
# ! C = /4 JC
0
#$ !
? =w < @ & ?4 ['? 0 C c 3 @ Lc
.
0 9+ b
LC
> 4!3 ' @ = , 3=
.5
* = & ?4
V : 3 9+ :w'$

9+ '

b3 =

- . - ) - 1- 9 B - ) %
' 0 C+ 3.

!//&

_ .

& u 0 @3 # & J
L C = t # b J

9+

(IEC 61400-1 #P+) 4! C+

+#L ?4& 3 @ .

@ &> 5+ # , 0b3 `@ ! > _ 3 = & 9

:"%

3 > _ 3 > 4!3=

0[ 6

b3 = =b w 4 d : /4_3 = 93

3 ? 3 <: . 46
) & ?4

5 & >+ 2 4.

& C3 0 C+ ?4 * & ?4[*> 3 9+= 9

+#& 5 N 3
0 4 + 0 ' : 0 >! t ' / 3 24

5 63c ?& L[ > _ 3 + =

| ?4& 9+ Z4P g L @ =
b3 = =b w 4 d : 0 <J 4' 9 2C3 $ @
' $ .9 2C
@: = : 9 # g L @ * &0 ?4
+#& 5 N 3
9+ :w

& '! , /0 + *

@ &?4

> > 3 #Wo: 3=

0 <! . $_* - $%& -

@ - -1 & Z % .

* > , 0

' ?

* 0 5[ 6

) -/ @ - 9 / "0 E 6- - / J /

46

.
, -

< (

"

-6 J/- %
/6 > .
) 9 .
6 > " 0 9 /1 >
).(
- )E/

,- 9 =< & $%= 9 - / ",-

*" > .() RR968

" : E $& > "0 9 / 1= $

6 - J - / "0 &,/ $% E - $ > )-- "0 ,- ( J- - B /6- ) .
.
) , / J9/ 6 1 16 0 * 0 > )
"0
& ( - @- .
6
"0 , & ( &$%
- . - >

0 6

4L 5+

& J + 6+
_ . 0
0,

2 L '$
+#

1-% %- B _*

:"%
G 4 !0 gt $

*>: 3

= w +#L

:6

}@2 C+
V 63 V6 , + 5* + /0 * ! 9+ + >, /
}@2 C+
+& : 3 + /0 * ! t >, ! + 9+ /
+* 5 .
!

& ?4[ @ 4L 5+
& +# 5
5 ? |` w L 6.
. & 0 +
5+ /C

4 + |

,0 $ !
. -* 0 > >, 1 & @ - $% - "0 E - Z!
/- . _* & 6 E
6 $ %1--

J9 , , E 9 &$%
9 0 _* - $%& 6 .
%/ - J "@ / . < 9 "0(& - , 0 > ,
- . - B/ 0 6
+& , 3

1-% %- B _*
< /0 + *

+& # 3 3 0
' $ _ 4

4L 5+

:"%

0 G 1 2

< 0 _3 G

! w.

L 5* + _ C+ 0

+* 5 w #,

3 *

:6

/ w 9+ 2 L

* .

, n/ n0 J 1> E/Y0 0
) - /
"0
6 . B
J & ( @- 6 6 . 6 - 6 , !< 0 %- 9 * /
* &$%! / .> J & %- - / , & <0 9 %- - - .
. - /

/ "/ "
)% ( - /6 ( -
6%/ ".
) B.Z-

" "/

/ - - - --%

- > B& & *

"/ = 6 > /6 > .

6% /6 > ) (" %1 /J& % /- - / (-

- / ".(CAP 764, 2013)

/ > > B=*

9 = / ,

6 - - / & @ - $%
.
& $% 6 J . 1
- . - >

1-% B _*

0 6

5+ 4C $

! 9+

w +#L

' >,

5[ , [ ,.

. 0
0 $ 2 L * . L

9J* + + +#L / 3 >: 9* ' + 4|' 4

< 2 L

G 4 !0 gt $

*>: 3

V6! | J+ V 63 , + 5* + /0 *

+ |`

B/ -6 ,

:"%

2 L ' $ & +# # 5 + 5+

' $| +# 5+ 4C
_ 3

9- "0

6 %,- _* 6.

3 9+

> + 2 C+

.9 ,

& C : # .

$6 %

. 6 -- - / "0 - E6 @ / " B/ (( - 6% * ) 6% 6
J %- ( . 6 - ) -/& > - % ( 61/ - - & ! 1 .--> 1_*
% ,- 9 J 9 ,- - ! 9
/
& $%> B - / E
J
%-

-/ ) "0 6% ) ."%

G 3

6 - _* & 6 $% (( - 6% 6%_* ,
.
> 0 6 E- "- $ 1- B_* & 6 $% (( - 6%

/
6%

/
:"%

,/ ,/ ,/ $ . - -

` 5+' $ 3c !' 9+ ? '! .w` 9+

5 + > 3 V 6 t
> 4! L .
5* +# c 3c J4C J4L# 2 L
9 3 0 & C

V : 3 t 63 .
> 3

!+ V : 3 !

.
|` .

93
- . - >

0 6

E- "- $ 1- B_* & $% J %- "/

:"%

, 5* + & 1, 9 >L + ~.
0

_ > V : 3 < t&?4

63 .

)% ( - /6 ( - 6% /6 > ) * (.
@/ . - / ."- -9 6 - / 6 ,- : - J%- "/ ,- > 1-% " E/ ".()

6 - " ,- _*

& ".()

5+

_9 4

t ' >L +~ >

b@43 V : 3 *

!+ V : 3 ` .
_3

. t

<
.

6 /-

><

) ) E - $ / ) * % - -

,%1-

( E $

J& 0 > "@ / . 1- &, $% ) E ) 9 , 0 > > ! /

9- .
"0 - - > 6- % <
- . - >

0 6

E- "- $ 1- B <, ) /

& 9 ) E

:"%

5 & ?4 .
0! +
? * 5 3 c
5 6 ? .

&

0[ 0 N c 6
/0 + * 3 C3
* L + !0
@ & 5+ 2 L # /4C 4 5' +& +# . N 3
VL +

*5

_ C3 0 $

5* +

5 + ? < #L .
5 & 9& +# 2

3 ) +#C + ' 3c

0 c

I-

$ 6 "0
<> . ,/ ) 9 "0(& - &/ - > B0 >
% . 6 - " 9 0 0 >

"0!

,/ "0 6 / - / J "- ) E -1 *) % , J , B - - (( B0 $
9 > B ) 1 0 l )
> "@ / .B ,- %) - 6 ,/ _* & $%
%1 /= J/ (1/ 0 6 = -% E J6 B0 E- & - . % 9 - 9- "
, -,) "@ / / "0 & (> -
_9 - > * 9 & $% ) 1 - %
& $% 9- -1 - 0 6 > 6 =9 &/ < ) * "0> B( > /-9( - 0 0
&/ <.

( $G 9$

( - = "" <0

- > ".()

- ( . 0 > & * 1 / J/ %
& )- / % 1 "0 , & /

. E> /-
! / E/ 9 .

( * 1 / J/ %
& E- %* / . E% @ - - , ! 9
-1
) 6" "0 1 % % % "- E /-
( * 1 / E - J J/ % J/ % / %

4 4
.
.
0
*-

"@ /( )-- * <<

- 6 "0

<< & )- / 0 > $ 1 / 1 . , 6 - &

& )- $%& E )- -/ << .
<< . J%9 -1 > )
<< /) "0 ,1 , 6 -

B & 6 << J%9 / %6 ( 6- E

6
) $ << "- 0 > 6 Z-
"@ /9 1 "0(& - &/ - , ! <%< ,-
* 1 << &/ @ - , -% ) -9
- J9- . ,

V4[ + 0 G N: N, &c >+ & 5+ >+|&

.

/0 * .
9+ P } & 1 D

13 2

ut

) 3 (9 +

) . - N " 9 , 1-% B ) B= / - "- - $ - E/ * 6

* / 6 % 1 1 "0 < . ) /- - / " $
* 1 / Z/ 1 J/ % 9- .
) . , % 1 0 % )! ,0 ( J- ) B 9- 1 )- 1 E-

% .--0 < & 0 9= , / 1 % - ( * 1 / J/ "0 %! 1

$ < %& % 3

$%& % $%& ,

/ $%& E-/
.

. < , & /- )" "0 % @ - ) 1 ! /( ) () : 6 - ( J/

0 J9 -> 1 ) - 1( J/ 0 -> () . 1 6 - 0 > & / $% - 6- () . /-
) & % - > . % ,- "@ /
6 <0 *f - / !< "0 0 / , )@ 0 () . E-( ,- 1 0 %1
> B /
9 9
%1 ,
E
- - N /- )" "0 % @ - / "0 > E-
& $% / - * / ) ,- 1 _* ,- 9 -.
- "@ / . N , 1 6- J/ "J / - 0 J9 - "- "0 0 - 10 J9-
- ) - J9 ) ! &/ % - J9- )- . - / - 6-) 1- J/-
J9- E %,- @ & $% E- 10 * "@ / . - -6 N & $%=/ & & $% / "0 ,- > & ! /.

)! , / /)% E66
).(

- 1 / ")" ,
/ ,/ * / ,J .

" /)% E66

) < ("1 $

- - / - ) " :

- ->. 1

> <<

" -

,- . _* - - & $% 0 J9 "00 > -> & B & % & ) 1 0

! / $%& . / 9 ) Z /- )" "00 > "@ / ) & % 6 / * $
/ 6 1 0 $/ @ - & > - -0 $ "0 & 9 = .
, < ,, >
"@ / . <-- & % & ) 1 & ! / /& E ,- - " %1
S )
S / J6 ) "0 -6 ) (- () .
1( J/ 0 J9 "0 0 - () :"% 6
"%6 ) () . -9 1 6- / % & ) /- 1 $( 0 J/ -> 1 1( 6 ) () . -9 & /
/,
0& - / - &/ > $<-= $%& ) 1( 0 J/ -> () . 1 -9
/& E- - / - "- &/ & $% / 6 "0< > B(& - . % % -
"0 . > / 1 - & > 1 & ! / < ( ,-
0 J9 / < E- 6 / , ! 6 / ) 1 9 & % & ) .

( 9-

/- )"
/& . 6- / 0 1- ) / "0@) , 0 , / > &

$ & > J/- ) - &= 6 > 1 1 - & ! / 6 ,- - N -/ . 6

- 6 / B0 ,- Z/ & - "0 . % 16 9-
6 .

& > - 0 N -/& >

1 1 - & ! / =

/1.

E 0 / 6 ,%1- & , *

"@ / . 0 > / $%& / 6 1 ,

) 1 - ( & , - - %= = %,/
/ ) & ,
= . 6 - 1 ,
) %/ 1- & $% @- 9 "0 ( 0 J9 * .

,- "@ / . =
:
/
> 6C3

5+

: 5!3

!+' ' $

> /E

5!3 0 N @ 3

N @ 3& +

5 * 5t

> 6C3 '

>

! <0

&#+ ?4 < 3 $ !
5+ '

/ / 6 -

& $%

. - /

,-

.
& ?4 63c C 3 N @ 3.

4
'$

2 ! 0 J+ 0 +#C

>.

& 9 / ' Lc ! +#C .

& + ' : .

/ ) ( 0 .
6 ./J /- % 9,-" 1( J/ 0 J9 * &/ - / > > B @- - 6 & ) 9- /
%9 "% 8(7): e67997.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067997 (2013).
. ." . . *" 9 / "- - "0 E 0(& - &/ ,- 1( 0 J/ & ) / - / " %)
.() 78:347-358
- / J-" - E1 &% %) 6 -6 - ) - :() 6
J/" / 6 .Z 0 J9 "0 "0
).(

G &

> 1- E1 ( $
"@ / . E- - J9 & B,- "- & ) / 1
6 "- - ,0 $ > 1 - $ J%-9 !& > $- $ 0 . ) ,/
J(
/.
1( 0 =9 "0 , "0 % ,- 9 ) $

. - "@ / , $%& Z
1 - 1-% & $%=9 /E %
"@ / .

"@ / 6 . /E J- - 0 < ) % = 0 <! /E

-1 "0 N /
9.

"0 /E

$ > B 9 .--0 < & 0 N

6 6 /E -1 9
=0 *%.

& / -1 9

)% /1

E /E -1 /1

. <!
> . . -9 > B .

= 6

. 6 6 *

/ @-" . " . & - %, 1( J/ 0 J9 "00 > " %) . "0 $E-/! 6 )

.-
/ 9 0 -/ E6
.
- B! / J/
)% % "/
publications/eh57
= -

6 % B -

> . . <0

.a .

9- > "0 6 / 60 > - 9 ) /1

= - - . . /

"0 - .

J/-

:()

www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelines- .

& > "0 - .

J> .B

J> /) .B & J-
"0 - .
* ) E6 @ / " /
.b . , E6 @ /
9 E6 %,-" . . 9 E6 : /,- E1 ." "0 E6% )/
& J- 9 E6 . / 1
. .)" .- . "%6 .Z ) . . . . 6" . . < S <@"
.18:R695R696
- / E " . )
/ . ." 9- 9 -
" . .")
- = 6

,- 9 -

/ ( "/ - %1 "/ .

1 ( /) "0 ". & / ) ." .Z( > B

)
1 ( & /= 6/ / ./ .

.)" -/J . ) (< . .< - / . -/ 6 :6

/
/

- 1 . . %

,- 9 - "-) Z ) -/

> . . <0

.a . %
.b .

J&

"0

" J/ 0 J9 &/

"-%

1 ( & /= .
/ .m/ %

"0 - . = -

> .

- > .

& / > .

% /

> /6-" : ) - / ".

.c .

J!&

% /

> : .

.d .

J!&

% /

> " : >

,- :B ,".

/ 6 J/" . .Z 0 J9 "0 "0

. :()

- /

J-" - . E1 &% %) . 6 -6 - ) 6

% 0
J 6 / . .Z 6
"0 .
- . ) 1 1-/
/6

> , " . .

6 6 / - " . .
" . ."/

" . . / -

- ,-

"0 6%

_*

> /6 "0"www.canwea.ca/pdf/canwea-sitingreport-e.pdf . _*

6 > ".

- / " ).(CAP 764

) ".

1 J 0 6 :B
-
9
/1 * : >

1 * :
> /
) = - << R1334-30 / :"% > - - l /
- l/ % . . / )
1
0 6 << "0= /61- > /
,6 1-/ 6 J 6) -/ > . .( / % )/

> ( - , .( - ) -

J /- )" . &
/1
(> J-
http://www.cbd.int/nbsap/search/default.shtml.

/-%

)"

.Z .- . %- @/( . ,-" . . * & $% " . ) B. Z-

.Z 6 - ." . . & ) &/ - / )- ) "0& " .6 %1
/J * 1> .
6 /)/-" . .m/ / ,-
* "/ / 6/ = .
6
6

/6 -" . . / * ,

" . .* ,

/ & / N / "" / / 6/
E/

,-% ""

S )-
".

/ =
&1 - $% > .

,- << @ - - / "0 > B 9

6 %9" . ." . 0 J9 & / - " . - 6

& /6- ) >
/ - <<

/6 .

- /6- )" /.

. & / 6% -,- . . & /6- ) > ,-" ETSU-R-97

) . . /

,- J 6 =*

* , J< = % &" . . - > - / 6 " J< = .

( - = "" . .
=

<0

> " . .

" . .

" ).(NG3

=
<0

J 9 - : 6 >

> ". =

"0 "% ".

- > ".

- - /

!4 & ?4 4 ) ' ( + 4 + . . 3
c @
www.gewerbeaufsicht.niedersachsen.de/

W' . ) V 4 0 .- 0 . .

. . >

.) ' W . _ : . ) . > @' + . " . . ' P 3c

. :
! 3J
}@'" . * 4 G J 463
' .

Z ' . . = . = V W *

< !3'c
0 J4

c [

3 9+

.
4

: '

J3 9+ 3

".

- 46 2 d @23 ".
:

4' .b L

W . . ) > + . L . .) : + . = .) :" . . L b+ 0 0 @2& 0 = !

b+ g& 0 0 ' ' .&
= = c' ' " . ! : t= > C '/ 9 3/ = :[ .&
' _ + 4= G ' ' .
C J3 b C L J
" . . +#C L3

V J @ N 4
.RR

6 +

& ?4[` 2 3 9+=

2 [

= P*<

"!3 .

P+ : - 0 @2
" . .9 + #_ L + * 6 & ?4
J3 .3 .) : . C+ .3
#_ L * 6" > t + + . = ' 0 3
= 9+ b ~ ` <4& 9+
! /t 60 0 0+
= W.
" . . L L 0 @24 4 4 3 t ! 3 9+ : 0
. . L .) . .=. 4
5L
/ C *
`@ + 64
g _ " & . !3
u2
[. J +
' 9 3/ 0 ' P @ : c
: + . 3" . .
. L W .
W C C +' .
' C+ . . : 0 @2` w > 0
L . . P . . N,
.78:347-358

& C #

w +#& 5 &b+ ?4

64 J:
." 3
:

' .

+ :

< < ~0

` w > 0
' D Lc

'P
0 &c & !3

4L 3 . .
. 'P

L':' 6

L" .3

@ . 0 @2
& 3 9

& C #

46+ .

4L

* " . . / 0 L 2

t
9 *

3" IEC 61400-11

w

b6 " : * V L

? +" :

& *

[ ?https://ieawind.org / .

.index_page_postings/June%207%20posts/task%2019%20cold_climate_%20rp_approved05.12.pdf

CL+

-O

/0 . 46

t . . 64 J:

>

) +" . . (IFC [ *< ."

+" . . [ *< ." 0 !P

" . . >

L 6 w < !3

| ! < 9 D+

3" . . >

L 6

: 3` !4 2 0[ L

+ / < ! ETSU-R-973
" . .` ! <

" . .` w > 0

) 6 . " . % J-" . . S 0
)% http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A585081.pdf .

& ".

& ?4

".

".

9 @- > )-

" ) .Z .Z . / - . .Z
)/ 6/ .Z . " . 0 . ) .Z ) .Z
J9- _* "0 > B -, - > /) "0 0 ." ,

"

. P P

"0 /%-6" %) .
<0

" . .

) / .") . m/ ." . % ." . 6 " . . " .- . / 6 . . ) .Z % 6 .. .

S 6
" " . > 6 6 "-/ ,- .- m/ 1 " E/
."m/
% > @J 6 / -6 =<" / m/& - 6 - /6- )" /.
/)%
:
:

-6

J " . . 1

=/

(<" .-6 -/ = .

_ . ) . ' W . . 4 . CJ : . ) 9 . ) W .' c +" . . 3 '@

" 46+ . C4 <4 . :
b & 3 0 J +
|

) . ) > = : .= = . 4 )+

( . . *

?4& ~ = :

.9 = . D

:' 4 W @ '- . J = . 9 + ' .c + !3 . . = . '@ 0 @2 & 3= *

: ~ & 9 2 L = d 6 4= . 42 :()
_
e67997.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067997.
+

:N+" . . + :

' 0

@ W 3 0

! <

: &c Dc
. L . G .) : . 4 . . 23 . . 4
http://elibrary.worldbank.org/content/book/9780821389263
" .* 5t c
` 9 .

&

~ P

9+*5

".

. 3 C:c = .' W- . U @ L . = 3 ) :c . UJ c 4 = . .' 9 C3 .

* 0 , 3 3 0 b: + . @ 4 4 @ .
J3

" . . $ [ : } 9+ L
/C*
_ @ : ' / + . 64

. 3
*

. .

. G .

1 23 *

" .
9 4: + . . . .) . . ) ` . . . @ " . . L 6 + ! < b
.D
0

'
6
9+
d 4J

<4
'

' D Lc
http://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/media/5884/ei-km-ex-pc-method-052009-a-review-of-assessmentmethodologies-for-offshore-windfarms.pdf

@ > b+
9 4: + . . . JL .3 . . @ . 4 " . . 2 L C :c 6 3
' D Lc
0 .D

'
<4 *< 64
'
' D Lc

"!3 .

' <4 @ .

@, C>" . .'

".
4 0 J4

" . .'

* 6

* 6

L # *

:` w

9 L + . ) . . 3 . ) . U: 0 . . 0 . 4' " . .U /t +
J" ' . 4 .60: 10851091 .
9
b+
9 40#: +" . . _ 0 63 g & L
.-

b < $ 3
@
& ." 4 J
/C*

'

6 . ,

. . #& @3 L

* . .5

' >

) . )_'c .

L *
(
)/ @
+) R D

/0 *

= - _ b

L ! < 'c

3/-/U CW

* /

b+ 9+ 3

& 9 :9: C
! *

. ! ` .

b+

g L 3 3
> < !3" . .
!+'
3 t ' b+&

+/

J b+

U46 Lc J 3#
J4L#' $ ".

c J4L# =

= * 6 = J4
& L 3=

" .`
".

'

& ?4

.
".

".

! 0 +

D J".

c b 3 9& 63

!3 ." @42 6

& + ?4 3=

'*V !

L : + J4

D @

6 L" . .` = w &c D
) . 3" . . 5

V 63 ?4& 3

. >.

/ G L : = L : ` .(

' C@3" . . D

"' .

d J3

. .` w
.

:N ' :

: : b+

L C4 0 C 3 3

" . ./0` w > 0

& 6+ . . d @23
J

&< !3 ?4

* +" . .
>W[ ,".

+#C 6 Lc

& ?4 : # ".

9 L + . ) . . 3 . ) . U: 0 . . 0 . 4' U . + 4 . " .< C /t +

U46 4 J Lc ).746753 66 (2009
" 46+ . 4
& ?4

6 : 3 C 3 + g /0

#$ !
c 3

@3" 46+ .| J

" . + 4 @
3

! :

& 4 3 9 = / C=

& }@2 + 4& ?4|'

= 0

3c

_ b = . .) .= 0 L- ) W . 9 . L = " . .` & + 0 0 @2& b+

/ D 4 @3 @ 0 0 @2
" + 4C4L . @3 @ 0 0 @2= *< ) 2C|' .( b 46 Z+ ' = ' +[ <+
= = ' .
_http://www.eurobats.org/sites/default/files/documents/publications/publication_series/pubseries_no6
english.pdf
' C ) = : . = . # .c .3" . .
.-:

.) : b . + .) : . b ..
"
: _ g

L 0 b+ 0 0 @2&

" ).(
J4
3 JL CL+http://www.scottish' b CL+#+ " . > > _ 3 ' + /0 enterprise.com/knowledge-hub/articles/guide/offshore-wind-operations-and-maintenanceopportunities
4 JLc" . .` b+ :

< !3 . .
3" . .

b
+* 53

< !3" . .

< b+

: > 0

L".

43

:N+ . . ` - C+

- C 2+

".

& ?4 "http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A675503.pdf .

? | + 4 < !3 b+

_ L . L . 3" . . > , 9: + J < !3 :

L

'#J L . .' . 4 CJ .
+.
` >+#& @3 L * /
L .534R1231 G L : : 3/

CL+ [& |# $
". 0 !3 .

' Z+[ <+

4 +
` :

' b@4 !

".

9+ * 4 ." 9

d 6 L#: c + b3 d 6
.) : . . ) . > . ) L . ) . . ' 63 . . 3
DOI: 10.2193/2009-266. 74(5): 10891097
& 3 9 " 46+ .
@' !3

c C+ . .9 C' JC * ' '

!3

0 & 23

@3".

[ L

c .9 C' JC
' C C' . + . C ) 0 ` . . 4 -9 . .UJ >
/ C * ` 9 .
'
64

9[ .

J4

" . .L

|' ) t (" . .|` w < !3

+ V L J#
D

[" . . J +` w *

L " . . < !3

.
b . L .
b+ 0

L " . .3 L & ?4 *

".

0 ".

b& ".

.) : U: . C+" . .` ! +
0 .D

'
" . 6

& b+

0C

" . #, @

w > 0
0

>t

L 2 Lc ! & 9
.

! <

' 4J .) " . .! L
3/ .
:

3/=

0= " .* 5tc

1 23 *

3 )( : - $+ - $
,- . 0 > & 9 - $% 1 - E% $ > E6 .-) 0 "0> B . 1 "
) > B> )/% Z- % 60 > -, ) ) % . ) ,- > ,- - > ->B
()& -
> - _*
>B
&
! - .Z %& - / & 9 - "0 E
6 E6 . 0 6 1
J%6-! / @ - - $ J- & B $% E6 1 / )- $ %
6 . "0 , & & /=9 -- - > ) ,- ( J-
/ E/ 9 . - = / - "0 1 %! / & /
! / @ -
- /( ,/ - 6 6 / ) * , &
) E/& >* ) B / > / ( J& ( .--> / E/ 9 & $%( 9- -, %> <-- E/6 B "0 1 / * ) - - - / J& ( & > B $ &E . , , " - % J0 = /
- 6 6 & / @ - 0 > .

- & $+

&

> - : /
- . /1 !/
/ J& 9 ,/ 0 = -= 9- .
1- > "0 > %,- Z J/
1 . - 6 = " "0 >
> "0 J- $ > "0 - J6.
.

( 6 ,/ / - B )- = 0 =
E6 6 > ) 6 .(- & - /

& 9 - > - E% $ > E6

6- - )> &( ) ( /6 J

. - / " ) = & $ & 6 - "/ & B/ -

6 ) )"0
J6 E/6 - & J%-9 % )
% .Z/ 1

. 10 />

) S 6 .(-
% .- "0 $% 1 % = =
- / ( - ( ,0 6

$ $

:-

This image cannot currently be display ed.

/6
6- (
&, /=

Rotor Tip
Rotor Blade
Nacelle
Hub
Foundation
Transformer
tower

&

:-

This image cannot currently be display ed.

E6 6 B
&J

-

=- ,/ 6

Connection to power grid

Substation
Access road
Turbine
Transformer
Underground
transmission cable

1 > E6 $ . - 1 - /
B . & - J "0 -0 9 /6
- "0 E6 &/ & / - $ "0 * ) //( ) % 6 $ - "0 & )6/(( - > $ >
E6 &/ & / / )6 /( --> & @ - %-% 1/ &/ / / )6 /( . m% -> $&
J / 6 / ,- .&/ & 6 1 > Y * : 6 - ! , 6 - @-
6 - ! ) " ! , . "0 6 - ! ,/ - "6 / E " J > /10 . & - 1
J - "- 6 - , ! E 0 "0 -> &/ )-- , ,% J% -% ,0 "6 / E " J . "0
6 0 @- J o $- ,- .&/ % ,- @- % - "0
, 6 -
& $% J 9- "0
6- J
> .S 6 - ! ) " ! , B ) 0 6 - ! , 6 -
6 - ! , - B 1- / 6 Y . E% / 1 - $- , <" 6 /- " % 9 ! , ! - ) - %<J(
/- _ % % %<J > "0 - / 6.
> * / /-- . > ) "0 16 B & .S $/19- < & J& J& < $
< 1 . - "0 1 E6 1 "0 $
> .( @- -/ - > /6 E- @- B

( /- ,/ B E6 . 9- " - 6
B& ,- . E) m% E6 - & 0
( )E - $ 6 / B )-& ) * ( . - / B )- )E E6 " $ J& 6
/ -% 0& 1 -0 E6 . 6 - J& /9 6 ,/ - = 0 = .9- 1 - 6 ( - / 6 ,-
E6 /
J& .
J& 6 - / * <1 E<1 E
m% . 1 -

" - / ,- & 6 & $% >6 B 1- - /

)- . & / / - & - / .> - /

).
=) )- 6 % / 6 / E6

/ - - )- (

- ( . @ - 0 > "0 E-/ 1 "0 * 1 / - J/

!>%
/ -1 ( 9- & "0 > B ) %9- E/% ,0 S /-
/
J/.

- & 9 $ - :

&

/ /

0 . % J/ =9 "-
/ <0

- /
* -- . /1 %6 E& @ - 0 > B0 > . 6- J
) "0 - J- = > J .* 0 9 * - "0 0 > 9- - & 6
) S < ( ,/ E6 - / $ ( ( $ J& ) & $% ) 6 .(- "0
* - . 6 / * ) %6 E = ( / E- 1 9- - J%-9 6- 6 E B
/ 1-% J%-9 B = -
E 6f- 9- /6 6 @% - =) 1/
./
J/ ) & J- > )/ 6 (-- 0 / 9

/
/
/

> .2005b
> .2005d
> .2005b

- . = / %,- ! / - / >
& $% B )- / . /6
- . / =

- ,

- ,/ 6 / - B )- B0 /6

% 6 "- 9- B E - / E

2 [ 2 C : 0 V4W $ @ > 0

4 0 U 4

:"%

!.

& ! &[ VL +

>+ <$ + 0 : #P[ > @ 9J J c + 0 G

5 . !3 V L
! & !P 0 : ' L 2
5 !3 V L + 0 & 9+ / . ' L 2
! & !P @ c 0 :
* C @ 0 :1 +

.9 4

* C + @ 0 :1 +

9 4 ?4& G& :

: +

! ? . +

9+ @.1

+ ?4& b3.

&

:-

This image cannot currently be display ed.

E6 6

B

( 9) &, /=
=- 6
/ &J

Connection to power grid

Transformer
Foundation (monopile)
Sub-sea cable
Wind turbine
substation