Journal Bearings Operating Conditions

IAM-DT-3: SS 2005
Prof. Dr.- Ing. P. J. Mauk
Universitt Duisburg-Essen
Institut fr Angewandte Materialtechnik
Journal bearings/Sliding bearings

Operating conditions:
Advantages:
-
Vibration damping, impact damping, noise damping

not sensitive for vibrations, low operating noise level
dust tight (if lubricated by grease)
simple design; separable into two parts, easy to handle
small total required space, adjustable to different design demands and
conditions
for big shaft diameters cheaper than rolling bearings
with good lubrication very high rotational speed possible
with good and appropriate lubrication nearly free of wear
Disadvantages:
-
without sufficient lubrication very quickly failure of bearing

in certain cases expensive and complicated lubrication system required
high consumption of lubricant
run-in time necessary
surface quality of shaft surface very important
Friction conditions in sliding bearings:
(Slide 01) : Friction conditions between a moving and non-moving surface
LEC-DT3-Journal_Bearings.doc
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IAM-DT-3: SS 2005
Case a): hydrodynamic lubrication (Flssigkeitsreibung)

-
complete separation of both surfaces by a lubricant film, the bearing

pressure is entirely supported by the fluid pressure in the film generated by the
relative motion of both surfaces
film thickness: 0.008 mm - 0.020 mm
typical friction coefficients: = 0.002 - 0.010
(Optimum condition: desired situation)
Case b): mixed-film lubrication (Mischreibung)

-
surface roughness peaks get in contact and their is partial hydrodynamic

support under certain proper conditions the surface wear can be mild
coefficients of friction : = 0.004 - 0.10
Case c): boundary lubrication (Trockenreibung)

-
surfaces are in contact continuously by and extensively, the lubricant is

continuously smeared over the surfaces and provides a continuously
renewed absorbed surface film that reduces friction and wear
typical coefficients of friction: = 0,05 - 0,20
Slide 02): Situation of a sliding bearing:

-
a fixed bearing enclosed the rotating shaft

rotating journal (shaft) and sleeve are separated by a lubricant
shaft and sleeve has a eccentricity
the gap continuously narrow
the lubricant is drawn in to this gap in the direction to the minimum thickness
the lubricant is sheared, there is a velocity gradient in the film
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-shear stresses in the lubricant are

Proportional to the velocity gradient
h:
v:
:
dv
dy
h
thickness of lubricant film
rotational speed of shaft
proportional factor dynamic viscosity
( acc. to DIN 1342 and 51550)
Measured by falling sphere viscometer (Kugelfallviskosimeter), a ball falls inside

an oil filled tube:
N
mm
v
h
==
Ns = 1 Pa s
m 2
Ns m
mm 2 S.m
A derivate unit is often used
' = ' =
m2
kinematic viscosity
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IAM-DT-3: SS 2005
(Slide 03): Viscosity and density of oils and lubricants depending on temperature
-
SAE 70: oil type (Society of Automobile Engineers)

Old dimensions for viscosity:
1 stokes = 1 St = 1 cm2/s
Kinematic viscosity
1 Centistokes= 1 cSt = 1 mm2/s =1 Z
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High viscosity :
Higher forces can be taken at low speeds
with high loads but high friction values
Low viscosity :
Smaller loads can be taken but higher speeds are
possible with less internal friction
Density and specific heat of oil is also temperature-depended: (acc. to VDI-2204)
t = to (1 65 105 ( t to ) )
t :
to :
Density at temperature t
Density at temperature t0 = 15 C ; t = actual temperature
C p = 3856 2.345 o + 4.605 t
(0 > 896 kg/m3)
C p = 2910 1.290 o + 4.605 t
(0 896 kg/m3)
(Slide 04): Geometry and pressure distribution for a journal bearing
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Geometrical definitions of bearings

-
length of bearing :
l or (b)
sleeve diameter of bearing:
d1, d1 d2 d
shaft diameter:
d2 (d)
clearance
S = d1-d2
related clearance:
= S/d = (d1-d2)/d (d1-d2)/d2
minimum film thickness of lubricant film:
h0 = hmin =
S
2
d
2
= related thickness of lubricant film
h0
S/2
h0
e
S/2
= 1
2 n rad
60 sec
n: rpm revolutions per minute
sliding speed of bearing

n= d n
angular speed of bearing
=
-
related eccentricity
=
-
eccentricity of bearing:
e = S/2 h0 =
n: operating rpm of bearing [1/ s ]
specific pressure in the bearing

PL = P =
F
b id
F: bearing force;
b: width of bearing;
d: diameter of bearing
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(Slide 05): Design data for journal bearings
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Design data for journal bearings:
tabulated data for sliding bearings for different conditions in engineering

determining conditions for bearings are:
Max. design pressure P = PL in MPa
diameter clearance ratio ( related clearance)
C
d
bearing ratio:
l
d
or
b
d
Some simple bearings:

Bearing material
Cast iron
Bronze, Cu alloy
Al alloy
Pb Sn alloy
Sinter material
(oil filled)
grease lubrication
Lubrication by hand
Sliding speed u (m/s)
1
2
2
3
1
N/mm2
pressure PL
0.4
0.6
0.3
0.1
1
Seite 8 von 25
dropped oil
u
PL
3
2
2
3
3
0.8
1.2
0.4
0.3
1.8
IAM-DT-3: SS 2005

(Slide 06): Data about bearing materials
(Babbitt metal: Lagerweissmetall: Zinnlager)
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(Slide 07): Demands on bearing materials
fatigue strength in operation

good sliding properties
seizure resistance (Notlaufeigenschaft)
corrosion resistance
embedability: hard partials are embedded in the soft outer layer
compatibility: the bearing sleeve fits itself to rotating journal during run in
time
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(Slide 08): Bearing geometries:
a)
b)
full bearing 360 bearing

partial bearing 180 bearing
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Sliding bearings / Oil film bearings:

Specific load for a sliding bearing: (mean)
P = PB =
F
d b
F:
Bearing force (Lagerkraft)
b:
Bearing width (Lagerbreite)
d:
bearing diameter (Lagerdurchmesser)
N
mm 2
mean pressure
The journal rotates in the bearing with the sliding speed u :

u= d n
m
s
n: journal rps [1/ s ] n=nM/60 , nM=rpm
Angular speed of journal (Lagerzapfen)

= 2 n =
2 n
60
s 1
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1
min
IAM-DT-3: SS 2005
Due to friction a certain friction power is generated in the bearing:
Nm = [W ]
s
Pf = F u
:
u:
Pf:
friction factor
sliding speed
friction power
For the capacity if a sliding bearing a dimensionless factor is defined:

S0 =
p 2
2
S:
P:
:
d:
F:
:
S0:
b d d2
F S
bd
diameter difference: d1 - d2 (Lagerspiel)

mean pressure of bearing
viscosity of oil Pas
journal diameter (bearing diameter)
bearing force
angular speed of journal
Sommerfeld-Number
A lot of design data for sliding bearings are related to the Sommerfeld number S0:
The Sommerfeld number S0 can be calculated as a function of the relative
eccentricity and the width ratio = b/d of the bearing.
Calculation of Sommerfeld number
2
b
2
2
2 ( 1)
S0 =
1 + 16 1
2 +
d 2 (1 ) 2
with :
e
S/2
= 1
with =
h0
S/2
and e =
h0 =
1 = f(b/d) and 2 = f (b/d)
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IAM-DT-3: SS 2005
(Slide 10)
Calculation acc. to DIN31652-2 ( for full bearings) ( see also slide 10a,b)
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(Slide 10a)
The Sommerfeld number S o = f ( , b / d L ) with pure rotation
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(Slide 10b)
heavy loaded bearings big S0-numbers
low loaded bearings small S0-numbers
Practically: S0 > 1 ; only with high sliding speeds and low bearing loads S0 > 1 !
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Some practical values for the minimum oil film thickness in the bearing homin
(Slide 11) : Experimental data for homin
[ m ] acc. to DIN 31652 T3 for different
shaft diameter and sliding speeds

Empirical value of smallest allowable h0min acc. to DIN 31652 T3
The value h0 for the smallest gap in the bearing is given by 2 formulas:
For S0 > 1: h0 =
2 2 S0 1 +
For 0 < 2
with = b/d (width ratio of bearing)
S S0 1 +
1
2
2
2
And for S0 < 1 : h0 =
For 0.5 2
These formulas give good approximation for h0
During operation of the bearing is necessary:
h0 h0min
The rotational speed nmin, which is necessary to ensure homin is given by:
nmin =
h0 min
h0
in
[1/ s ]
Minimum rotational speed
The value of n is calculated by use of the S0-number for S0 < 1

~
n ( S0 = 1) =
2
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The transition rotational speed nT is given by:

nT =
h0T
h0
for h0 > h0min > h0T
A thumb-rule equation for the relative bearing clearance is given by:
S
d
d1 d 2
d1
0.8 u
u:
sliding speed
Where is given 1/1000 (promille)

Practical conditions are:
Small -values for high speeds and loads, greater -values for small loads and high
speeds
Some values for in relation to ISO-fits for shafts and bearings are given in
(Slide 12a,b)
(solide 12a)
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(Slide 12b)
Any sliding bearing do have friction in the oil film in the bearing gap.
Some thumb rules for a related friction factor is:
For S0 < 1 (high speed bearing)
For S0>1 (high load bearing)
3
S0
3
S0
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See also (slide 13): Vogelpohl diagram
(Slide 13)
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The related friction factor can also be calculated acc. to DIN 31652-2 to a formula
system: ( see slide 14)
The related friction factor / eff depending on the related excentricity and the
related bearing width B/D acc. to DIN 31652-2
= 10
where y = f (factor: based on S0 and b/d - ratio )
With this data the friction power is calculated
Pf = F u = F
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The total friction power generates heat in the bearing, this heat must transferred out
of the bearing partly by convection through the bearing housing and partly by the oil
flow through the bearing:
Pf = PA+PQ
PA:
PQ:
If
cooling power by convection

cooling power by oil flow
bearings without pressured flow of oil: convection
bearings with pressured oil flow: oil cooling
Pf = PA
= F u = * A (v v 0 )
* : heat transition factor
* = 7 + 12 Vw
Nm = W by surrounding air
s m 2K m 2K
with Vw: air speed [m / s ]
Vw 1.25m / s
W
Max. values for * are 20
and A: surface area of bearing housing
m 2 K
For a cylindrical bearing housing: (DIN 31652)

A=
(d
2
dH:
dB:
bH:
dB
) + d
bH
diameter of housing
bearing diameter
width of housing
For a pedestal bearing (Stehlager)
A H bH +
H: height of pedestal
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A bearing in a machine compound:

A = (15 20 ) d B bB
o :
:
ambient temperature ( 20c)

max. bearing temperature 70c 100c
If cooling is done by oil flow, the necessary oil flow is:

Qc =
m3
Qc: oil flow
Pf
c (2 1 )
c:
:
2:
1:
specific heat of oil = f ()

density of oil = f ()
run out temperature of oil
run in temperature of oil
(2-1) should be 10 20 K
For regular lubrication conditions in a oil film bearing a certain necessary oil flow is
required in the bearing:
QL h0 b
:
oil flow rate factor 1,5
min. oil film thickness
h0:
b:
bearing width
u:
sliding speed
Acc. to DIN31652 the calculation is as follows:
QL=Q1+Q2
Where:
Q1 = d 3 q1
1 b
3
b
q1 = 0.223
4 d
d
q1: related oil flow due to internal bearing pressure

Q2 is:
Q2 = d PE / q2
(see slide 15)

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The related oil flow q1 due to intrinsic pressure in the gap a relation of related
eccentricity and related bearing ratio B/D acc. to DIN 31652
Where Pe is the entry oil pressure from lubrication system and for q2 see (slide 16)
With the oil flow rate the bearing temperature is controlled, if the temperature is too
high bearing conditions must be changed!!
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The related oil rate q2 depending on the series of the lubricant entries
(Slide 16)
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Journal Bearings Operating Conditions

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IAM-DT-3: SS 2005

Prof. Dr.- Ing. P. J. Mauk

Institut fr Angewandte Materialtechnik

Journal bearings/Sliding bearings

Vibration damping, impact damping, noise damping

without sufficient lubrication very quickly failure of bearing

Friction conditions in sliding bearings:

(Slide 01) : Friction conditions between a moving and non-moving surface

Prof. Dr.- Ing. P. J. Mauk

Institut fr Angewandte Materialtechnik

Case a): hydrodynamic lubrication (Flssigkeitsreibung)

complete separation of both surfaces by a lubricant film, the bearing

Case b): mixed-film lubrication (Mischreibung)

surface roughness peaks get in contact and their is partial hydrodynamic

Case c): boundary lubrication (Trockenreibung)

surfaces are in contact continuously by and extensively, the lubricant is

Slide 02): Situation of a sliding bearing:

a fixed bearing enclosed the rotating shaft

Prof. Dr.- Ing. P. J. Mauk

Institut fr Angewandte Materialtechnik

-shear stresses in the lubricant are

Measured by falling sphere viscometer (Kugelfallviskosimeter), a ball falls inside

A derivate unit is often used

Prof. Dr.- Ing. P. J. Mauk

Institut fr Angewandte Materialtechnik

SAE 70: oil type (Society of Automobile Engineers)

1 Centistokes= 1 cSt = 1 mm2/s =1 Z

Prof. Dr.- Ing. P. J. Mauk

Institut fr Angewandte Materialtechnik

Density and specific heat of oil is also temperature-depended: (acc. to VDI-2204)

C p = 3856 2.345 o + 4.605 t

(0 > 896 kg/m3)

C p = 2910 1.290 o + 4.605 t

(Slide 04): Geometry and pressure distribution for a journal bearing

Prof. Dr.- Ing. P. J. Mauk

Institut fr Angewandte Materialtechnik

Geometrical definitions of bearings

= related thickness of lubricant film

n: rpm revolutions per minute

sliding speed of bearing

angular speed of bearing

n: operating rpm of bearing [1/ s ]

specific pressure in the bearing

Prof. Dr.- Ing. P. J. Mauk

(Slide 05): Design data for journal bearings

Prof. Dr.- Ing. P. J. Mauk

Institut fr Angewandte Materialtechnik

Design data for journal bearings:

tabulated data for sliding bearings for different conditions in engineering

Some simple bearings:

Prof. Dr.- Ing. P. J. Mauk

(Slide 06): Data about bearing materials

(Babbitt metal: Lagerweissmetall: Zinnlager)

Prof. Dr.- Ing. P. J. Mauk

(Slide 07): Demands on bearing materials

fatigue strength in operation

Prof. Dr.- Ing. P. J. Mauk

Institut fr Angewandte Materialtechnik

(Slide 08): Bearing geometries:

full bearing 360 bearing

Prof. Dr.- Ing. P. J. Mauk

Institut fr Angewandte Materialtechnik