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9 CLASS
PHYSICS NOTES
TH
1) PHYSICAL
QUANTITIES &
MEASURMENTS
2) KINEMATICS
3) DYNAMICS
NOTES OF PHYSICS 9TH CLASS
ENGLISH
MEDIUM
Page
IDEAL SCIENCE
ACADEMY
ASIF RASHEED BS
HONS PHYSICS
Unit No 1
Page
1 Define Physics?
2 Ans: The branch of science which deals with the study of matter and
energy and their mutual relationship is called Physics.
(2) Write names of the branches of Physics?
Ans: (1) Mechanics
(5) Electromagnetism (6) Atomic and Molecular Physics (7) Nuclear Physics (8)
Plasma Physics (9) Solid Physics
Why do we study physics?
We study physics to under stand the laws of nature and how nature effects the
human action.
(1) Astrophysics
(2) Geophysics
(3) Biophysics
Page
It deals with the physical aspects of sound waves, their production, properties
and applications.
It is the study of physical aspects of light, its properties, working and use of
optical instruments.
Electricity and magnetism:
It is the study of the changes at rest and in motion, their effects and their
relationships with magnetism.
Atomic physics:
It is the study of the structure and properties of atom.
Nuclear physics:
It deals with the properties and behaviour of nuclei and the particles within the
nuclei.
Plasma physics:
It is the study of production, properties of the ionic state of matter The fourth
state of matter.
Geophysics:
It is the study of the internal structure of the earth.
System international units:
A world-wide system of measurements is known as system international units
(SI). In SI, the units of seven base
quantities are meter, kilogram, second,
ampere, Kelvin, candela and mole.
vernier callipers:
An instrument used to measure small lengths such as internal and external
diameter or length of a cylinder etc is called vernier calipers.
Least count of vernier calliper is 1/10 cm or 0.1 cm which is also called vernier
constant.
Screw gauge:
A screw gauge is used to measure small lengths such as diameter of a wire,
thickness of a metal sheet etc.
The least count of micrometer screw gauge is 0.01 mm.
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Physical balance
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Page
Ans: The stop watch is used to measure small intervals of time. Its least count
is about 0.1 seconds.
Q1.11: We need to measure extremely small interval of times?
Ans: Small time interval are measured o calculate instantaneous time rate of
change of variable.
Q1.12: What is meant by significant figures of a measurement?
Ans: All the accurately known digits and the first doubtful digit in an expression
are known as significant figures.
Q1.13: How is precision is related to the significant figures in a
measured quantity?
Ans: More is the number of significant figures, when the measuring instrument
used has small value of its least count. The small value of least count the large
is the value of precision. For example reading taken by screw gauge has more
precision than reading taken by meter rod or verneir scale.
CHAPTER: 1
Physical quantities and measurement
(Problems)
P1.1) Express the following quantities using prefixes.
Solution:
(a) 5000g
As 1000g = 1kg so 5000/1000
=5kg Ans
(b)2000000w
As 106 = mega
So 2000000 w
2 x 106
=2MW
(c) 52 x 10-10 x kg
since 1kg =1000g or103g
=52 x 10-10 x 103g
= 52 x 10-10+3g
= 52 x 10-7g
= 5.2 x 101 x 10-7g
= 5.2 x 10-7+1g
= 5.2 x 10-6g
=5.2ug Ans
-8
(d) 225 x 10 s
=2.25 x 102 x 10-8s
= 2.25 x 102-8s
=2.25 x 10-6s
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= 2.25 us ANS
10
27
(b)
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1.168 x 10 x 10
1.168 x 10 3-27
24
1.168 x 10
ANS
11
5
32 x 10
Solution:
1
5
3.2 x 10 x 10
3.2 x 10 1+5
6
3.2 x 10
25
(c) 725 x 10
5
3
7.25 x 10
x 10 g
2
7.25 x 10 x 10 x 10 -5+3
7.25 x 10 2-2g
0
7.25 x 10
7.25g ANS
8
(d) 0.02 x 10
Solution:
0.02 x 10-2 x 10-8
2 x 10-2-8 (as we know that powers are added up)
2 x 10-10 ANS
P1.5) Write the following quantities in scientific notation:
Solution:
(a) 6400km
6.4x103km ANS
(b) 380000km
3.8x105 ANS
(c) 300000000ms-1
3.108ms-1
(d) Seconds in a day:
24x60x60s=86400s
8.64x104s ANS
P1.6) Question on book:
12
Unit # 2
Page
= 36.18cm2
Area in significant figure= 36cm2
13
Kinematics
14
Positive
Acceleration
15
the body
of
one
body
d
t
Can a body moving with certain velocity in the direction of East can
have acceleration in the direction of West?
Ans:
Yes, if the velocity of the body decreases, then it will have acceleration in
the opposite direction, that is, in the direction of west.
Does speedometer of a car measures its velocity?
It measures only speed but not velocity.
Part of 2.4
Define Acceleration.
The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration. It is denoted by a. It is
a vector quantity.
Define Uniform Acceleration
If velocity of a body is changing equally in equal intervals of times then its
acceleration will be uniform.
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16
17
called
18
ii) Rotatory Motion: Motion is said to Rotatory, when the object rotates on its own axis.
Examples: Rotatory motion of a planets on its axis, wheels of a vehicles,
spinning top, ceiling fan etc.
iii)
Vibratory Motion: When a body moves to and fro about a point and repeats its motion then
its motion is called vibratory
the desk. Flick the end off the desk and watch it vibrate.
Q2.10 How can a vector quantity be represented graphically?
Ans: When a vector is represented graphically, its magnitude is represented by
the length of straight line and its direction is represented by the direction of the
Q2.11 Why vectors quantities can not be added and subtracted like
scalar quantities?
Ans ; In addition of vector quantities, not their magnitude but their direction
also involved therefore vector can not be added like the addition of scalar.
Q2.12: How are vectors quantities are important to us in our daily life?
Ans: in our daily life vectors quantities are completely explained only when
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their direction are also considered Q2.13 Derive equation of motion for
uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion?
Three equations of motion are three equations of motion under the action of
gravity are
Vf = Vi + at
S = Vi t +
2aS = Vf
Vf=Vi+gt
1
2
at2
h=Vit+ 2 gt2
Vi 2 2gh = Vf
Vi
Q2.14 : Sketch the velocity time graph for the motion of the body?
Motion Graphs
20
(Average,acceleration(aav)= ChangeinVelocity/time)
Slope=AB= Vf - Vi/ t
a = Vf - Vi / t
Vf Vi = at
Vf = Vi + at ........................................................(1)
ABDO
Total aera of OABD=
area of ABC
= OD x OA +
Where,
1
2
(BC x AC)
= t x Vi +
= Vi t +
1
2
(Vf - Vi ) x t
(Vf - Vi ) x t
by
S = Vit +
1
2 at x t
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S = Vi t +
22
1
2
2 at .
1
( )
2
(OA + BD) x AC
1
( )
2
1
( )
2
1
( )
2
Galileo was the first scientist to observe that, neglecting the effect of air
Page
1
2
Vi
gt2
2
CHAPTER: 2
KINEMATICS
1
P2.1) A train moves with a uniform Velocity of 36 km h
for 10S. Find
the distance travelled by it. Solution:
1
(Velocity) V= 36 km h
(Time) t= 10 m s
(Distance) S= ?
Formula: S= Vavx t
= (10) x (10)
S= 100 m ANS
24
1
= 36x1000/60x60= 36000/3600= 10 m s
P2.2) A train starts from nest. It moves through 1km in 100S with
uniform acceleration. What will be its speed at the end of 100 S?
Solution:
(Distance) S= 1km =1000 m
(Time) t= 100 S
(Velocity)Vi= 0 m/s
Vf=?
By using formula:
1
S= vit+ ( 2 )
at
1000= 0(t)+
1
2
1000=
1
2
2
a (100)
a (10000)
2x1000/10000=a
2
A= 0.2 m s
ANS
Now by using first equation of motion:
Vf= v ;+at
Vf= 0=(0.2)(100)
1
Vf= 20 m s
ANS
2
1
2
minutes= 30s
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(time) t=
25
0.4 S= 256-100
S=
156
)
0.4
S= 390m ANS
P2.4) A tennis ball is hit vertically upward with a Velocity of 30m/s. it
takes 3s to reach the highest point. Calculate the maximum highest
reached by the ball. How long it will take to return to the ground?
Solution:
(Initial Velocity) Vi= 30m/s
(Time) t1= 3s
(Height) S=?
Time required returning to the ground t2=?
2
g = -10m/ s
The value of g will be negative because the ball will be decelerating.
Now by using the 2nd equation of the motion:
1
2
S= vit+ ( 2 ) (10) ( 3 )
= 90+(-5)(9)
= 90-45
Height S= 45m ANS
26
2
P 2.6) A train starts from the nest with an acceleration of 0.5m s .
Page
100
0.25 =400
t 2 = 400
Vf= 10 x
1
Vf= 36 km h
3600
1000
ANS
P2.8) A cricket ball is hit vertically upward and returns to the ground
6s later. Calculate:
Maximum height reached by the ball
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27
ANS
P2.9) When brakes are applied the speed of train decreases from the
96km/h to 48km/h. In 800m how much distance will it cover before
coming to rest? (Assume the retardation is constant)
:Solution
:The situation can be divided into two parts. The parts 1 data is as follows
Initial Velocity Vi= 96 km/h
= 96x1000/3600= 26.66m/s
Final Velocity Vf= 48km/h
= 48x1000/3600= 13.33m/s
Distance s= 800m
Acceleration a=?
By using 3rd equation of motion:
2
2
2aS= V f - V ;
2
2
2a(800)= ( 13.33 ) - ( 26.66 )
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1600s= -533.35
a= -533.35/1600
1
a= -0.33m/ s
vi= 48km/h= 13.33m/s
vf= 0 m/s
s=?
Again by using 3rd equation of motion:
2
2
2aS= v f v i
28
2
2
2(-0.3)s= ( 0 ) - ( 13.33 )
-0.6s= -177.688
S= -177.688/-0.6
S= 266.53m
P2.10) In problem 2.9 find the time taken by the train to stop after the
application of brakes.
Solution:
Initial Velocity Vi= 96km/h= 26.667m/s
Final Velocity Vf= 0m/s
2
Acceleration a= -0.33m/ s
Time t=?
Formula Vf= vi+at
O= 26.677+(-0.33)t
-26.66= -033t
T= -26.667/-0.33
T= 80.80
Vf-vi=at
0-26.677/-0.3344=t
T=80s ANS
P2.11) A car moves with uniform Velocity of 5s it comes to rest in the
next 10s/ Find deceleration and total distance covered by the car?
Solution:
1
Initial Velocity Vi= 40m s
Time t = 10s
Final Velocity Vf= 0
Retardation a=?
Total distance S=?
a= 0-40/40
2
a= -4 m s
ANS
Distance travelled in 1st five seconds.
S 1 = vxt
= 40x5
S1= 200m
Average Velocity for next 10 seconds.
1
Vav= 40+0/2= 20m s
S2= Vav*t
= 20x10
s 2 = 200m
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29
As we know that:
Total distance S= S1 + S2
= 200+200 = 400m ANS
Chapter # 3
Dynamics
1. FORCE
The Force is an agent which produces or tends to produce a motion in a body
or it stops or tends to stop the motion of a body. In simple words we can also
say that force is an agent which changes or tends to change the state of an
object.
UNIT
The unit of a Force in M.K.S System is Newton
2. MASS
The quantity of matter contained in a body is called mass. It is a scalar
quantity.
F = ma
m = F/a
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FORMULA
30
UNIT
The unit of mass in M.K.S System is Kilogram (kg).
3. WEIGHT
The force with which earth attracts other bodies towards its centre is called
weight. It is a vector quantity.
FORMULA;
W = mg
UNIT
The unit of weight in M.K.S System is Newton (N).
INERTIA
Definition
Inertia is the tendency of a body to resist a change in its state.
Examples
Cover a glass with a post card and place a coin on it. Now strike the post card
swiftly with the nail of your finger. If the stroke has been made correctly, the
postcard will be thrown away and the coin will drop in the glass.
If a moving bus stops suddenly, the passenger standing in it feels a jerk in the
forward direction. As a result he may fall. It is due to the fact that the lower
part of the standing passengers comes to rest as the bus stops. But the upper
portion remains in motion due to inertia.
Difference between Mass and Weight
Mass
1. The quantity of matter present in a body is called mass.
2. The mass of a body remains constant everywhere and does not change by
change in altitude.
3. It is a scalar quantity.
31
Weight
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Page
EXPLANATION
32
EXPLANATION
33
When we push a body with greater force then its velocity increases and change
of velocity takes place in the direction of the force. If we apply a certain force F
on a mass m, then it moves with certain velocity in the direction of the force. If
the force becomes twice then its velocity will also increase two times. In this
way if we go on increasing the fore there will be increase in velocity, which will
increase the acceleration.
DERIVATION
According to the Newton`s Second law of motion when a force acts on an
object it produces an acceleration which is directly proportion to the amount of
the force.
aF
and inversely proportional to the product of mass
a
1
m
Combining both.
a
F
m
A = constant F/m
a=k
F
m
Page
a=
34
so,
or
F = ma
THIRD LAW OF MOTION
Statement:
To every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction
EXPLANATION
According to Newtons Law of Motion, we have:
F(action) = F(reaction)
The negative (-) sign indicates that the two forces are parallel but in the
opposite direction. If we consider one of the interacting objects as A and the
other as B, then according to the third law of motion:
F(AB) = F(BA)
F(AB) represents the force exerted on A and F(BA) is the force exerted on
B.
Examples
We walk on the ground, we push the ground backward and as a reaction
the ground pushes us forward. Due to this reason we are able to move on the
ground.
If a book is placed on the table, it exerts some force on the table, which is
equal to the weight of the book. The table as a reaction pushes the book
upward. This is the reason that the book is stationary on the table and it does
not fall down.
FRICTION
35
Definition
Page
on
2. Nature of Surfaces
Page
surface.
36
the body in upward direction against the weight of the body sliding on the
Force of friction also depends upon the nature of the two surfaces. It is denoted
as u and has constant values for every surface. It is different for the two
surfaces in contact.
Coefficient Of Friction
The coefficient of friction is a number which represents the friction between
two surfaces. Between two equal surfaces, the coefficient of friction will be the
same. The symbol usually used for the coefficient of friction is
Greek letter
, where 0 1 .
The maximum frictional force (when a body is sliding) is equal to the coefficient
of friction the normal reaction force.
F=R
Where is the coefficient of friction and R is the normal reaction force.
This frictional force, F, will act parallel to the surfaces in contact and in a
direction to oppose the motion that is taking/ trying to take place.
Advantages of Friction
1. We could not walk without the friction between our shoes and the ground. As
we try to step forward, we push our foot backward. Friction holds our shoe to
the ground, allowing you to walk.
2. Writing with a pencil requires friction. We could not hold a pencil in our hand
without friction.
3. A nail stays in wood due to friction
4. Nut and bold hold due to friction
DISADVANTAGES OF FRICTION
37
When a body rolls over a surface, the force of friction is called rolling friction.
surfaces in contact are very much less.
Page
Rolling friction is much less than the sliding friction. This is because the
LONG QUESTIONS
Question: Explain the Law of Conservation of Momentum?
This law states that
When two or more bodies collide with one another the total momentum of the
system remains the same, provided no external force acts upon them.
Explanation: The law of conservation of momentum is a fundamental law of nature, and it
states that the total momentum of an isolated system of objects (which has no
interactions with external agents) is constant. One of the consequences of this
is that the of any centre of mass system of objects will always continue with
the same velocity unless acted on by a force outside the system.
Consider two balls of masses m 1 and m2. They are initially moving with
velocities u1and u2 in same direction on a straight line. If u 1 > u2, then the balls
will collide. Let their velocities becomes v1 and v2 after collision.
Total momentum of balls before collision =
m1u1 + m2u2
m1v1 + m2v2
m1v1 + m2v2
Rockets and jet engines also work on the same principle. In these machines,
hot gases produced by burning of fuel rush out with large momentum. The
machines gain an equal and opposite momentum. This enables them to
move with very high velocities.
Question: Define friction and describe the types of friction?
39
v = Velocity of object
m = Mass of object
Page
Fc = Centripetal Force
40
Where,
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over
frictionless
pulley
Page
As body B moves upwards, hence its weight m2g is less than the tension T in
the string.
Net force acting on body B = T m2g
According to Newton law
T- m2g = m2a ......
.....
2)
m1m 2
m1+m 2 )g
2m 1m 2
)
m1+m 2 g .....
.....
3)
g=
m1+m 2
)
m1m2
Page
43
Motion of two bodies attached to the ends of a string that passes over
a frictionless pulley such that one body moves vertically and the other
moves on A smooth horizontal surface
therefore, body B also moves over the horizontal surface with the same
Page
Since body A moves downwards, therefore, its weight m 1g is greater than the
tension in T in the string.
Net force acting on the body A = m1g T
According to the Newtons second law of motion:
m1g T = m1a ... ... ... (1)
The forces acting on the body are:
I.
II.
III.
direction.
Tension in the string pulling the body B horizontally on the smooth
surface.
g T + T =m1a+ m2a
g = a(m1+m2)
a=
m1
m1+m2
... (3)
m 1m 2
m1+m2
Page
45
Consider a body of mass m moving with initial velocity Vi. Let a force F acts on
the body which produces an acceleration a in it. This changes the velocity of
the body. Let its final velocity after time t becomes Vf. if Pi and Pf be the initial
momentum and the final momentum related to the body related to the initial
and the final velocity respectively then:
Pi = mvi
and Pf = mvf
Changes in momentum = Final momentum initial momentum
Or Pf Pi = mvf - mvi
Thus the rate of change in momentum given by:
p p
t
=
=m
Since
vf vi
t
mvmv
t
vf vi
t
=ma
pf pi
t
=F
Equation also defines the force and states Newtons second aw of motion as:
When a force acts on a body, it produces acceleration in the body and
will be equal to the rate of change of momentum of the body.
SI unit of momentum defined by equation is Newton-second (Ns) which is the
same as kmgs-1.
3.4. What is the law of Inertia?
Ans:
(Inertia is the resistance of any physical object to a change in its
state of motion or rest, or the tendency of an object to resist any change in its
motion including a change in direction).
46
nd
a=
vf vi
t
by
vf vi
t
mvf mvi
t
but F =
m1u1 + m2u2
Page
47
48
Ans: the interlocking between ups and down of two surface need not be
ruptured in case of rolling while in case of sliding these are to be ruptured and
result to increase in friction .
3.18. What do you know about the following?
(i) Tension in a string
Ans: Tension in string is to neutralize applied force on the string this prevents
it from moving.
(iii) Limiting force of friction
Ans: The force of friction on the body at rest lying in a rough surface is called
force of static friction its value increases with the increase of applied force .The
maximum possible value of static friction if applied force made grater then it
body starts moving is called limiting force of static friction
(iv) Braking force
Ans: the bracking force is the force between brake pushing and wheel of
vehicle. It is help to stop the wheels.
(v) Skidding of vehicles
Ans: when a force of friction between tyre and road is small then applying
brakes tyre slide over the road .it is called skidding of vehicles
(vi) Seatbelts
Ans: The seat belts provide opposition against falling ahead when vehicle is
stopped suddenly
(vii) Banking of roads
Ans: the outer edge of road is made higher to provide reactional force on tyre
which prevents it from slopping. It is called banking of road.
(viii)
Cream separator
Ans: in a cream separator milk is rotated and lighter particles of cream come at
the axis of rotation and are separated from milk and collected through the
pipe.
3.19. What would happen if all friction suddenly disappears?
Ans: when the frictional force suddenly disappears the motion of the object
would never be stopped.
3.20. Why the spinner of a washing machine is made to spin at a high
speed?
Ans: at very high spinning speed the water and dirt particles are separate from
cloths to clean them inside washing machine.
Chapter No 3
Dynamics
Acceleration a= 20ms-2
Mass m=?
Formula F= ma
m=
F
a
20/2 = 10 kg
Ans
m=
W
g
F=W
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W=mg
F=mg
F= 10 x 10= 100 N Ans
a=
F
m
a=100/50 = 2ms-2
P3.5) A body has weight 20N how much force is required to move it
vertically upward with an acceleration of 20ms -2?
Solution:
Weight W = 20N
Acceleration a = 20ms-2
Force F=?
To find out force we have to first calculate the Mass of the body
To find out the mass to use W= mg
m = w/g
m= 20/10
m = 2kg
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W = -mg
51
ma m(-g )
ma + mg
m(a +g)
2 (2+10)
Force F= 24N Ans
P3.6) Two masses 52kg and 48kg are attached to the end of the string
that passes over a frictionless pulley. Find the tension in the string
and acceleration in the body? When the masses are moving vertically.
Solution:
m1 = 52kg
m2 = 58kg
T =?
a =?
First we find tension in the string
Formula:
2m 1m 2
T = ( m1+m 2 ) g
m1m 2
m1+m 2 )g
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a= (
a= 4x10/100
a= 40/100
a= 0.4ms-2 Ans
P3.7) Two masses 26kg and 24kg are attached to the end of a string
which passes over a frictionless pulley. 26kg is lying over a smooth
horigalal
m2 = 26kg
T =?
a =?
Formula:
2m 1m 2
T = ( m1+m 2 ) g
m1m 2
m1+m 2 )g
= 24x10 / 24+ 26
a = 408ms-2 Ans
P3.8) How much time is required to change 22 Ns momentum by a
force of 20 N?
Solution:
t =?
Page
Pf = 0Ns
53
=F
Pf Pi
t
F=
= 0-22/ 20
t = -1.1s
As time cannot be negative to
t = 1.1s ANS
P3.9) How much is the force of friction between a wooden block of
mass 5 kg and the horizontal marble floor? The coefficient of friction
between the wood and marble is 0.6
Solution:
Fr =?
m= 5 kg
u= 0.6
F = mg
5 x 10 = 50 N
Fr =UF
Fr = 0.6 x 50 = 30 N ANS
Formula Fr = UF