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Topic:

Name: Claire Cullather


Class: Biology 1
Date:
ClassNotes/Learning
Log/TextbookNotes

Questions/Main
Ideas:
Notes:
Explainhowtheinventionof
themicroscopesupportsthis
statement:Theabilityto
understandafactofnatureis
limitedbyourabilityto
observeit.
Whyisbiodiversityso
important?
Explainusingwordsand/or
drawingsthedifference
betweenIonicandCovalent
bonding
Doctorsobservedthatsome
longdistancerunnerswere
drinkingtoomuchwater
beforeandduringarace.The
excesswaterwascausing
seriousshorttermmedical
problemsfortherunners.Use
principlesofwaterdiffusion
toexplainhowdrinkingtoo
muchwatermightbeharmful
toarunner.

Usingthemicroscope,weareabletoseewhatthenakedeyecannot.Soby
thefactthatnatureislimitedbyourabilitytoobserveit,themicroscope
givesusanadvantagebyseeingwhatthenakedeyecannot.

Biodiversityallowsalllivingorganismstobeavariety.Withoutbiodiversity
everythingwouldbethesame.
Ionicbondsresultwhenelectronsaretransferredbetweenatoms.Covalent
bondsresultwhenvalenceelectronsaresharedbetweenatoms.Youshould
beabletoidentifywhetheranionicorcovalentbondisbeingformed
betweenatoms.
Ifyoudrinkabottleofwaterhereandtherewhenyouexerciseorwhen
you'rehot,youllbefine.Whereyourunintoproblemsisdrinkingwaytoo
muchtoofast.Diffusionisthemovementofparticles(ionsormolecules)
fromanareaofhigherconcentrationtoanareaoflowerconcentration.
Osmosisisthediffusionofwaterfromahypotonicsolutionintoahypertonic
solutionacrossandselectivelypermeablemembrane.

Topic:
Drawandlabelthepartsofa
typicalanimalorplantcell
(youdonothavetodoboth).

ShowtheprocessofMitosis
payingparticularattentionto
drawingwhathappenstothe
chromosomes.Forthe
purposeofillustrationease,
useanorganismwhosecells
havefourchromosomes.

Interphase:

Prophase:

Prometaphase:

Metaphase:

Topic:

Anaphase:

Carrionbeetleslaytheireggs
indeadanimalsandthenbury
theminthegrounduntilthey
hatch.Assumethatthe
preferenceforfreshmeat(F)
isdominanttothepreference
forrottedmeatandthatthe
tendencytoburythemeat
shallow(S)isdominanttothe
tendencytoburythemeat
deep.Supposeafemale
carrionbeetlehomozygous
dominantforbothtraitsmates
withamalehomozygous
recessiveforbothtraits.What
willbethegenotypeoftheF1
generation?Whatwillbethe
phenotypeoftheF1
generation?Whatwillbethe
genotypicratiooftheF2
generation(FFSS:FFSs:
FFss:FfSS:FfSs:Ffss:
ffSS:ffSs:ffss)?

FfSs
Freshmeat/Shallow
1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1

Telophase:

Topic:
Gene

Controltheproductionofproteins.

HomologousChromosome

Thechromosomesthatmakeupapair,onechromosomefromeachparent

Gamete

Sexcellsthathavehalfthenumberofchromosomes

Haploid

Acellwithnnumberofchromosomes.

Fertilization

Theprocessbywhichonehaploidgametecombineswithanotherhaploid
gamete
Acellthatcontains2nnumberofchromosomes

Diploid
Meiosis
CrossingOver
Howdoesthereductionin
chromosomenumberoccur
duringmeiosis?
Whatarethestagesof
Meiosis?
Biology

Gametesareformedduringmeiosis.Atypeofcelldivisionthatreducesthe
numberofchromosomes;therefore,itisreferredtoasareductiondivision
Aprocessduringwhichchromosomalsegmentsareexchangedbetweena
pairofhomologouschromosomes
Meiosisreducesthenumberofchromosomesbyhalfthroughtheseparation
ofhomologouschromosomes.
Interphase,ProphaseI,MetaphaseI,AnaphaseI,TelophaseI
TheStudyofLife

Organism

Anythingthathasoroncehadcharacteristics

Organization

Arrangedinanorderlyway

Development

Processofnaturalchangesthattakeplaceduringthelifeofanorganism

Reproduction

Theproductionofoffspring

Species

Agroupoforganismsthatcanbebreedwithoneanother

Science

Abodyofknowledgebasedonthestudyofthenaturalworld

Theory

Anexplanationofanaturalphenomenon

Law

Describesrelationshipsundercertainconditionsinnature

ethics

Asetofmoralprinciplesorvalues

thermodynamics

thestudyoftheflowandtransformationofenergyintheuniverse

Energy

Theabilitytodowork

Metabolism

AlloftheChemicalreactionsinacell

Photosynthesis

ATP(adenosinetriphosphate)

TheanabolicpathwayinwhichlightenergyfromtheSunisconvertedto
chemicalenergy
thecatabolicpathwayinwhichorganicmoleculesarebrokendownto
releaseenergyforusebythecell
themostimportantbiologicalmoleculethatprovideschemicalenergy

thylakoids

flattenedsaclikemembranesthatarearrangedinstacks

pigments

lightabsorbingcoloredmolecules

Cellularrespiration

Topic:

stroma

thefluidfilledspacethatisoutsidethegrana

fermentation

occursinthecytoplasmandregeneratesthecell'ssupplyofNAD+while
producingasmallamountofATP

glycolysis

glucoseisbrokendowninthecytoplasm

NucleicAcids

Anorganism'sgeneticmaterial

Anoldgrowthforestisa________resourcenonrenewable

Whatistheultimatesourceofenergyinanenergypyramid?
sunlight

Listanddescribethevariouslevelsofbiologicalorganizationthatmaybestudiedbyan
ecologist.1.Organismanylivingthing(humans,animals,bacteria,ect.)
2.Populationisagroupofonelivingthing
3.Communityisagroupmadeupofdifferentpopulations
4.Ecosystemisanareainhabitedbyorganismsmakinguppopulationsorcommunities
5.Biomeslargeareasoflandthathavethesameecosystemmakeup
6.BiosphereisalltheplacesonEarthwherelivingthingscanbefound

Afleaisanorganisminvolvedinwhichtypeofsymbiosis
Parasitism

Acoyotewouldbeconsideredasa____.
secondlevelconsumer

Whichelementisfoundinproteinsbutnotcarbohydratesorlipids?
nitrogen

Whichispresentinonlyeukaryoticcells?
Anucleus

Carbohydratesquickenergysourcefororganisms:
directlyproducedthroughphotosynthesis
directlybrokendownthroughcellularrespiration

Lipidslongtermenergystorageinorganisms:
Fats,oils,andwaxes

Topic:
ProteinsAremadeupofaminoacids
Makeupapproximately15%ofyourbodymassandareinvolvedinnearlyeverybodyfunction

Inwhichpartofthecelldoestranslationtakeplace?
Intheribosomes

Wouldamutationintheskincellsbepassedontothatperson'soffspring?
Nobecausethemutationisnotonthesexcell.

WhatisChargaff'slaw?
A=TandC=G

Whatdoesproteinsynthesishavetodowithyourtraits?
Yourproteinsmakeupmostofyourtraitsincludingyourhair,eyes,skin,ect.

Whatisthedifferencebetweenacodonandananticodon?
ThecodonisthesetofthreebasesfoundonthemRNAandtheDNA,andananticodonis
specificallyfoundonRNA,andisthecomplementarycodetothecodon

Chloroplast:Theorganelleinwhichphotosynthesistakesplace

Cytoplasm:Thesemifluidmaterialthatmakesuptheinsideenvironmentofthecell

Endoplasmicreticulum:Aseriesoffoldedmembraneswithorwithoutribosomeswhere
importantmoleculesaresynthesized

Golgiapparatus:Aflattenedstackofmembraneswhereproteinsaremodified,sorted,and
packagedintovesicles

Lysosome:Avesiclecontainingdigestiveenzymestohelpridthecellofwornoutparts,bacteria
andviruses,andhelpdigestlargefoodmolecules

Mitochondria:Thepowerhouseofthecell,wheresugarisbrokendowntoreleaseenergyduring
cellularrespiration

Nucleus:Thecontrolcenterofthecell,whichcontainstheDNA

Ribosomes:Manufacturedinthenucleolus,theseorganellesarethesiteofproteinsynthesis

Vacuole:Amembraneboundvesiclewheresubstancescanbestoredinthecell

CiliaandflagellaProjectionsoftheplasmamembraneusedforcellmovementofsubstancespast
thecell

Topic:

CelltheoryCellsmustarisefrompreviouslyexistingcells:
Alllivingorganismsarecomposedofcells
Cellsarethebasicunitoflife

Habitat_______isthebiggestthreattobiodiversity.
destruction

ForanentitytobeconsideredanorganismithastohavecertainfactorsIthastohavecells
Ithastohavegrowthanddevelopment
Ithastomaintainhomeostasis
Ithastorespondtostimuli
Ithastoadaptandevolve
Ithastoreproduce
Ithastorequireenergy
Ihastomaintainorganization

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