SMK JALAN PASIR PUTEH

Biology
Test 1
Nama Pelajar :

21 September 2010
Kelas :

1 Hour
Markah :

SECTION A Structured Items

Instruction: Answer all questions in this section.

1.

The figure below shows the structure of an animal cell.

(a) Name the structures P, Q, R and S.

[2 marks]
State the function of P and Q respectively.
[2 marks]
State the reason why there is a higher density of organelle P compared to the
cheek cell of a human.
[2 marks]
What is the function of the structure S?
[1 mark]
State the use of the product of synthesis inside and outside of the cell.
[2 marks]
Besides the organelle shown in the figure above, give an example of a different

organelle which can be found only in plant cells, and its function.
[2 marks]
Predict what will happen if a plant cell does not have the organelle you named in
(d) (i).
[1 mark]
2.

The figure shows 4 different types of organelles.

(a) Name the organelles P, Q, R and S.

[2 marks]
(b) What is the function of organelle P, R, S?
[3 marks]
(c) In which part of the leaf is organelle P found in abundance?
[1 mark]
(d) Which of these organelles cannot be found in an animal cell?
[1 mark]
What can be formed from structure Y on organelle S?
[1 mark]

What is the function of Y?

[2 marks]
(f) Why is organelle R present in large numbers in the sperm cells of humans and flight
muscle cells of birds?
[2 marks]
3.

The table above shows the life span of four different types of cells.
Name cell Z.
[1 mark]
State the process which produces new Z cells to replace the Z cells which are
damaged.
[1 mark]
Compared to other cells, skin cells have a short life span. Give one reason why
skin cells have a short life span.
[1 mark]

Where is cell Y produced and destroyed?

[2 marks]
Name the tissue produced from a combination of Y cells.
[1 mark]
Explain why cell Y is categorized in the tissue group above.
[1 mark]
What is cell X?
[1 mark]
Name the organelle which is found in abundance in cell X.
[1 mark]
Explain why the organelle in (c)(ii) is needed by cell X.
[1 mark]
What is the function of cell W?
[1 mark]
Predict what will happen if the span of cell W is short.
[1 mark]
4.

The figure shows cell organization in multicellular organisms that is a flowering plant and
man.

(a) Name the five levels of cell organization starting from simple to complex.
[2 marks]
(b) State the relationship between
cell and tissue.
[1 mark]
tissue and organ.
[1 mark]
(c) Name the organs labelled P, Q, R, S and T.
[2 marks]
(d) The figure below shows a cross-section of the plant across the part labelled R.

Name the tissue K, L, M and N.

[2 marks]

Name the cells that form the tissue K, L, M and N.

[2 marks]
(e) Name 4 types of tissue that form the organ T.
[2 marks]
5.

The figure below shows a Paramecium sp.

(a) A Paramecium sp is a good example of cell complexity. It is a unicellular organism.

What is meant by "unicellular organism"?
[1 mark]
(b) Name the parts labelled A, B, C, D, E and F.
[3 marks]
(c) Which part, A, B, C, D or E are involved in
feeding?
[1 mark]
locomotion?
[1 mark]
reproduction?
[1 mark]

osmotic regulation?
[1 mark]
(d) State the 2 methods of reproduction in a Paramecium sp.
[2 marks]
(e) A Paramecium sp can survive in freshwater. Explain how.
[2 marks]
SECTION B Restricted Response Items
Instruction: Answer only one question from this section.
6.

(a) Draw and label a green plant cell.

[4 marks]
(b) State the functions of 3 organelles in the cell that you have drawn.
[6 marks]
(c) The specialisation of cellular functions gives a multicellular organism a better chance
of survival.
Define cell specialisation.
[2 marks]
Discuss the advantages that multicellular organisms have over unicellular
organisms.
[8 marks]

SECTION C : Extended Response Items

Instruction: Answer only one question from in this section.
7.

(a) Explain the function of 3 basic structures common to all cell types.
[4 marks]
(b) The figure shows an organelle.

What are organelles?

[2 marks]
Identify the organelle and give reasons for your answer.
[2 marks]
List the functions of this organelle.
[2 marks]
(c) Compare and contrast the general characteristics of animal and plant cells as observed
with the light microscope.
[10 marks]
8.

The figure below shows the fluid mosaic model of a cell membrane. The cell membrane
consists of protein and lipid layers.

(a) Why is it necessary to have proteins helping in the transport of molecules in the cell
membranes?
[2 marks]
State how molecule X passes through structure A.
[2 marks]
What is the difference between the functions of structure A and B?
[2 marks]
State why structure Y is called the phospholipid bilayer.

[2 marks]
What is the main function of the phospholipid bilayer?
[2 marks]
(d) Explain the process of water absorption by the root hairs of a plant.
[2 marks]
9.

What difference do you notice in the cell in diagram R and T?

[2 marks]

Give a reason for this difference.

[2 marks]
What is the process responsible for this?
[2 marks]
(b) What causes the difference between the cells in diagrams T and U?
[2 marks]
(c) Explain the causes for the similarity of the cells in diagrams V and W.
[2 marks]
(d) From your observation in diagram V, what probable effect will there be in the plants
in a vegetable garden when too much fresh cow-dung is used as fertilizer. Explain.
[2 marks]
10.

A young spinach stem was cut into two longitudinal halves. Each was cut lengthwise again
into two. This was repeated with another piece of spinach stem. The strips were of equal
lengths and thickness. Two of these strips were placed into different sucrose solutions
labelled A, B and C. The strips were observed 15 minutes later as shown below.

(a) What difference in the length and thickness of the strips do you notice?
[2 marks]
(b) Why does the strip placed in solution A curve outwards?
[2 marks]

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(c) Why does the strip placed in solution C curve inwards?

[2 marks]
(d) Write down the three solutions in order of their concentration.
[2 marks]
(e) Which solution has an osmotic concentration close to that of the cell sap of spinach?
Give your reason.
[2 marks]
(f) If the epidermis is removed from the strip in solution A, would you expect any
curvature? Give your reason.
[2 marks]
11.

The figure above shows a hypothesis for a type of transport which happens on the plasma
membrane of a cell.
Name the type of transport in the above figure.
[1 mark]
Explain your answer in (a)(i).
[1 mark]
Name the hypothesis which is shown above.

11

[1 mark]
Give an explanation for your answer in (b)(i).
[2 marks]
(c) Give one important feature that must be possessed by the carrier to carry out its
function effectively.
[1 mark]
(d) Give two uses of ATP energy in this hypothesis.
[2 marks]
(e) Give an example of this type of transport.
[1 mark]
(f) State two differences between this type of transport and osmosis.
[3 marks]
12.

A mature protozoon, A, with a volume of 14400 m3 was observed to empty its spherical

12

contractile vacuole at regular intervals. During an experiment, the number of times the
vacuole emptied its content was recorded when placed in different concentration of sodium
chloride solutions. This same procedure was repeated for protozoon B, of the same species
with a volume of 10000cm3 . Study the graph above and answer the following questions.
(a) At what rate does the vacuole expel its contents when protozoon A and protozoon B
are placed in 0.1 % sodium chloride solution?
[1 mark]
(b) Account for the difference in the two rates.
[2 marks]
(c) Calculate the time required for protozoon A to eliminate a volume of fluid equivalent
to that of its body when placed in a 0.1% solution. Maximum volume of its vacuole is
180 m3 .

[2 marks]
(d) Why is it necessary for protozoon A to expel this volume of water per minute?
[1 mark]
(e) What are the consequences if the vacuole does not function?
[2 marks]
(f) Explain why plant cells do not possess contractile vacuoles?
[ mark]
What is the osmotic concentration of the protoplasm in the 2 protozoa?
[1 mark]
Give your reasons.
[2 marks]

13

13.

(a) The figure above shows a fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane. Explain the
functions of the structures X, Y and Z in the movement of substances across the
plasma membrane.
[4 marks]
(b) You are required to build a model which can explain the movement of substances
across the plasma membrane and explain how the model works.
[10 marks]
Beaker
Initial length (mm)
Final length (mm)

A
Distilled water
30
35

% change in length

____________

B
C
5% sucrose solution 30% sucrose solution
30
30
30
25
____________

____________

(c) A group of students carried out an experiment to study the effect of different solutions
on potato strips. The data obtained was recorded in the table above. Complete the
percentage change in length of the potato strip and explain why there is a change
between the initial and final length of the potato strips in beaker A and C. Draw the
condition of the cell C at the end of the experiment.
[6 marks]
14.

(a) All movements of substances have to pass through a plasma membrane. Explain why
the plasma membrane is known as a semi permeable membrane.
[8 marks]
(b) Describe how
carbon dioxide is released by the Amoeba sp.
[3 marks]
water is absorbed by plant roots
[3 marks]
a glucose molecule is transported across the plasma membrane into a cell.
[3 marks]
iodine is absorbed by alga which lives in the sea.

14

[3 marks]
15.

The diagram shows the structures of 3 examples of polysaccharides P, Q and R.

Label P, Q, R.
[3 marks]
What is the function of P, Q and R?
[3 marks]
State one similarity in the 3 polysaccharides.
[1 mark]
What is the main difference between starch & glycogen?
[1 mark]
(c) What is the process that breaks down the polysaccharides into smaller units?
[1 mark]
Sucrose and lactose are examples of disaccharides that can be formed from
condensation of monosaccharides. What are the monosaccharide that form
sucrose.
[1 mark]
lactose.
[1 mark]
(e) Briefly describe how to test for the presence of reducing sugar in an unknown sample
of food.

15

[1 mark]
16.

The figure shows the various structures of protein.

(a) Name the structure P, Q, R and S.

[4 marks]
(b) Explain how
a dipeptide is formed.
[1 mark]
structure S is formed from structure R.
[1 mark]
(c) Give one example of a substance for each of the protein structures of R & S.
[2 marks]
What is denaturation?
[1 mark]
What is the result of denaturation of proteins?
[1 mark]
(e) State the differences between essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids.
[2 marks]
17.

The figure bellows shows the structure of a lipid molecule.

16

(a) Name the parts X and Y.

[2 marks]
What is the chemical reaction P that takes place to form the bonds between X
and Y?
[1 mark]
What is the other product Q formed during this reaction?
[1 mark]
What is the structural difference between a phospholipid molecule and the lipid
molecule shown in the figure above?
[2 marks]
What is the function of phospholipids in cells?
[2 marks]
(d) Name two types of steroid compounds found in humans.
[2 marks]
(e) State two differences between saturated fats and unsaturated fats.
[2 marks]
18.

The figure shows part of the structure of a nucleic acid.

17

(a) Label the parts P, Q and S.

[3 marks]
(b) Draw a circle around one unit of nucleotide.
[1 mark]
(c) Name two types of nucleic acids found in living cells.
[4 marks]
(d) Start the differences between the two types of nucleic acids you have mentioned in
(c).
[4 marks]
19.

The diagram shows the rate of reactions of enzyme R and enzyme S over a range of pH
values at 35 C.

(a) What is the range of pH values for enzyme R and enzyme S to be most active?
[2 marks]

18

What is the optimum pH value for

enzyme R?
[1 mark]
enzyme S?
[1 mark]
Give one example for
enzyme R?
[1 mark]
enzyme S?
[1 mark]
Some enzymes are more tolerant to pH differences.
Which enzyme is more tolerant to changes in pH?
[1 mark]
Give your reason.
[2 marks]
(e) What is the pH value where the activity for enzyme R and enzyme S is the same?
[1 mark]
(f) Explain why pH value affects the rate of reaction.
[2 marks]
20.

The figure shows the organelles involved in the production of extracellular enzymes.

19

Using a name example, explain the term extracellular enzyme.

[2 marks]
Based on the organelles shown, explain how extracellular enzymes are
produced.
[8 marks]
(b) The figure shows the action of an enzyme and its substrate.

Explain the mechanism of enzyme action.

[10 marks]
21.

The figure below summarises the stages of the cell cycle.

(a) Shade the part of the diagram to show the stage where the chromosomes become
shorter and thicker.
[1 mark]
Describe what happens during the G1 phase.
[2 marks]
In the cell's preparation for mitosis, what happens at the G 2 phase?
[2 marks]

20

What are the phases in interphase of mitosis?

[1 mark]
Interphase is not a 'resting' phase. Describe the statement.
[2 marks]
What is cytokinesis?
[2 marks]
Differentiate between cytokinesis in plant and animal cells.
[2 marks]
22.

The two diagrams are drawn from photomicrographs of the stages in mitosis in the root tip
of a dicotyledonous plant. Study the diagram carefully; then answer the question below.
What stage of mitosis is shown in
A?
[1 mark]
B?
[1 mark]
What is the diploid number of this dicotyledonous plant?

21

[1 mark]
Explain how you arrive at the answer.
[2 marks]
(c) How are the chromosomes arranged before they separate to move to the 2 poles or
ends?
[2 marks]
What is the structure marked C in figure B?
[1 mark]
What is its important in the process of cell division?
[2 marks]
(e) Name 4 parts of the plant, other than the root tip where cells undergoing mitosis could
be found.
[2 marks]
23.

Mitosis is a phenomenon in the cell cycle which happens gradually and continuously. The
figure below shows four stages of cell division of mitosis in an animal cell but is not
arranged in the right sequence.

(a) Based on the figure above, arrange the four stages of mitosis in the right order.

22

[1 mark]
Name the mitotic stage represented by Q and R.
[2 marks]
Explain the behaviour of the chromosomes in stages R and S.
[2 marks]
If the parent cell in the figure above divides by mitosis three times, state the
Number of daughter cells produced.
[1 mark]
Number of chromosomes in the daughter cells.
[1 mark]
(d) State two reasons why the figure shows mitosis in an animal cell but not in a plant
cell.
[2 marks]
(e) Suggest a technique that can produce a plant with good characteristics in a short
period of time. Briefly explain the technique which you have mentioned.
[3 marks]
24.

The figure shows two cells taken from different parts of the flowering plant.

23

Cell A is taken from the anther while cell B is taken from the root tip.
Name the process that occurs in
cell A.
[1 mark]
cell B.
[1 mark]
Name another part of the plant that has cells that are undergoing the same process as
cell A.
[1 mark]
cell B.
[1 mark]
Name the structures labeled K.
[1 mark]
What is happening to the structures K during this stage of development as
shown in the figure?
[1 mark]
What is the difference between the structures K in cell A and cell B?
[2 marks]
What is the final product of the process named in (a) for
cell A?
[2 marks]
cell B?
[2 marks]

24

25.

The drawing above is a stage in the cell division of a cell taken from a mammal.
What type of cell division is shown above?
[2 marks]
Give your reasons.
[4 marks]
(b) Name the part of the animal's body from which this cell is taken.
[2 marks]
(c) What significance does this type of cell division has on the life cycle of the animal?
[2 marks]
How many chromosomes would you expect to find in the animal's
kidney cells?
[1 mark]
spermatozoa?
[1 mark]
26.

An experiment was done to study the effects of temperature on the activity of enzymes.
The result obtained was shown in the graph below.

25

(a) Describe and explain the graph given above.

[8 marks]
(b) Discuss the uses of enzymes in the household & industries.
Why are enzyme used in these industries.
[12 marks]
27.

Dividing cells undergo a regular pattern of events known as the cell cycle. The cell cycle
consists of two main phases: interphase and M phase.(mitosis and cytogenesis).
Interphase consists of several subphases by which a cell prepares itself for the M phase.
(a) Explain how a cell prepares itself during interphase.
[4 marks]
(b) Using diagrams describe the subphases of mitosis in a diploid cell that has 2
chromosomes.
[12 marks]
(c) State 2 differences between mitosis & meiosis.
[4 marks]

28.

Two types of cell division are carried out by organisms which are mitosis and meiosis.
Uncontrolled mitosis in living things can results in the growth of tumour that
leads to cancer. Explain the importance of controlled mitosis.
[4 marks]
Describe the events that take place during prophase I which bring out genetic
variation in an organism.
[6 marks]
(b) Explain how a farmer can produce an orchid hybrid that flowers within a short time
for commercial production.
[10 marks]

29.

During an experiment to find out the amount of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) the acid is
carefully added until Dichlorophenol - indophenol (DCPIP) is decolourised. An inaccuracy
would result if the mixture is shaken.

26

(a) What is the substance causing the inaccuracy?

[2 marks]
(b) How will shaking affect the quantity of acid required to decolourise a given volume of
DC PIP?
[2 marks]
(c) What happens to the amount of ascorbic acid if the lime juice is allowed to stand
exposed to the air for several days?
[3 marks]
(d) In an experiment to determine the concentration of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in lime
juice, a 0.1 % standard solution of ascorbic acid was used. It was found that 0.5 cm 3
of the lime juice was needed to decolourise 2 cm 3 of Dichlorophenol indophenol
(DCPIP) solution. Assuming that 0.2 cm3 of 0.1 % standard solution of ascorbic acid
is necessary to decolourise 2 cm3 of the same DC PIP solution, calculate the
concentration of ascorbic acid in the lime juice in milligrammes per 100 cm3.
[5 marks]
The figure below shows the human digestive system.

27

Choose the letter that labels the part where each of the hydrolysis reaction takes
place.
starch maltose

[1 mark]

protein peptides

[1 mark]
(b) Name two processes that occur in T. For each process, explain how structure T is
adapted to carry out its function.
[4 marks]
Structure T has numerous projections. Draw and label a longitudinal section of
one of these projections.

28

[2 marks]
State two adaptive features of the structure you have drawn that will help the
process in (c)(i) to function efficiently.
[2 marks]
(d) State the function of the circulatory system and lymphatic system in this structure.
[2 marks]
31.

The figure below shows the stomach of a man and a cow.

(a) Give two characteristics to differentiate the stomach of the man from the cow.
[2 marks]
Name the compartments of the cow's stomach in sequence starting from the
oesophagus.
[2 marks]
What is the ruminant's true stomach? Give a reason for your answer.
[2 marks]
(c) What happens in the largest compartment of the cow's stomach?

29

[3 marks]
(d) Describe what happens in the stomach of the man.
[3 marks]
32.

The figure below shows the cross-section of a dicotyledonous leaf.

Using the letter P, label the structure which is responsible for trapping sunlight.
[1 mark]
Give a reason why the structure you labelled in (a)(i) is found in abundance on
the leaf's surface.
[1 mark]

30

The figure below shows the process which occurs in structure P.

Name process K.
[1 mark]
Explain the part played by sunlight in process K.
[2 marks]
Name the gas Y which is produced.
[1 mark]
Explain how you can carry out a test to confirm the gas that you have mentioned
in (c)(i).
[2 marks]
(d) Explain how process L can produce the substance Z.
[2 marks]
(e) If the palisade mesophyll layer consists of 3 layers, what will happen to the rate of
photosynthesis of the plant?
[2 marks]
33.

During an experiment to study the process of photosynthesis, an aquatic plant was kept
initially in darkness for 2 days. Then light was provided for different lengths of time in the
absence of carbon dioxide and the rate of carbon dioxide fixation in darkness was
measured. This was similarly repeated for varying lengths of time in darkness. The data
collected were plotted in the graph below.

31

(a) What process does fixation of carbon dioxide represent?

[2 marks]
(b) What is the effect on the rate of carbon dioxide fixation when the plant is exposed to
light for a longer length of time?
[2 marks]
(c) What deduction can you make from the graph concerning the plant's ability to fix
carbon dioxide in darkness?
[2 marks]
Name the organelle which plays an important role during the light period so that
the plant is able to fix carbon dioxide in darkness.
[1 mark]
(e) If the aquatic plant used is completely chlorotic, what type of curve would you expect
to obtain? Give your reason.
[2 marks]
(f) Why is the graph from D to E horizontal?

32

[2 marks]
(g) How is carbon dioxide supplied to the aquatic plant during the experiment?
[1 mark]
Explain how a large surface area to volume ratio is achieved in
the leaves of a flowering plant.
[3 marks]
the roots of a flowering plant.
[3 marks]
What is the significance of this high ratio in
photosynthesis?
[3 marks]
transpiration?
[3 marks]
the uptake of water and mineral salts?
[3 marks]
(c) What are the advantages and disadvantages of a small area in the aerial parts of a
cactus?
[5 marks]
35.

(a) The picture shows the types of food that contain different types of vitamins that is
important to the body.

33

Based on the picture above and together with your biological knowledge form a
complete table to discuss the following:
- Vitamin & its source
- Function of the vitamin.
- Effect of the deficiency of vitamin.
[10 marks]
(b) The table shows an analysis of the percentage nutrient content of a balanced diet that
should be taken by a person daily.
Nutrient
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Protein
Vitamin & mineral salts

Percentage intake
60
30
10
Small quantity

The table shows the daily eating habits of Siti and Devi.

Siti
Eats regularly at a fixed time.
Drinks at least 7 glasses of water
daily.

34

Devi
Eats irregularly as and when she
remembers or when she is free.
Drinks very little water.

Chooses food that contains

carbohydrates
lipids, proteins,
vitamins and mineral salts based on
the standard of a balanced diet.

Likes to eat fast food and junk food that

does not contain the right amount of
carbohydrates lipids, proteins, vitamins and
mineral salts, does not follow the standard
of a balanced diet.

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the eating habits of Devi compared to
Siti over a period of time.
[10 marks]
36.

The figure above shows the respiratory surfaces in four different organisms.
(a) Name the respiratory surfaces in
plants
[1 mark]
fishes
[1 mark]
frogs
[1 mark]
mammals
[1 mark]
(b) Name three characteristics of the respiratory surfaces which are shown by the four

35

organisms above.
[3 marks]
(c) Name an extra characteristic which exists in the respiratory surfaces of mammals,
fishes and frogs.
[1 mark]
(d) How does the thin and flat surface of a leaf ease the exchange of gases?
[2 marks]
(e) Why would a fish die due to a lack of oxygen when it is taken out of the water?
[2 marks]
37.

The figure shows the arrangement of some organs in the thoracic region of the human
body.

Name the part labelled P and state its function.

[2 marks]
Name the hard tissue found in the trachea and state its function.
[2 marks]
Name the part labelled and state its function.

36

[2 marks]
Name the process by which the exchange of gases occurs in the alveoli.
[1 mark]
State two characteristics of the alveoli which enable the exchange of gases to
occur.
[2 marks]
(c) State two ways in which smoking can decrease the efficiency of the human
respiratory system.
[2 marks]
(d) Which part of the human brain controls the rate of breathing?
[1 mark]
38.

Cell respiration occurs in both plants and animals. This process can generally be
represented by the following equation.
C6 H12O6 6O2 6CO2 + 6H 2O + Energy
Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

(a) The above equation shows that oxygen is used for cell respiration. So, when an animal
is actively running, its rate of inhalation and exhalation increases. Explain why does
the rate of heartbeat also increases.
[1 mark]
Where is the energy temporarily stored during tissue respiration before it is used
by muscles?
[1 mark]
Besides energy, what are the end products of anaerobic respiration in
- plants?

- animals?

37

[2 marks]
(c) Why does an animal continue to have a high rate of respiration even at the end of a
strenuous exercise?
[3 marks]
(d) List down 3 features of the alveoli which ensure efficient gaseous exchange.
[3 marks]
(e) The trachea and bronchii in mammals have rings of cartilage in their walls. Why are
these cartilage rings necessary?
[2 marks]
39.

The apparatus in the figure above was used to show the effect of a water-weed on
Bicarbonate Indicator solution under different light intensities. The results obtained are
shown in the table below.
Tube
A
B
C
D

Colour of the Bicarbonate Indicator at

the beginning of the experiment.
Red
Red
Red
Red

Colour of the Bicarbonate Indicator

after 5 hours.
Yellow
Pink
Purple
Red

Study the apparatus and results carefully, then answer the following questions.
(a) Why was aluminium foil wrapped around Tube A?
[1 mark]

38

(b) Why was bandage gauge wrapped around Tube B?

[1 mark]
(c) Give one reason for surrounding the tubes in water.
[1 mark]
(d) What was the purpose of Tube D in the experiment?
[1 mark]
Which tube shows the most acidic condition at the end of the experiment?
[1 mark]
Name the biological process in the plant that brought about this acidic condition.
[1 mark]
Which tube contained the least amount of carbon dioxide in the solution at the
end of 5 hours?
[1 mark]
What had happened to the carbon dioxide in this tube?
[2 marks]
If all other conditions were the same except that a lamp of 200 watts was used
instead of 100 watts, at the end of the experiment, would the Bicarbonate
Indicator in Tube B give a different colour from that recorded in the table
above?
[1 mark]
Explain your answer in (g)(i).
[2 marks]

39

40.

The following results were obtained during the analysis of a mixture of gases using the Jtube. The gases were collected from the apparatus shown above.
Original length of gas column -------------------------------------------------------------Length after complete treatment with KOH solution -----------------------------------Length after subsequent complete treatment with potassium pyrogallate solution --

10
cm
10
cm
5.5
cm

What is the percentage proportion of the following gases?

Carbon dioxide
[1 mark]
Oxygen
[1 mark]
Nitrogen and other gases.
[1 mark]
(b) List down three precautions you would take to ensure the accuracy of the readings?
[3 marks]
(c) What is the effect on the composition of gases if the distance of the light source from
the plant is increased? Give reasons for your answer.
[3 marks]
(d) How will the results be affected if a 100 watts lamp is placed close to the beaker for

40

too long?
[2 marks]
(e) Why is pond water used?
[1 mark]
41.

The figure below shows the respiratory organ of an animal and human being.

Based on the figure above, explain how the structure M and N can increase the
efficiency of gaseous exchange in each of the organisms above.
[4 marks]
Explain the difference by which oxygen is transported in each of the organisms
above.
[6 marks]
(b) Human beings and cockroaches have different body sizes. Explain how the respiratory
system of the cockroach and human beings adapts to the difference in their body
sizes.
[6 marks]
(c) The amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere is always stable due to
the mutual dependence between photosynthesis and respiration. Explain why.
[4 marks]
42.

(a) Explain the process of gaseous exchange between the alveoli and the blood capillaries
which cover the alveoli.
[6 marks]
(b) An athlete feels tired and suffers from muscle fatigue after doing vigorous exercise.
Explain this condition and how it can be reverted.
[6 marks]
(c) State the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

41

[8 marks]
43.

The diagram shows a sea anemone attached to the shell of a hermit crab.

(a) What is the relationship between these two organisms?

[1 mark]
Which organism benefits from this relationship?
[2 marks]
State the benefits gained by each organism from this relationship.
[2 marks]
(c) If the sea anemone does not attach itself to the hermit crab, what would happen and
why?
[2 marks]
(d) Give another example of this type of relationship.
[1 mark]
(e) The diagram shows another type of relationship.

42

What type of relationship is this?

[1 mark]
What is the role of organism Y in this relationship?
[1 mark]
One of the problems faced by organism Y is the difficulty in obtaining water.
How does organism Y overcome this problem?
[2 marks]
44.

In an ecology project to determine the size of the population of a lime butterfly in an area
using the marking-and-recapture method, the following data were recorded.
Number of butterflies captured alive, marked and released = 125
Number of butterflies captured on the next day = 79
Number of marked butterflies recaptured = 25
(a) Calculate the total lime butterfly population in the area.
[1 mark]
(b) List down five factors which would affect the accuracy of this method of population
estimation.
[3 marks]
(c) If a continuous series of such capture and release operations are performed on the
lime butterfly, what further information could be obtained from the data collected?
[2 marks]

43

How would you mark the following animals when using this method of population
estimation?
Grasshopper
[1 mark]
Sparrow
[1 mark]
Fish
[1 mark]
(e) What method would you use in the capture of butterflies for marking?
[1 mark]
(f) What type of animal population would you consider this method of population
estimation suitable for?
[2 marks]
45.

44

The diagram above shows various stages of colonisation. The transact is that for a
mangrove forest. The forest is at the mouth of a river.
(a) Name the primary or pioneer colonisers.
[1 mark]
(b) What type of environmental conditions are faced by these primary colonisers?
[2 marks]
(c) How does the primary coloniser hold itself firmly on the soft silt and clay?
[1 mark]
(d) What type of soil condition is present in the zone just behind the intertidal zone?
[1 mark]
(e) What adaptations do these colonisers have to aerate their roots during high tide?
[1 mark]
(f) Name the
Secondary coloniser.
[1 mark]
tertiary coloniser.
[1 mark]
What type of support does Bruguiera have?
[1 mark]
Why is this type of root system absent in primary colonisers?
[1 mark]
(h) List down six xerophytic features of these plants.

45

[2 marks]
46.

The figure above shows the stages in the nitrogen cycle where microorganisms are
involved.
(a) There are two groups of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Name the two groups and state
briefly their way of life.
[4 marks]
(b) What is the meaning of nitrogen fixation?
[2 marks]
(c) What other natural process combines nitrogen from the atmosphere?
[2 marks]
What is compound X?
[1 mark]
Which part of the plant absorbs the nitrogen from the soil?
[1 mark]
(e) When the plants and animals die, the proteins are changed to ammonium compounds
by Y. Name two examples of organism Y.
[2 marks]

46

47.

The results of a field study to determine the effect of an insecticide on a parasite of oil
palm, is shown in the graph. With the information given and your own biological
knowledge, answer the questions below.
(a) What is the average population of the pest before the insecticide is applied to the oil
palm?
[1 mark]
(b) How effective is the insecticide when it is first used on the pest?
[1 mark]
(c) What is most probable reason why the spraying of insecticide is discontinued?
[1 mark]
(d) What is the average population of the pest at the beginning of the fourth year?
[1 mark]
(e) Calculate the difference in the average pest population before and after the spraying
of the insecticide.
[1 mark]
(f) How would you account for the difference in (e).

47

[3 marks]
Biological control of pest has always been encouraged and applied in agriculture.
(g) List down 2 examples of biological control of pests which you have come across.
[2 marks]
(h) What advantage does biological control have over the uses of insecticide.
[2 marks]
48.

(a) Explain how the biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem influence the lives of
living organisms.
[10 marks]
(b) Explain the roles of microorganisms in the ecosystem.
[10 marks]

49.

(a) A person cast adrift in the open sea should not drink the sea water to quench his thirst.
What are the effects of drinking sea water on his body fluids and cells? How would
his kidneys attempt to deal with the problem?
[10 marks]
(b) Describe the various adaptations that enable the mangrove trees to grow on inter-tidal
mud-flats.
[10 marks]

50.

The figure above shows two sets of apparatus to study the effects of water pollution on
aquatic plants. Set A is filled with distilled water while set B is filled with a soapy solution.
Both A and B are put under the sunlight.
(a) Why are A and B put under the sunlight?
[2 marks]

48

(b) In the above experiment, both stalks of Elodea must have the same number of leaves.
Explain.
[2 marks]
(c) What part does the soapy solution play in this experiment?
[1 mark]
Which of the above two sets is predicted to accumulate more gas at the end of
the experiment?
[1 mark]
Name the gas that is released.
[1 mark]
State two methods to test the released gas.
[2 marks]
(e) What is the determining factor for the amount of gas released?
[1 mark]
(f) Give the relationship between the amount of gas released and the quality of the water.
[2 marks]
51.

49

In an experiment to study the effect of waste disposal on aquatic organisms in a pond, the
results obtained were plotted on a graph as shown in the diagram above.
What is the process at P?
[1 mark]
During this process, why is the algae population growing very fast?
[2 marks]
(b) What are the effects of the increased growth of algae that covers the surface of the
pond?
[3 marks]
(c) Why does the aquatic animal population decrease when the population of algae
increases?
[2 marks]
Two water samples were taken from area P and QR respectively. The two samples were
tested with methylene blue. The water sample in P decolourised faster than in QR.
What is the objective of this experiment?
[1 mark]
What is the conclusion of water sample P?
[2 marks]
Besides algae, what other organisms can be found in water sample P?
[1 mark]

50

52.

A project was done to study the effect of acid rain in a certain region. Formation of acid
rain by polluted air is shown in the above diagram.
(a) Name two different sources for nitrogen oxide and sulphur oxide in the atmosphere.
[2 marks]
(b) What are the effects of acid rain on
fish
[2 marks]
plants
[2 marks]
buildings
[2 marks]
Besides the gases shown in the figure above, name a solid pollutant that is
common in the air.
[1 marks]
How are they formed?
[1 mark]
What is its effect on
(a) humans?

51

(b) plants?
[2 marks]
53.

The figure shows a phenomenon caused by changes in layer Q.

Name gas Q.
[1 mark]
Describe two human activities that can cause an increase in layer Q.
[2 marks]
Name the phenomenon shown in the figure.
[1 mark]
Explain how the change in thickness of gas Q can cause the phenomenon in (b)
(i).
[2 marks]
State two problems caused by the phenomenon described.
[2 marks]
State two ways to reduce the problem caused by the change in thickness of gas
Q.
[2 marks]
(d) Name two other gases that can contribute to the same phenomenon as gas Q.

52

[2 marks]
54.

The figure shows the position of a layer Y in the Stratosphere which is about 20 to 50 km
from the Earth's surface.

Name the gas found in abundance in layer Y.

[1 mark]
How is the gas formed?
[2 marks]
What is the function of this gas layer?
[1 mark]
Name two substances responsible for the thinning of this layer and their source.
[2 marks]
Describe the thinning of this layer on human health.
[2 marks]
(c) How does this substance mentioned in (b)(i) destroy this layer?
[2 marks]
(d) State two methods that can be used to overcome the problems caused by the thinning
of this layer.

53

[2 marks]
55.

(a) What is pollution?

[3 marks]
(b) Describe air pollution by naming 3 pollutants, their sources and the effects on our
health as well as the quality of the environment.
[10 marks]
(a) Describe how modern technology can help humans to overcome the problem of
pollution.
[7 marks]

56.

The picture shows several sources of pollution in this region.

(a) Based on the activities carried out at places P, Q, R, S and T, describe how pollution
occurs in this region.
[10 marks]
(b) Describe the steps that should be taken to preserve the quality of the environment in
this region through the implementation of laws.
[10 marks]

54

1) (a)

P = Mitochondrion
Q = Cytoplasm
R = Nucleus
S = Ribosome
(b) (i) Function P : to provide energy to the cell or as a site of generating energy for the cell.
Function Q : as a medium for biochemical reactions in the cell.
(ii) The cheek cells of a human being are less active, therefore less energy is needed. However, the
muscle cells are very active, thus more energy is needed.
(c) (i) S functions as a site of protein synthesis.
(ii) The product of synthesis of structure S (that is protein) is secreted out of the cell to produce
enzymes and hormones whereas the product of synthesis (protein) which occurs in the cytoplasmic
matrix is used by the cell for the growth of the cell itself/as a catalyst for the reactions in the cell.
(d) (i) Chloroplast. Its function is to absorb sunlight to carry out photosynthesis.
Cell wall. Its function is to provide support to the plant cells / to give the plant cell a fixed shape / to
prevent the plant cell from bursting due to excessive intake of water.
(ii) Without chloroplast, photosynthesis cannot be carried out. Without the cell wall, the plant cell
cannot become turgid / the plant cell might bursts due to excessive intake of water.
2) (a)

P : chloroplast
Q : endoplasmic reticulum
R : chloroplast
S : Golgi apparatus
(b) R : the organelle that captures light energy to make food
P : the site where cellular respiration occurs and energy is generated.
S : the organelle that functions as the processing packaging and transporting centre of
carbohydrates, proteins, phospholipids and glycoproteins
(c) Palisade mesophyll
(d) Organelle P
(e) (i) Structure Y can become secretory vesicles
(ii) These vesicles contain proteins which will bud off from the golgi membrane and travel to the
plasma membrane to be secreted
(f) The sperm cells and flight muscles of birds are very active. Therefore they require a lot of energy
which can be obtained from organelle R which is present in large numbers.
3) (a)

(i) Epithelial cell

(ii) Mitosis
(iii) Because it is located on the outside body where it is exposed to injury or to external effects
(b) (i) Produced in the bone marrow. Destroyed in the liver.
(ii) Connective tissue
(iii) Because it exists in the intercellular matrix which is important for the transport of oxygen and
carbon dioxide.
(c) (i) Muscle cells
(ii) Mitochondrion
(iii) Muscles require a lot of energy for the contraction and expansion of muscles to aid in
movement.
(d) (i) Carries impulse from the receptor to the central nervous system and back to the effector.

55

(ii) Human beings will lose their body coordination and will not be able to respond to external
stimulus.
4) (a) cell tissue organ system organism

(b) (i) A tissue is a group of cells that has the same structure and performs the same function.
(ii) A group of different types of tissues that are combined together to perform a specific function is
an organ.
(c) P - flower, Q - leaf, R - stem, S - root, T - heart
(d) (i) K - epidermal tissue, L - ground tissue, M - meristematic tissue, N - vascular tissue
(ii) K - epidermal cell, L - parenchyma cell, M - cambium cell, N - xylem vessel
(e) epithelial tissue, muscle tissue(cardiac), connective tissue, nervous tissue
(a) "Unicellular" or "Single-celled" means that a Paramecium sp has only one cell for its entire
body. It contains everything needed for survival.
(b) A - macronucleus
B - food vacuole
C - cilia
D - micronucleus
E - gullet (oral groove)
F - contractile vacuole
(c) feeding : E
locomotion : C
reproduction : D
osmotic regulation : F
(d) Simple division and conjugation
(e) They exist in an environment in which the osmotic concentration in their external environment
is much lower than that in their cytoplasm. As a result, Paramecium sp. is subjected to a continuous
influx of water, as water diffuses inward to a region of higher osmotic concentration. To maintain
homeostasis, water must be continually pumped out of the cell at the same rate at which it moves in.
Contractile vacuoles carry out this process.
5)

6) (a)

(b) Nucleus - controls cell activities and contains genetic material.

Mitochondria - site for generating energy through cellular respiration.
Chloroplast - site for photosynthesis
Golgi apparatus - complete the synthesis of proteins, glycoproteins and hormons.
(c) (i) Specialisation of cells means cells are differentiated in structure or form and equipped with
sufficient supportive organelle in order to perform a specific function.

56

(ii) Compared to the unicellular organisms, multicellular organisms

grow very large, so as to make it easier to control loss of heat
can adapt and live in a wide variety of environments.
obtain their energy from a wide variety of foods
have complex bodies (like having legs, wings, eyes, sensory cells, buds, etc) that help in
survival.
7) (a)

- All cells contain a plasma membrane. The plasma membrane surrounds the cell and acts as a
barrier between the inside and outside of the cell. It also helps to regulate its internal composition
- Cells contain cytoplasm, where biochemical reaction takes place and where most organelles are
located
- Every cell has a nucleus. The nucleus contains the cell's genetic information and ultimately
controls all cellular activities.
(b) (i)
Organelles are tiny structures within a cell
They are structures bounded by a membrane
Each organelle performs a specialised function
(ii) The organelle is the Golgi apparatus. It consists of a stack of flattened membranous sacs lined
with smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
(iii)
The Golgi apparatus is responsible for the production of glycoproteins
It is also responsible in the production of secretory enzymes
The Golgi apparatus also functions to transport and store lipids.
It is also responsible for the formation of lysosomes
(c) Animal and plant cells are similar in the sense that they both have plasma membranes,
cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and nuclei bounded
by nuclear membranes.
Animal cell
Plant cell
Does not have a cell wall
Cellulose cell wall present
Cytoplasma present throughtout the cell Cytoplasm normally confined to a thin
layer at the edge of the cell
Vacuoles, if present are small and
Has one or a few large vacuoles filled
scattered throughout the cell
with cell sap
Its nucleus can be anywhere inside the Its nucleus is normally at the edge of the
cell, but it is often in the middle of the
cell
cell
Centrioles absent
Centrioles present
Contains chroloplasts
Does not contain chloroplasts

(a) The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer which is semi-permeable. It allows
only hydrophobic molecules and small uncharged molecules to pass through it. As a result, external
structures such as proteins are required to transfer essential large, polar molecules across the cell
membrane.
(b) (i) Molecules X pass through structure A by facilitated diffusion.
8)

57

(ii) A channel protein (A) does not require the binding of a molecule and conformational change to
open. Channel protein allows molecules to steadily diffuse across the membrane through diffusion.
However a (B) carrier protein allows specific molecules to cross the cell membrane by undergoing a
conformational change upon the binding of the molecule. The conformational change opens a hole
through which the molecule can enter or leave a cell.
(c) (i) Because it is composed of two layers of lipid with phosphate heads, it is called phospholipid
bilayer.
(ii) The phospholipid bilayer acts as a barrier between the internal and external environment of the
cell. It is impermeable and does not allow most molecules to freely pass through, in or out of the
cell.
(d) The root hairs of a plant contain cell sap which usually has a lower osmotic pressure compared
to soil water. As a result, water from the soil will move into the vacoule of the root hair by osmosis.
9) (a)

(i) The protoplasm in T had shrunk in volume when compared to the normal state in R.
(ii) Water molecules diffuse out of the cells by osmosis.
(iii) Plasmolysis
(b) Water molecules diffuse into the cells and cause the protoplasm to swell from T to U.
(c) The cells in V and W are in a plasmolysed state, that is the protoplasm had been completely
separated from the cell wall.
(d) In a plasmolysed cell the space between the cell wall and the protoplasm is filled by the outer
solution. The probable effect is wilting followed by death of the plant due to desiccation.
10) (a)

Strip in A is longer and thicker than that in C.

(b) Parenchyma cells become turgid because endosmosis exceeds exosmosis; the cell sap is more
concentrated than solution A; epidermis cells have a layer of cuticle on the outside and restricts
endosmosis: cuticle is inelastic.
(c) Solution C is more concentrated than cell sap; the rate of exosmosis exceeds endosmosis in the
parenchyma cells and become flaccid; the cuticle restricts exosmosis in epidermal cells
(d) Solution C > B > A
(e) Solution B; the strips in B remain straight; the parenchyma cells have not increased turgidity or
flaccidity; rate of exosmosis equal endosmosis.
(f) No; all parenchyma cells become equally turgid and the length increases equally slightly on all
sides.
11) (a)

(i) Active transport

(ii) Active transport is dynamic and requires energy for the transfer of molecules or ions from an
area of low concentration to an area of high concentration via the living cell membrane.
(b) (i) Carrier hypothesis
(ii) This hypothesis suggests that one type of protein molecule which exists in the plasma
membrane acts as a carrier which brings the molecules or ions through the cell membrane.
(c) The carrier agent must be able to form complex molecular carriers and also be able to return to
its original state.
(d) - To combine the carrier with the molecules or ions.
- To carry the complex molecular carriers through the plasma membrane.
(e) The transfer of ions into the roots of a plant.
(f) Active transport requires energy and can only occur in a living membrane. Osmosis does not
require energy and can occur through a semi-permeable membrane.

58

12) (a) A -

4 times per min

B - 6 times per min
(b) Protozoon A is larger than B; protozoon A has a small

total surface area

ratio and therefore less
volume

surface area/unit volume is in contact with outside solution; rate of endosmosis is less for A, so
vacuole expels excess water at slower rate than B.
(c) Volume expelled per minute = 4 times 180m3 = 720m3 / min
Time taken to expel its own volume =

14400
min =20 minutes
720

(d) To remove excess water in order to osmoregulate.

(e) Osmotic concentration in cytoplasma decreases; water accumulate; volume increases;
haemolysis and death of protozoon.
(f) Amount of water entering the cell is limited due to the presence of cellulose cell wall.
(g) (i) 0.4%
(ii) At 0.4% concentration, the contractile vacuole has just stopped expelling any more water
indicating that the protoplasm is isotonic to the outside medium.
(a) Structure X allows hydrophobic molecules which can dissolve in lipids such as fatty acids,
glycerol, steroid hormones, vitamins A, D, E and K to move in and out of the cell.
Structure Y allows bigger molecules which do not dissolve in lipids like glucose and amino acids to
move in and out of the cell.
Structure Z allows small charged molecules like sodium ions and potassium ions to move in and out
of the cell.
(b) An example of the model.
13)

The visking tubing represents the plasma membrane and the sucrose solution represents the
substances in the cytoplasm of the cell. The distilled water represents the environment of the outer
cell.
When the visking tubing is placed in the distilled water, the initial level of the solution in the
capillary tube is marked and it is noticed that the final level of the solution in the capillary tube
increases.
This shows that there is movement of substances into the visking tubing. This condition shows that
the transport of substances across the plasma membrane has occurred.
(c)
Beaker
A
B
C
Distilled water
5% sucrose solution
30% sucrose solution
Initial length (mm)
30
30
30
Final length (mm)
35
30
25
0

100

5
% change in length
100
30
16.67

100
30
16.67

In beaker A,
The cell sap of the potato is hypertonic compared to distilled water. Water is absorbed into the cell
by osmosis causing the length of the potato strip to increase and making it turgid.

59

In beaker C
The cell sap of the potato is hypotonic compared to the 30% sucrose solution. Water goes out of the
cell by osmosis causing the length of the potato to decrease and making it flaccid.
The condition of potato cell in beaker C.

(a) - The plasma membrane is known as a semi permeable membrane because it only allows the
passage of certain molecules and limits the passage of other molecules.
- The plasma membrane displays this characteristic because of its structure.
- It consists of two layers of phospholipids with protein molecules scattered in them
- Molecules that can pass through the plasma membrane easily are those that can dissolve in lipid
and small uncharged molecules.
- Molecules which cannot move through the plasma membrane but require help include large
molecules that do not dissolve in lipid and small charged molecules.
(b) (i) The concentration of carbon dioxide in the Amoeba sp. is higher than the concentration of
carbon dioxide in water. The difference in concentration gradient causes carbon dioxide to diffuse
out of the cell through the thin plasma membrane of the Amoeba sp. The diffusion process does not
require metabolic energy.
(ii) Soil water is hypotonic when compared to the concentration of cell sap of the root cells. Water
diffuses into the root cells by osmosis. Metabolic energy is not required in osmosis.
(iii) Glucose molecules move in the direction of the active site of the protein carrier. A glucose
molecule attaches itself to the active site of the protein carrier. The carrier protein changes shape to
enable the glucose molecule to be transported across the plasma membrane. The carrier protein then
returns to its original shape and prepares to transport other molecules across.
(iv) The concentration of iodine in the cells of the alga is higher than that in sea water. The
difference in the concentration gradient forces iodine to be transported against its concentration
gradient through active transport. Metabolic energy is required in active transport.
14)

15) (a)

(i) P : Starch
Q : Glycogen
R : Cellulose
(ii) P is the major storage of carbohydrate in plants.
Q is the major storage of carbohydrate in animals.
R is the main component of plant cell walls.
(b)
(i) The 3 polysaccharides are formed from hundreds of monosaccharides.
(ii) Starch is the main storage of carbohydrate in plants while glycogen is the main storage of
carbohydrate in animals.
(c) Hydrolysis
(d)
(i) Glucose & fructose.
(ii) Glucose & galactose.
(e) Test for reducing sugar.

60

Put 1 ml of the unknown food sample to 1 ml of Benedicts solution in a test tube. Heat it in a water
bath. A brick red precipitate shows the presence of reducing sugar.
16) (a)

P : Primary
Q : Secondary
R : Tertiary
S : Quaternary
(b)
(i) When two amino acids combine, a condensation reaction takes place producing a dipeptide with
the formation of a peptide bond joining them and water is given out.
(ii) Two more structure R combine together to form one large and complex protein molecule that is
structure S.
(c) R : Enzymes, hormones or antibodies.
S : Haemoglobin.
(d)
(i) Denaturation is a process to break down a peptide bond causing the protein structure to change.
This is caused by heat, pH, ultraviolet rays.
(ii) The protein becomes inactive and cannot function.
(e) Essential amino acids are amino acids that are required by the body but cannot be synthesized by
the body. They can only be obtained from the diet. Non essential amino acids are amino acids that
can be synthesized by the body.
17) (a)

X : glycerol. Y : fatty acids

(b)
(i) Condensation.
(ii) Water.
(c)
(i) A phospholipids molecule has two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a molecule of
glycerol while the lipid molecule has three fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol.
(ii) Phospholipid bilayers form the basis of all cell membranes.
(d) Cholesterol, testosterone.
(e) Saturated fats are mostly solids at room temperature while unsaturated fats are mostly liquids at
room temperature.
- Saturated fats have a higher melting point while unsaturated fats have a lower melting point.
18) (a)

P : Phosphate group.
Q : Pentose sugar.
S : Nitrogenous base.
(b)

61

(c) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

Ribonucleic acid (RNA).
(d) DNA contains genetic information about an organism while RNA copies the information carried
by DNA for use in protein synthesis. DNA is found in the nucleus, chloroplast and mitochondrion
while RNA is found in the cytoplasm, ribosomes and the nucleus
19) (a)

Enzymes R: pH1 pH 7
Enzymes S: pH 4 pH 8
(b)
(i) Optimum pH for enzyme R is pH 4.
(ii) Optimum pH for enzyme S is pH 6.
(c)
(i) Pepsin
(ii) Amylase
(d)
(i) Enzyme R
(ii) Because enzyme R has a bigger pH range of 6. Enzyme S only has a smaller pH range of 4.
(e) pH 5
(f) Excess H or OH on the active site prevents the formation of the enzyme-substrate complex.
20) (a)

(i) Extracellular enzyme is produced in a cell, then packed and secreted from the cell. It catalyses its
reaction outside the cell. An example is amylase.
(ii) The instruction for making the extracellular enzyme is transcribed from the deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA) to ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the nucleus.
The RNA then leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore and attaches itself to the ribosome
located on the endoplasmic reticulum.
When the synthesis of the enzymes is completed, it is encapsulated in a transport vesicle which
fuses with the golgi body. In the golgi body, the enzyme is further modified before being packed in
a secretory vesicle. The secretory vesicle transports the enzyme to the plasma membrane, where it
fuses with it and the enzyme is released outside the cell.
(b) The explanation of enzyme action is known as the lock and key hypothesis. The substrate
molecule fits into the active site of the enzyme molecule.
The substrate is the key that fits into the enzyme lock.
Various types of bonds such as hydrogen and ionic bonds hold the substrate in the active site
forming the enzyme-substrate complex.
Once the complex is formed, the enzyme changes the substrate to its product. The product leaves
the active site. The enzyme is not altered by the reaction and it can be reused.
21) (a)

62

(b)
(i) Protein synthesis is taking place and there is a high rate of biosynthesis and growth.
(ii) The centrioles divide so that spindle fibers can be made during mitosis.
(c)
(i) G 1 , G 2 and S.
(ii) Interphase is a period in which the metabolic activity of the nucleus is intense. During
interphase the nucleus is involved in protein synthesis. DNA replication occurs and new organelles
are formed.
(d)
(i) Cytokinesis is the division of cytoplasm after nuclear division.
(ii) In a plant cell, a cell plate is formed at the mid-point of the cell. The cell plate is formed by the
fusion of tiny vesicles. The cell plate extends outwards to the existing cell wall and separates the
two daughter cells.
In animal cells, the cell membrane beings to invaginate at the midpoint of the cell. The cell
circumference is constricted, then the cytoplasm is divided into two cells.
22) (a)

(i) Anaphase
(ii) Telophase
(b)
(i) 2n = 6
(ii) The number of chromosomes moving towards each pole during anaphase is 6: since mitosis is
not a reduction division, the diploid number = 6.
(c) The chromosome with the 2 chromatids are held at equatorial plane by their centromeres during
metaphase.
(d)
(i) Phragmoplast / cell plate disc.
(ii) It grows towards the periphery and fuses with the surrounding cell wall; it divides the cytoplasm
into halves to complete the formation of 2 daughter cells.
(e) Shoot apex, nodes, vascular cambium, cork cambium.
23) (a)

Q, R, S, P.

(b)
(i) Q : Prophase stage.
R : Metaphase stage.
(ii) R : The chromosomes arranged themselves at the equatorial plane.
S : The chromatids separate and more to the opposite poles.
(c)
(i) 8
(ii) 4
(d) The figure shows the cell has plasma membrane only and no cell wall. It has centrioles. Stage P
shows that there is a constriction of cytoplasm and not the formation of a cell plate.
(e) Tissue culture technique.
Cell / tissue is inserted into a culture medium and sterilized. The tissue cells will divide by mitosis
to produce a mass of undifferentiated cells and grow into new plants.
24) (a)

63

(i) Anaphase I of meiosis

(ii) Anaphase of mitosis
(b)
(i) Ovule
(ii) Shoot tip
(c)
(i) Chromosomes
(ii) The chromosomes are moving to opposite poles of the cell.
(iii) In cell A, each chromosome is made up of 2 chromatids joined at the centromere while in cell B
each chromosome is a single unit.
(d)
(i) Cell A: 4 haploid cells (pollen grains).
(ii) Cell B: 2 diploid cells.
25) (a)

(i) Meiosis
(ii) The bivalents (of 2 chromosomes) are arranged on the equatorial plane; each chromosome has
two chromatids attached by the centromere; the 2 centromeres are pointing towards the poles
during metaphase I.
(b) Testis or ovary
(c) Responsible for the production of spermatozoa and ova.
(d)
(i) 8 chromosomes
(ii) 4 chromosomes
26) (a)

The graph shows the rate of reaction against temperature (from 15 C to 40 C).
From A to B, the rate of reaction increases as temperature increases from 15 C to 40 C.
This is because the rise in temperature increases kinetic energy, which increases the number
of collisions between enzymes and substrate, thus increasing the rate of reaction.
A maximum rate of reaction is achieved at B (40 C).
All the enzyme molecules are involved in the catalysis of substrate per unit time.
From B to C the rate of reaction decreases as temperature increases from 40 C to 45 C.
The more the temperature increases, the more the enzyme molecules denature, causing the
gradual decrease in the rate of reaction.
(b) Enzymes are used as biological detergents.
Protease degrades coagulated proteins into soluble short-chain peptides.
Lipase degrades fat or oil stains into soluble fatty acid and glycerol.
Amylase degrades starch into soluble shorter-chain polysaccharides and sugars.
Enzymes are used in the baking industry.
Protease is used in the breakdown of proteins in flour for the production of biscuits.
Amylase is used in the breakdown of some starch to glucose in flour for making white
bread, buns and rolls.
Enzymes are used in the medical field.
Trypsin is used to remove blood clots and to clean wounds.
Various other enzymes are used in biosensors.

64

Enzymes are used in industries because:

They are effective.
They are cheap and easy to use.
They can be re-used, thus only small amounts are needed.
They don't require high temperature to work, thus this reduces fuel costs.
27) (a)

- Interphase is divided up into three subphases, G 1 , S and G 2 .

- G 1 is when the cell grows rapidly and new organelles are synthesized.
- S is when the amount of DNA doubles. It is also when the chromosomes replicate.
- G 2 is when the cell prepares for mitosis by synthesizing proteins connected with mitosis. It also
replicates its organelles, increases energy stores (ATP), condensing chromatin threads and forming
mitotic spindles.
(b)

During prophase :
- Chromatids condense and become visible under a light microscope.
- The nucleolus disappears and paired centrioles (centrosomes) move to opposite poles.
- Nuclear membrane disappears.
- Spindle forms.
During metaphase :
- Sister chromatids line up at the spindle equater.
- Each centromere attaches to a spindle fibre.
- At the end of metaphase, the centromeres divides.
During anaphase :
- The separated chromatids separate and move towards the opposite poles by the contraction of
spindle fibres.
During telophase :
- Chromosomes reach the poles of the cell.
- The spindle fibres disappear and centrioles replicate.
- Nuclear membrane forms again around the chromosomes and nucleoli reappear.
Telophase may lead straight into cytokinesis.
(c)
Mitosis
Meiosis
Chiasmata are never formed.
Chiasmata may be formed.
Crossing over never occurs.
Crossing over may occur.
The nucleus divides once.
The nucleus divides twice.
Homologous chromosomes do
Homologous chromosomes
not pair.
pair during prophase I.
Chromosomes form a single
Chromosomes form a double
row at the equater on the
row at the equator of the

65

spindle.
In the daughter cells, the
number of chromosomes
remain the same.
Two daughter cells are formed.
Daughter cells are identical to
the parent cell.

28) (a)

spindle during metaphase I.

In the daughter cells, the
number of chromosomes is
halved.
Four daughter cells are formed.
Daughter cells are genetically
different from the parent cell.

(i)
-The mitotic division of cells ensures that the chromosome number is maintained constant in each
generation. The rate and time of mitosis is important in the production of normal cells. When the
mitotic process is not controlled, the cell divides freely. These cells that are produced complee with
the normal cells to obtain energy and nutrients. These cancerous cells cause the growth of tumor
and cancer.
- Cells are normally programmed (has a controlled system) to divide at certain frequencies. The
control system decides at the interphase stage whether the mitotic process proceeds or stops. The
control system is important to ensure that the cells divide normally in a controlled situation for cell
survival.
- Only when the conditions for cell division are suitable does mitosis proceeds, when the cell
undergoes growth and replicates normally prior to mitosis.
- Controlled mitosis is important for the growth process, and for the replacement of dead or
damaged cells. Mitosis also helps to slow down the aging process.
(ii) During prophase 1, when homologous chromosomes pair up, sections of a chromatid may break
off and exchange with corresponding sections of a different chromatid. This swapping of
chromatids is called crossing-over and can result in genetic variation in an organism.
(b)
- The production of orchid hybrids can be carried out within a short period of time for commercial
purposes using the tissue technique.
- Tissue culture technique is the vitro technique of maintaining fragments of cells or parts of plant
tissue in such a way that they are kept alive after their removal from the parent plant.
- Conditions for the success of this technique include suitable pH, use of sterile instruments and a
correct balance of nutrients.
- The culture medium and other essential substances necessary for the growth of cells or tissue must
be included.
- A cross section of the orchid plant root is cut. The section is then further sliced to obtain pieces of
cells or tissue.
- The piece of cell or explants are cultured in a conical flask containing a suitable culture medium
for growth, for example, a culture containing growth hormones.
- After a few days, the cells in the suspension start to divide to form a callus that is a group of
tissues that have not differentiated into stems, leaves and roots.
- The callus is then transferred into an agar medium and when the roots sprout, they are transferred
into the soil.
- After approximately two weeks, a new orchid clone similar to the parent is produced.
- Hundreds of similar plants can be produced from a single plant. These plants are planted at the
same time and therefore, the flowers can be picked for sale at the same time.

66

29) (a)

Oxygen.
(b) Quantity of ascorbic acid used decreases.
(c) Amount of ascorbic acid decreases; O 2 in air oxidizes it since it is a very strong reducing agent.
(d) Let the concentration of vit C lime juice be Z %
0.5 Z = 0.2 0.1
0.2 0.1
Z=
g/100 cm 3
0.5
0.2 0.11000
=
mg/100 cm 3
0.5
= 40 mg/100 cm 3
30) (a)

(i) P
(ii) R
(b) Digestion - The glands on the wall of ileum secrete a few types of enzymes to complete the
digestion.
Absorption - The walls of the ileum are lined with villi to absorb the products of digestion.
(c) (i)

(ii) The alveolar wall is thin, only one cell thick.

Well supplied with a network of blood capillaries.
(d) The circulatory system absorbs simple sugars, amino acid, mineral salts and vitamin B complex
and vitamin C.
The lymphatic system absorbs fatty acid, glycerol and vitamin A, D, E, K.
31) (a) The human

stomach has only one compartment, the cow's stomach has four compartments.
Cellulose digestion starts at the cow's stomach, but for humans, it begins in the colon.
(b)
(i) Reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum.
(ii) The abomasums is the ruminant's true or glandular stomach. All the processes that take place in
the human stomach takes place at the abomasum. Here also are the gastric juice that contains
enzymes which assist in food digestion.
(c) In the rumen, the largest compartment, there are millions of bacteria and protozoans. These
microorganisms produce cellulase enzymes that break down cellulose into starch. The microbes get
food while the cow gets the food digested.
(d) The stomach is a muscular bag whose principle function is acidification for the action of the
pepsin and the maceration of food to the liquid state, and temporary storage until it passes to the
intestines. The stomach is a highly acidic environment, which is necessary for the actions of
enzymes. Digestive enzymes such as pepsin breaks down protein to peptides. Rennin solidifies milk
protein for pepsin to act upon them.
32) (a)(i)

67

(ii) To trap / absorb the maximum amount of sunlight.

(b)
(i) Photolysis / Hydrolysis of water.
(ii) Light energy will react with the chlorophyll molecule to free an electron.
The molecule will break up into hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion
(c)
(i) Oxygen.
(ii) Test with a glowing splinter, it will rekindle.
(d) Hydroxide ions are produced during photolysis of water which will be used to reduce carbon
dioxide during the dark reaction to produce Z.
(e) The rate of photosynthesis will increase because more light energy will be trapped by the
palisade cells which has chloroplasts.
33) (a)

Photosynthesis
(b) Rate increased
(c) Light energy is absorbed and stored in the cells in the absence of CO 2 , used for subsequent CO
2 fixation in darkness.
(d) Chloroplast.
(e) Horizontal from A to E; chlorotic plants are devoid of chlorophyll which is needed for light
absorption.
(f) Photosynthesis cannot occur in absence of light.
(g) Dissolved NaHCO3 provides CO2.
34) (a)

(i) A surface-area to volume ratio is derived by dividing the surface area by the volume. A large
ration is achieved when, for every single unit of volume, many units of area are accounted for. In
the leaves of the flowering plant, it will be noticed that the leaves are shaped like laminas. A lamina
is a plane surface of negligible thickness. The leaf, being very thin, occupies very little volume, but
due to its flat surface, has a large surface area. Hence, in this case, a large surface area-volume ratio
is achieved when the leaf's large area accounts for so negligible a volume.
(ii) The roots and the root hairs have a large surface area. The majority of the root hairs are like thin
filaments, having a large surface area and a very negligible volume. Hence the ratio of surface area
to volume is also high.
(b)
(i) Photosynthetic activity is dependent on the sunlight available. A high surface-area to volume
ratio in the case of the leaves enable a lot of sunlight to be absorbed for a little amount of matter
(volume). Thus, such a high ratio will greatly encourage photosynthesis.
(ii) Transpiration is dependent on the amount of surface-area exposed. In a high surface-area to
volume ratio, the large amount of surface-area available for a small amount of volume helps
increase the rate of transpiration.

68

(iii) A high surface-area to volume ratio for the roots makes it beneficial for the uptake of water and
mineral salts. With a large amount of 'absorbing area' available for a small amount of volume, the
rate of uptake of water and mineral salts increases in the presence of such a ratio.
(c) The advantages of a small area in the aerial parts of a cactus include the decreased rate
transpiration. This is because the cactus lives in a desert area, thus it needs to conserve water. By
having a small area in the aerial parts, it conserves water because it reduces its transpiration rate,
which is dependent on the amount of surface area exposed.
The disadvantage is that photosynthetic activity will decrease because there is not much 'area' to
absorb sunlight. The rate of food production will decrease due to this decrease in available surface
area.
35)

Name of the
vitamin and its
source
Vitamin A
Carrots,
milk,
liver, fish, green
vegetables.
Vitamin B
Liver, milk, cereal,
meat.

Vitamin C
Fresh fruits and
vegetables.
Vitamin D
Milk, liver, eggs,
margarine, cheese,
fish oil.

Function

For night vision

Helps growth.

1. For cell respiration

2. Important for growth.
3. Important for the
formation of red
blood cells
4. Important for the
formation of amino
acids
5. Maintains the wellbeing of the nervous
system.
1. Maintains the well
2. being of the blood
vessels.
Helps
in
the
absorption of calcium
and phosphorus for
the formation of
strong bones and
teeth.
1. Important for blood
clotting

Effects of shortage
1. Night blindness
2. Xeroftalmia
3. Stunted growth.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Pelagra
Beri-beri
Anaemia
Disruption to the
nervous system.

1. Scurvy
1. Rickets
2. Easily spoiled teeth.

Vitamin K
Blood clots slowly
Cabbage and green
Anaemia
vegetables.
(b)
- Siti eats regularly at a fixed time while Devi eats irregularly. Gastric juice which is secreted at
fixed times can carry out digestion by Siti perfectly, while on Devi, her gastric juice cannot digest
anything at long time intervals and can cause her to have a gastric ulcer.
- Siti's system receives the optimum amount of water while Devi is short on her intake of water.

69

In Siti's system, the biochemical processes are occuring at an optimal level while for Devi, there is
an imbalance of the osmotic blood pressure and the amount of urine excreted.
Siti is in a healthy state while Devi has a risk of developing cancer, vitamin deficiency disorder and
osteoporosis.
- Siti always maintains a balanced diet but Devi's diet is short of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins
and mineral salts and contains excessive food flavoring and colouring.
36) (a)

(i) Epidermal layer with stoma

(ii) Gill filament
(iii) Skin
(iv) Alveolus.
(b) Has a wide surface area.
Has a moist surface.
Has a thin surface.
(c) Respiratory surfaces are close to the blood capillaries.
(d) The thin surface of the leaf makes the mesophyll cell and the stoma close to each other, thus
quickening the absorption process. The flat and wide surface allows the exchange of gases to
happen more effectively.
(e) This is because the gill filament will stick together and reduce the surface area for oxygen
absorption.
37) (a)

(i) P = Voice box. It produces voice.

(ii) Q = Cartilage. It prevents the trachea from collapsing.
(iii) R = Diaphragm. It contracts and relaxes to change the volume and air pressure
cavity during breathing.
(b)
(i) Diffusion.
(ii) A surface which is always moist. The alveolar wall which is one cell thick.
(c) Nitrogen dioxide from cigarette smoke corrodes the wall of the alveoli. Cigarrette
the mucous layer that lines the trachea and makes it easily infected by pathogens.
(d) Medula oblongata.
(a)
(i) P = Voice box. It produces voice.
(ii) Q = Cartilage. It prevents the trachea from collapsing.
(iii) R = Diaphragm. It contracts and relaxes to change the volume and air pressure
cavity during breathing.
(b)
(i) Diffusion.
(ii) A surface which is always damp. A wall which is one cell thick.
(c) Nitrogen dioxide from cigarette smoke corrodes the wall of the alveoli. Cigarrette
the mucous layer that lines the trachea and makes it easily infected by pathogens.
(d) Medula oblongata.
38) (a)

of the chest

smoke dries

of the chest

smoke dries

Increased rate of heart beat is to increase supply of oxygen and nutrients to skeletal muscles.

(b)

70

(i) Adenosine triphosphate.

(ii) Plants Alcohol (ethanol), carbon dioxide, energy.
Animals Lactic acid, energy.
(c) To repay the oxygen debt incurred ; during strenous exercise, all available oxygen supplied are
used up and cell respiration continues to occur under anaerobic conditions ; oxygen is needed to
provide oxidative energy to resynthesise glycogen from lactic acid in the liver and also rebuild
organic phosphate.
(d) Large surface area for gaseous exchange; richly supplied with blood capillaries; moist and thin
wall.
(e) To ensure uninterrupted passage of air by preventing the wall from collapsing.
39) (a) Aluminium

foil was wrapped around tube A to keep out the light from the lamp.
(b) Bandage gauze was wrapped around tube B to let in only a restricted amount of light.
(c) To keep all the tubes in the same medium so as to provide for equal heat distribution from the
lamp.
(d) Tube D is a control. Its purpose is to ensure that the results of the experiment are more valid by
ensuring that whatever change in indicator colour is due to the plant only.
(e)
(i) Tube A.
(ii) Respiration.
(f)
(i) Tube C.
(ii) It has been utilized by the plant during photosynthesis, into food for the plant.
(g)
(i) Yes.
(ii) Photosynthetic activity is dependent on the available light energy. Since a 200 W lamp will give
out more light energy, the activity will step up.
40) (a)

(i) 0 %
(ii) 45 %
(iii) 55 %
(b) Temperature of air column kept constant during gas analysis; ensure complete treatment with
KOH and potassium phyrogallate; pond water to have sufficient CO 2 .
(c) Volume of O 2 decreases and percentage of CO 2 increases; decrease in light intensity will
decrease photosynthetic rate; carbon dioxide given off from respiration not totally reabsorbed.
(d) Water temperature increases; photosynthetic rate decreases or stops; enzymes denatured, plant
dies.
(e) Provide natural concentration and provide a source of mineral salts.
41) (a)

(i) Adaptive features of structure N : thin alveolar wall which helps in the diffusion of gases, the
wall of the alveolus is moist whereby respiratory gases can dissolve in it, the alveolus is well
supplied by blood capillaries.
Adaptive features of structure M : Contains a fluid which can dissolve oxygen or carbon dioxide.
Structure M : Surrounded by body tissue.
M is also connected straight to the trachea/ spiracle.

71

Differences between the trachea system of insects and respiratory system of human beings.
(ii) For the insect oxygen enters through the spiracle while for human being oxygen enters through
the nasal cavity.
Movement of oxygen in the insect's trachea is assisted by the contraction of the abdomen.
Movement of oxygen in the human's respiratory system is caused by the difference of atmospheric
pressure in the thorax/lungs.
Oxygen is absorbed into the insects body tissues through the tracheole, while
Oxygen is transferred to the human body tissues through the red blood cells in the form of
oxyhaemoglobin.
(b) For the cockroach, its body size is small, thus its total surface area to volume ratio is big
therefore it dose not have any problem transporting oxygen to its body cells. Its trachea system
which covers the whole body is enough to transport oxygen throughout the body.
For human being its body size is big, thus its total surface area to volume ratio is small. It has more
problems transporting oxygen to the whole body. Because of this humans have an efficient blood
circulatory system to transport oxygen to the body cells.
(c) The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is absorbed by plants and animals to carry out
respiration. Thus, the oxygen content in the atmosphere will be lowered.
During respiration, plants and animals also give out carbon dioxide. Thus the carbon dioxide
content in the atmosphere will be increased especially at night. Photosynthesis which is carried out
by green plants takes in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Therefore the carbon dioxide content
will be reduced especially during the day. This process also gives out oxygen, therefore oxygen
concentration in the atmosphere will be increased.
The two processes, photosynthesis by plants and respiration by plants and animals are mutually
dependent so as to maintain the oxygen & carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere.
42) (a)

- Exchange of gases takes place between the alveolus and the blood capillary.
- Oxygen from the inhaled air dissolves in the dampness of the alveolar wall.
- Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolus is higher than the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood
capillary.
- Oxygen diffuses from the alveolus into the blood capillary.
- Carbon dioxide from the body is brought to the alveolus by the blood capillary.
- Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood capillary is higher than in the alveolus.
- Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood capillary into the alveolus.
(b)
- The rate of oxygen used during vigorous exercise is higher than the rate of oxygen supplied. Thus
oxygen debt occurs.
- Anaerobic respiration occurs in the muscles.
- Glucose is broken down into lactic acid. The increase in lactic acid concentration in the muscles
causes pain.
- When vigorous exercise stops, rate of respiration increase to take in more oxygen.
- Lactic acid is oxidized to water and carbon dioxide.
- Some lactic acid however, will be converted to glucose and glycogen.
- The condition becomes normal when all lactic acid has been removed.
(c)
- Aerobic respiration
Needs oxygen.
Glucose is broken down completely.

72

 Takes place in cytoplasm and mitochondria.

Produces more energy.
Produces water and carbon dioxide.
Involves almost all living cells.
- Anaerobic respiration.
Does not need oxygen.
Incomplete breakdown of glucose.
Takes place in cytoplasm only.
Produces less energy.
Produces ethanol and carbon dioxide in yeast, however produces lactic acid in animals.
Involves some plants cells, yeast, bacteria and skeletal muscles.
43) (a)

Mutualism.
(b)
(i) The sea anemone and the hermit crab.
(ii) The sea anemone benefits in terms of transport and pieces of food falling out from the host. The
hermit crab receives protection from the sea anemone which has poisonous stinging cells.
(c) The sea anemone would die. This is because it can obtain food as it cannot move freely to get
food.
(d) Rhizobium in root nodules of leguminous plants.
(e)
(i) Commensalism.
(ii) As an epiphyte.
(iii) Organism Y has leaf frounds arranged in the shape of a basket and is capable of trapping water.
44) (a)

395 lime butterflies.

(b) Non-random mixing of marked butterflies in population, immigration to or emigration from the
population , tendency of the marked butterflies to be recaptured or to avoid recapture, markings
may expose butterflies to increased predation, death of weak and old butterflies marked even before
recapture of butterflies on the next day.
(c) Determine trends in the population , to estimate factors such as births and deaths, immigration
and emigration which tend to alter population size.
(d)
(i) Grasshopper - Marking with rapid drying coloured celluloid paint or nail varnish.
(ii) Sparrow - Ringing the leg with an aluminium ring.
(iii) Fish - numbered plastic discs tied with a silver wire passed through a dorsal fin.
(e) Butterfly net.
(f) For aerial, water living active forms such as fish and wide-ranging terrestrial animals such as
mammals as well as the inhabitants of trees, for small animal population scattered over a large
population area.
45) (a) Avicennia

and Sonneratia.
(b) The accressive action of the sea aided by silt and clay from rivers cause accumulation of mud on
the seaward side for them to colonise, grows in wet clayey soil.
(c) Roots grow into a big clump with a large number of rootlets for clinging firmly to soft mud.
(d) Soil is stiff clay and is above the reach of ordinary tides but becomes flooded by spring tides.

73

(e) Provided with pneumatophores which grow vertically upwards from an underground root.
(f)
(i) Rhizophora.
(ii) Bruguiera.
(g)
(i) Buttress root system.
(ii) Buttress roots unsuitable as such roots would slip through slimy clay and tree topples.
(h) Leaves are thick and fleshy, some have hydathodes which bears glands on upper surface of
leaves for excretory salt, stomata sunken, epidermis thick walled, strongly cutinized glossy, some
have hairs and mucilage cells.
(a) Rhizobium sp. It lives symbiotically with
Azotobacter/Clostridium sp. Free living in the soil.
(b) Process of changing nitrogen into a nitrogen compound.
(c) Process of formation of nitrate from lightning.
(d)
(i) Nitrates.
(ii) The root.
(e) Bacteria or fungus.
46)

the

leguminous

plant

nodules

47) (a)

5000.
(b) Spraying is initially effective because the pest population rapidly decreases from 5000 to 1000.
(c) Insecticide has not been able to keep down pest population, instead it increases.
(d) 15000.
(e) 10000.
(f) Initially, the insecticides kill pests as well as other as other organisms such as those predators of
pets; later pest has increased resistance and tolerance to the same insecticide and in the absence of
predators; pest population increases.
(g) Ichneumons destroy caterpillars of cabbage butterflies; myeomatosis virus infect rabbits.
(h)
(i) Biological control does not involve the use of chemical pesticides, pesticides are not selective
and often toxic to other organisms in the same ecosystem.
(ii) The chemicals accumulated in plants are eventually passed to man.
(iii) This method is more economical.
48) (a)

Biotic components.
Producers.
- Utilise light, carbon dioxide and water to synthesize organic matter.
- Organic matter provides food to other organisms.
Consumers
- Obtain food, water and oxygen from the environment.
- Birth of organisms increases the population while death reduces the population, resulting in a
stable ecosystem being formed.
Decomposers.
- Decompose dead or decayed organisms to prevent accumulation of dead materials.
- Releases inorganic materials from the dead bodies. This is to ensure a continual supply of raw
materials for the producers.

74

Abiotic components.
pH.
- Some organisms prefer an acidic or alkaline environment.
- Most organisms prefer a neutral environment.
Temperature
- Enzymes are denatured at high temperature.
- Enzymes are inactive at low temperature.
- Most organisms live at a temperature range of 25 - 40 C.
Nutrient
- Organisms need nutrients for growth.
Light intensity
- Plants need light to carry out photosynthesis, which produces food for consumers.
(b) The roles of microorganisms in the ecosystem are as follows :
In decomposition
- After an organism dies, organic compounds such as carbohydrates and proteins in its body will be
broken down by putrefying fungi and bacteria.
- Through such decomposition, fundamental elements such as carbon and nitrogen can be recycled.
In the nitrogen cycle.
- Nitrogen fixation - atmospheric nitrogen can be fixed by nitrogen fixing bacteria and
cyanobacteria for the use of plants.
- Decay and nitrification - when plants and animals die, their proteins will be broken down by
decomposers such as putrefying bacteria and fungi and converted to ammonia Nitrifying bacteria
convert ammonia to nitrite and then nitrate. Through their activities, nitrate is made available for
use by plants.
- Denitrification - denitrifying bacteria break down nitrates to obtain oxygen, releasing gaseous
nitrogen to the atmosphere. This helps maintain the nitrogen balance in nature.
In digestion,
- Some bacteria and protozoa in the alimentary tracts of herbivores produce a cellulose - digesting
enzyme known as cellulase.
- Thus, the cellulose found in the herbivour's diet can be digested.
- In termites, there are many protozoa in their guts to help them digest the cellulose present in the
wood that they eat.
- There are many bacteria in the large intestine of human beings which produce vitamin B 2 and
vitamin K.
49) (a)

When sea water is drunk, the plasma osmotic pressure will rise. Thus water moves from the
interstitial spaces into the plasma, initially increasing its volume, but at the same time the salt
diffuses out into the interstitial spaces. This raises the osmotic pressure of the extra-cellular fluid
and causes water to flow out of the cells. The net result is an increase in crystalloid concentration
and osmotic pressure throughout the body fluids but a decrease in the volume of the intra-cellular
fluid and an increase in the volume of the extra-cellular fluid.
There will be an observed increase in urinary flow as well as the rate of chloride excretion.
However the rate of excretion of salt is a relatively slow process. Thus drinking sea water caused by
thirst would lead to cellular dehydration and death.

75

(b) Mangrove is one of the few rare land plants that can tolerate the salinities of the open sea. It
contains extensive prop roots which can reduce tidal currents and cause extensive deposition of mud
and silt. The prop roots penetrate deep into the mud and assist in mineral cycling that is vital for the
plant. There are also pneumatophores or air roots which protrude above the mud or water surface
for respiration.
50) (a) To allow

the Elodea plants to undergo photosynthesis.

(b) This experiment is based on the amount of gas released and accumulated in the test tube. Thus, a
difference in the number of leaves will affect the results of the experiment.
(c) As a pollutant.
(d)
(i) Set A.
(ii) Carbon dioxide.
(iii) This gas will turn lime water cloudy. This gas will change the colour of bicarbonate indicator
solution from red to yellow.
(e) Quality of the water.
(f) The more gas that is released, the better the quality of the water.
51) (a)

(i) Eutrophication.
(ii) The waste disposal contains a lot of organic matter which is very suitable for algal growth.
(b) The algal layer prevents the penetration of sunlight to the immersed plants in the pond. The
algae uses a lot of oxygen for respiration and results in less oxygen in the pond water.
(c) The aquatic animal population decreases because of a lack of oxygen.
(d)
(i) To determine the BOD value of water.
(ii) The sample P is more polluted and contains less oxygen.
(iii) Bacteria.
52) (a)

Burning of fossil fuels in factories, power generator stations and vehicles. Lightning and
thunderstorms.
(b) (i) Acid rain will increase the acidity of water in a fish pond, causing it to become uninhabitable
by fish.
(ii) Acid rain will increase the acidity of the earth and cause some minerals to become insoluble and
cannot be absorbed by the plants.
(iii) Acid rain will corrode statues or buildings made of steel because it will dissolve some of the
minerals in them.
(c) (i) Smoke or dust.
(ii) They are formed during incomplete combustion of fuel.
(iii) (a) The dust particles or smoke will enter the lungs and decrease the rate of absorption of gases.
(d) The dust particles or smoke will block the stomatal pores on the leaves and affect the exchange
of gases.
53) (a)(i)

Carbon dioxide.
(ii) Open burning of rubbish produces carbon dioxide, deforestation causes less carbon dioxide to
be absorbed by plants.
(b) (i) Greenhouse effect.

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(ii) The increase in thickness of gas Q will trap more heat radiation in the atmosphere, this infrared
radiation causes an increase in the earths temperature.
(c) (i) Ice blocks melt causing a rise in sea level. Changes in wind direction and the distribution of
rainfall causes storms.
(ii) Preservation and conservation of forests, as trees absorb carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. Find
other sources of fuel to replace fossil fuels.
(d) Methane and nitrogen oxide.
54) (a)

(i) Ozone.
(ii) Formation of this gas involves 2 stages: Decomposition of the oxygen molecule into oxygen
atoms by ultra violet rays. One oxygen atom reacts with one oxygen molecule to form ozone.
(iii) Absorbs harmful ultra violet rays.
(b)
(i) Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) from aerosol. Nitrogen oxides from supersonic jet planes.
(ii) Ultraviolet radiation that penetrates the ozone layer can cause melanoma, cataract & lowering
the bodys immune system.
(c) The chlorine atom released from chlorofluocarbon by ultraviolet radiation combines with the
ozone molecule forming oxygen molecule & chlorine monoxide. Chlorine monoxide will react with
the oxygen atom to form oxygen molecule and chlorine atom. The chlorine atom will continue to
destroy the ozone layer.
(d) Find a suitable replacement for CFC like H CFC. Reduce the use of air conditioner, replace the
use polystyrene boxes by metal containers.
(a) Pollution is the release of harmful, toxic chemical substances into the environment that
affects the quality of the environment physically, chemically and biologically. Pollution is a result
of man's various activities that threatens the health and well being of man as well as other
organisms on the earth.
(b)
Carbon monoxide and lead originates from the exhaust pipes of motor vehicles. Carbon
monoxide reduces the efficiency of the red blood cells in transporting oxygen in the body.
Carboxyhaemogoblin is formed by the combination of carbon monoxide with haemogoblin. If the
carbon monoxide is in large quantity, the respiratory process is affected and it can cause death. Lead
destroys the brain cells and reduces mental efficiency in a person.
- Nitrogen dioxide is the result from the combustion of fossil fuels and from exhaust pipes. Nitrogen
dioxide reacts with hydrocarbon in sunlight. Haze can form and it can cause respiratory problems.
Haze is also harmful for the eyes.
- Sulphur dioxide is released from the combustion of fossil fuels. It is acidic in nature and can have
a corrosive effect, when dissolved in water. The lung tissues can be damaged, causing pulmonary
and bronchiole diseases.
- Dust and smoke originates from various factories, burning of fossil fuels and exhaust gases. Dust
and smoke reduces vision, cause respiratory problem and pulmonary diseases.
(c)
Treating human, animals and industrial waste before disposing them into the river/sea.
- Using HCFC to replace CFC.
- Recycling waste materials or reusing them, like plastic, tin, aluminium materials and old
newspapers.
- Using solar energy and electrical energy.
55)

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- Fixing of filter on the exhaust pipes of vehicles or chimneys of factories.

- Oil spills can be cleaned by using bacteria to break down the oil or with the use of sophisticated
suction pumps.
- Organic agricultural wastes can be processed into biogas.
- Using biodegradable detergents.
- Collect and bury rubbish in a consistent and safe way.
- Educating and encouraging society on the importance of controlling pollution.
56) (a)

- The factories at P releases a lot of pollutants that pollute the air like smoke, sulphur dioxide,
nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide. Industrial waste is also channeled into the rivers via pipes and this
also pollutes the river water.
- At Q, the daily activities of the residents cause water pollution by throwing rubbish and domestic
waste into the river located near the city.
- At R, logging is underway. The remains of the logging activity will begin to rot. When it rains,
parts of the rotting remains will flow down the hill and into the river, causing water pollution and it
might cause landslides.
- At the paddy fields in S, industrial fertilizer is used. The excess fertilizer flows into the river,
causing water pollution. The machinery on the paddy fields also create sound pollution and air
pollution when it is in use.
- At T, insecticides sprayed on the plants in the field can cause water pollution when it flows into
the river due to rain. This insecticide can be released into the atmosphere and pollute the air.
(b) By the implementation of laws, the following steps can be taken to preserve the quality of the
environment:
(i) Through the Environmental Quality Act, 1974, 1985.
- Sewage and Industrial Effluents Regulations, 1979 states that every industrial factory must prepare
their own sewage system.
- Environmental Quality Act 1985 makes it compulsory for all factories which produce chemical
waste to register with the Department of Environment and its waste must be disposed of in the
proper areas. All factories must also have its own sewage system, treatment plant and an incinerator.
(ii) Through the Pesticides Act, 1974 to control the usage of pesticides at an allowed level.
(iii) Through the National Forestry Act, 1984 to protect and preserve the forests and the wildlife
inside it.
(iv) Through the Factories and Machinery Act 1967, 1983 where a worker is not allowed to be
exposed to sounds exceeding 95 dB for 4 hours continuously.

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