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Novalis
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Novalis(German:[novals])wasthepseudonymof
GeorgPhilippFriedrichFreiherrvonHardenberg
(May2,1772March25,1801),apoet,author,and
philosopherofearlyGermanRomanticism.
Hardenberg'sprofessionalworkanduniversity
background,namelyhisstudyofmineralogyand
managementofsaltminesinSaxony,wasoften
ignoredbyhiscontemporaryreaders.Thefirststudies
showingimportantrelationsbetweenhisliteraryand
professionalworksstartedinthe1960s.[1]

Novalis

Contents
1 Biography

Novalis(1799),portraitbyFranzGareis

Born

GeorgPhilippFriedrichFreiherrvon
Hardenberg
2May1772
Oberwiederstedt,Electorateof
Saxony

Died

25March1801(aged28)
Weienfels,ElectorateofSaxony

Penname

Novalis

2 Writing
2.1 Poetry
2.2 Prose
2.3 Influence
3 Novalisinprint
3.1 NovalisinEnglish
4 References
5 Furtherreading

Occupation Prosewriter,poet,mystic,
philosopher,civilengineer,
mineralogist
Nationality

German

Literary
movement

Romanticism

6 Externallinks

Biography
GeorgPhilippFriedrichvonHardenbergwasbornin1772atOberwiederstedtmanor(nowpartof
Arnstein,SaxonyAnhalt),intheHarzmountains.Thefamilyseatwasamanorialestate,notsimplya
statelyhome.Novalisdescendedfromancient,LowGermannobility.Differentlinesofthefamily
includesuchimportant,influentialmagistratesandministryofficialsasthePrussianchancellorKarl
AugustvonHardenberg(17501822).Anoilpaintingandachristeningcapcommonlyassignedto
Novalisarehisonlypossessionsnowextant.InthechurchinWiederstedt,hewaschristenedGeorg
PhilippFriedrich.Hespenthischildhoodonthefamilyestateanduseditasthestartingpointforhis
travelsintotheHarzmountains.
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Novalis'father,theestateownerandsaltminemanagerHeinrichUlrichErasmusFreiherrvon
Hardenberg(17381814),wasastrictlypietisticmanwhohadbecomeamemberoftheMoravian
(Herrnhuter)Church.HissecondmarriagewastoAugusteBernhardinevonBltzig(17491818),who
gavebirthtoelevenchildren:theirsecondchildwasGeorgPhilippFriedrich,wholaternamedhimself
Novalis.
Atfirst,Novaliswastaughtbyprivatetutors.HeattendedtheLutherangrammarschoolinEisleben,
whereheacquiredskillsinrhetoricandancientliterature,commonpartsoftheeducationofthistime.
Fromhistwelfthyear,hewasinthechargeofhisuncleFriedrichWilhelmFreiherrvonHardenbergat
hisstatelyhomeinLucklum.
NovalisstudiedLawfrom1790to1794atJena,LeipzigandWittenberg.Hepassedhisexamswith
distinction.Duringhisstudies,heattendedSchiller'slecturesonhistoryandbefriendedSchillerduring
hisillness.NovalisalsometGoethe,HerderandJeanPaul,andbefriendedLudwigTieck,Friedrich
WilhelmJosephSchelling,andthebrothersFriedrichandAugustWilhelmSchlegel.
InOctober1794,NovalisworkedasactuaryforAugustCoelestinJust,whowasnotonlyhissuperior,
butalsohisfriendand,later,hisbiographer.Duringthistime,Novalismetthe12yearoldSophievon
Khn(17821797).OnMarch15,1795,whenSophiewas13yearsold,thetwobecameengagedto
marry.ThefollowingJanuary,NovaliswasappointedauditortothesaltworksatWeienfels.
Intheperiod17951796,NovalisconcernedhimselfwiththescientificdoctrineofJohannGottlieb
Fichte,whichgreatlyinfluencedhisworldview.HenotonlyreadFichte'sphilosophiesbutalso
developedFichte'sconceptsfurther,transformingFichte'sNichtIch(German"notI")toaDu("you"),
anequalsubjecttotheIch("I").ThiswasthestartingpointforNovalis'Liebesreligion("religionof
love").
ThecruellyearlydeathofSophieinMarch1797affectedNovalisdeeplyandpermanently.Shewasonly
15yearsold,andthetwohadnotmarriedyet.
Thatsameyear,NovalisenteredtheMiningAcademyofFreiberginSaxony,aleadingacademyof
science,tostudygeologyunderProfessorAbrahamGottlobWerner(17501817),whobefriendedhim.
DuringNovalis'studiesinFreiberg,heimmersedhimselfinawiderangeofstudies,includingmining,
mathematics,chemistry,biology,historyand,notleast,philosophy.Itwasherethathecollected
materialsforhisfamousencyclopaediaproject.SimilartootherGermanauthorsoftheRomanticage,
hisworkintheminingindustry,whichwasundergoingthenthefirststepstoindustrialization,was
closelyconnectedwithhisliterarywork.[2]
Novalis'firstfragmentswerepublishedin1798intheAthenum,amagazineeditedbythebrothers
Schlegel,whowerealsopartoftheearlyRomanticmovement.Novalis'firstpublicationwasentitled
Blthenstaub(Pollen)andsawthefirstappearanceofhispseudonym,"Novalis".InJuly1799,he
becameacquaintedwithLudwigTieck,andthatautumnhemetotherauthorsofsocalled"Jena
Romanticism".
NovalisbecameengagedforthesecondtimeinDecember1798.HisfiancewasJulievonCharpentier
(17761811),adaughterofJohannFriedrichWilhelmToussaintvonCharpentier,aprofessorin
Freiberg.
FromPentecost1799,Novalisagainworkedinthemanagementofsaltmines.ThatDecember,he
becameanassessorofthesaltminesandadirector.OntheDecember6,1800,thetwentyeightyearold
Hardenbergwasappointed"SupernumerarAmtshauptmann"forthedistrictofThuringia,aposition

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comparabletothatofapresentdaymagistrate.ButfromAugustonward,Hardenbergsufferedfrom
tuberculosis,andonMarch25,1801,hediedinWeienfels.Hisbodywasburiedintheoldcemetery
there.
NovalislivedlongenoughtoseethepublicationonlyofPollen,FaithandLoveortheKingandthe
QueenandHymnstotheNight.HisunfinishednovelsHeinrichvonOfterdingenandTheNovicesat
Sais,hispoliticalspeechChristendomorEuropa,andnumerousothernotesandfragmentswere
publishedposthumouslybyhisfriendsLudwigTieckandFriedrichSchlegel.
Hewasafreemason.[3]

Writing
Novalis,whowasdeeplyreadinscience,law,philosophy,politicsandpoliticaleconomy,startedwriting
quiteearly.Heleftanabundanceofnotesonthesefieldsandhisearlyworkdisplayshiseaseand
familiaritywiththem.Hislaterworksarecloselyconnectedtohisstudiesandhisprofession.Novalis
collectedeverythingthathehadlearned,reflecteduponitanddrewconnectionsinthesenseofan
encyclopaedicoverviewonart,religionandscience.Thesenotesfromtheyears1798and1799are
calledDasallgemeineBrouillon,andarenowavailableinEnglishunderthetitleNotesforaRomantic
Encyclopaedia.TogetherwithFriedrichSchlegel,Novalisdevelopedthefragmentasaliteraryformof
art.ThecoreofHardenbergsliteraryworksisthequestfortheconnectionofscienceandpoetry,and
theresultwassupposedtobea"progressiveuniversalpoesy(fragmentno.116oftheAthenaum
journal).Novaliswasconvincedthatphilosophyandthehigherrankingpoetryhavetobecontinually
relatedtoeachother.
Thefactthattheromanticfragmentisanappropriateformforadepictionof"progressiveuniversal
poesy,canbeseenespeciallyfromthesuccessofthisnewgenreinitslaterreception.
Novalis'wholeworksarebaseduponanideaofeducation:"Weareonamission:wearecalleduponto
educatetheearth."Ithastobemadeclearthateverythingisinacontinualprocess.Itisthesamewith
humanity,whichforeverstrivestowardsandtriestorecreateanewGoldenAgeaparadisicalAgeof
harmonybetweenmanandnaturethatwasassumedtohaveexistedinearliertimes.ThisAgewas
describedbyPlato,Plotinus,andFranzHemsterhuis,thelastofwhomwasanextremelyimportant
figurefortheGermanRomantics.
Thisideaofaromanticuniversalpoesycanbeseenclearlyintheromantictriad.Thistheoretical
structurealwaysshowsitsrecipientthatthedescribedmomentisexactlythemoment(kairos)inwhich
thefutureisdecided.Thesefrequentlymentionedcriticalpointscorrespondwiththeartistsfeelingfor
thepresent,whichNovalisshareswithmanyothercontemporariesofhistime.Thusatriadicstructure
canbefoundinmostofhisworks.Thismeansthattherearethreecorrespondingstructuralelements
whicharewrittendifferentlyconcerningthecontentandtheform.
HardenbergsintensivestudyoftheworksofJakobBhme,from1800,hadaclearinfluenceonhisown
writing.
Amysticalworldview,ahighstandardofeducation,andthefrequentlyperceptiblepietisticinfluences
arecombinedinNovalis'attempttoreachanewconceptofChristianity,faith,andGod.Heforever
endeavourstoalignthesewithhisownviewoftranscendentalphilosophy,whichacquiredthe
mysteriousname"Magicalidealism".Magicalidealismdrawsheavilyfromthecriticalortranscendental
idealismofKantandFichte,andincorporatestheartisticelementcentraltoEarlyGermanRomanticism.
Thesubjectmuststrivetoconformtheexternal,naturalworldtoitsownwillandgeniushencetheterm
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"magical".[4]DavidKrellcallsmagicalidealism"thaumaturgicidealism."[5]Thisviewcanevenbe
discernedinmorereligiousworkssuchastheSpiritualSongs(published1802),whichsoonbecame
incorporatedintoLutheranhymnbooks.
Novalisinfluenced,amongothers,thenovelistandtheologianGeorgeMacDonald,whotranslatedhis
'HymnstotheNight'in1897.Morerecently,Novalis,aswellastheEarlyRomantic(Frhromantik)
movementasawhole,hasbeenrecognizedasconstitutingaseparatephilosophicalschool,asopposedto
simplyaliterarymovement.RecognitionofthedistinctnessofFrhromantikphilosophyisowedinlarge
part,intheEnglishspeakingworldatleast,tothewriterFrederickBeiser.

Poetry
InAugust1800,eightmonthsaftercompletion,therevisededitionoftheHymnenandieNachtwas
publishedintheAthenaeum.TheyareoftenconsideredtobetheclimaxofNovalislyricalworksand
themostimportantpoetryoftheGermanearlyRomanticism.
Thesixhymnscontainmanyelementswhichcanbeunderstoodas
autobiographical.Eventhoughalyrical"I",ratherthanNovalis
himself,isthespeaker,therearemanyrelationshipsbetweenthe
hymnsandHardenbergsexperiencesfrom1797to1800.
Thetopicistheromanticinterpretationoflifeanddeath,the
thresholdofwhichissymbolisedbythenight.Lifeanddeathare
accordingtoNovalisdevelopedintoentwinedconcepts.Sointhe
end,deathistheromanticprincipleoflife.
Influencesfromtheliteratureofthattimecanbeseen.The
metaphorsofthehymnsarecloselyconnectedtothebooksNovalis
hadreadataboutthetimeofhiswritingofthehymns.Theseare
prominentlyShakespearesRomeoandJuliet(inthetranslationby
A.W.Schlegel,1797)andJeanPaulsUnsichtbareLoge(1793).

RomanticpoetNovalis(1772
1801),portraitbyFriedrich
EduardEichensfrom1845

TheHymnstotheNightdisplayauniversalreligionwithan
intermediary.Thisconceptisbasedontheideathatthereisalwaysathirdpartybetweenahumanand
God.ThisintermediarycaneitherbeJesusasinChristianloreorthedeadbelovedasinthehymns.
Theseworksconsistofthreetimestwohymns.Thesethreecomponentsareeachstructuredinthisway:
thefirsthymnshows,withthehelpoftheRomantictriad,thedevelopmentfromanassumedhappylife
onearththroughapainfuleraofalienationtosalvationintheeternalnightthefollowinghymntellsof
theawakeningfromthisvisionandthelongingforareturntoit.Witheachpairofhymns,ahigherlevel
ofexperienceandknowledgeisshown.

Prose
ThenovelfragmentsHeinrichvonOfterdingenandDieLehrlingezuSais(TheNovicesofSais)reflect
theideaofdescribingauniversalworldharmonywiththehelpofpoetry.Thenovel'Heinrichvon
Ofterdingen'containsthe"blueflower",asymbolthatbecameanemblemforthewholeofGerman
Romanticism.OriginallythenovelwassupposedtobeananswertoGoethesWilhelmMeister,awork
thatNovalishadreadwithenthusiasmbutlateronjudgedasbeinghighlyunpoetical.Hedislikedthe
victoryoftheeconomicaloverthepoetic.

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ThespeechcalledDieChristenheitoderEuropawaswrittenin1799,butwasfirstpublishedin1826.It
isapoetical,culturalhistoricalspeechwithafocusonapoliticalutopiawithregardtotheMiddleAges.
InthistextNovalistriestodevelopanewEuropewhichisbasedonanewpoeticalChristendomwhich
shallleadtounityandfreedom.HegottheinspirationforthistextfromSchleiermachersberdie
Religion(1799).TheworkwasalsoaresponsetotheFrenchEnlightenmentandRevolution,bothof
whichNovalissawascatastrophicandirreligious.Itanticipated,then,thegrowingGermanand
RomanticthemeofantiEnlightenmentvisionsofEuropeanspiritualityandorder.

Influence
WalterPaterincludesNovalis'squote,"Philosophirenistdelphlegmatisiren,vivificiren"(tophilosophize
istothrowoffapathy,tobecomerevived)[6]inhisconclusiontoStudiesintheHistoryofthe
Renaissance.Novalis'poetryandwritingswerealsoaninfluenceonHermannHesse.
NovaliswasalsoahugeinfluenceonGeorgeMacDonald,andsoindirectlyonC.S.Lewis,theInklings,
andthewholemodernfantasygenre.BorgesrefersoftentoNovalisinhiswork.
NovelistPenelopeFitzgerald'slastwork,TheBlueFlower,is
ahistoricalfictionaboutNovalis,hiseducation,his
philosophicalandpoeticdevelopment,andhisromancewith
Sophie.
ThekrautrockbandNovalis,besidetakingtheirnamefrom
him,adaptedoruseddirectlypoemsbyNovalisaslyricson
theiralbums.
Intributetohiswritings,Novalisrecordsareproducedby
AVCAudioVisualCommunicationsAG,Switzerland.

Novalishouseplaque,Freiberg.

Novalisinprint
Novalis'workswereoriginallyissuedintwovolumesbyhisfriendsLudwigTieckandFriedrich
Schlegel(2vols.1802athirdvolumewasaddedin1846).EditionsofNovalis'collectedworkshave
sincebeencompiledbyC.MeisnerandBrunoWille(1898),byE.Heilborn(3vols.,1901),andbyJ.
Minor(3vols.,1907).HeinrichvonOfterdingenwaspublishedseparatelybyJ.Schmidtin1876.
Novalis'sCorrespondencewaseditedbyJ.M.Raichin1880.SeeR.HaymDieromantischeSchule
(Berlin,1870)A.Schubart,Novalis'Leben,DichtenundDenken(1887)C.Busse,Novalis'Lyrik
(1898)J.Bing,FriedrichvonHardenberg(Hamburg,1899),E.Heilborn,FriedrichvonHardenberg
(Berlin,1901).
ThemostcomprehensiveandreliableeditionofNovalis'sworksinGermanisthesocalled'Historische
KritischeAusgabe'(commonlyabbreviatedasHKA):NovalisSchriften,sixvolumes,editedbyRichard
Samuel,HansJoachimMhlandGerhardSchulz,Stuttgart,VerlagW.Kohlhammer,19602006.

NovalisinEnglish
SeveralofNovalis'snotebooksandphilosophicalworkshavebeenrecentlytranslatedintoEnglish.
TheBirthofNovalis:FriedrichvonHardenberg'sJournalof1797,WithSelectedLettersand
Documents,trans.anded.BruceDonehower,StateUniversityofNewYorkPress,2007.
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ClassicandRomanticGermanAesthetics,ed.JayBernstein,CambridgeUniversityPress,2003.
Thisbookisinthesameseries,theFichteStudiesandcontainsaverygoodselectionof
fragments,plusitincludesNovalis'Dialogues.AlsointhiscollectionarefragmentsbySchlegel
andHlderlin.
FichteStudies,trans.JaneKneller,CambridgeUniversityPress,2003.Thistranslationispartof
theCambridgeTextsintheHistoryofPhilosophySeries.
HenryvonOfterdingen,trans.PalmerHilty,WavelandPress,1990.
HymnstotheNight,trans.byDickHiggins,McPherson&Company:1988.Thismodern
translationincludestheGermantext(withvariants)enface.
HymnstotheNight/SpiritualSongs,Tr.GeorgeMacDonald,ForwardbySergeiO.Prokofieff,
TempleLodgePublishing,London,2001.
Klingsohr'sFairyTale,UnicornBooks,Llanfynydd,Carmarthen,1974.
Novalis:NotesforaRomanticEncyclopaedia(DasAllgemeineBrouillon),trans.anded.David
W.Wood,StateUniversityofNewYorkPress,2007.FirstEnglishtranslationofNovalis's
unfinishedprojectforauniversalscience,itcontainshismostdevelopedthoughtsonphilosophy,
thearts,religion,literatureandpoetry,andhistheoryof'MagicalIdealism'.TheAppendixalso
containssubstantialextractsfromNovalis'sFreibergNaturalScientificStudies1798/1799.
Novalis:PhilosophicalWritings,trans.anded.MargaretMahoneyStoljar,StateUniversityof
NewYorkPress,1997.ThisvolumecontainsseveralofNovalis'works,includingPollenor
MiscellaneousObservations,oneofthefewcompleteworkspublishedinhislifetime(thoughit
wasalteredforpublicationbyFriedrichSchlegel)LogologicalFragmentsIandIIMonologue,a
longfragmentonlanguageFaithandLoveorTheKingandQueen,acollectionofpolitical
fragmentsalsopublishedduringhislifetimeOnGoetheextractsfromDasallgemeineBroullion
orGeneralDraftandhisessayChristendomorEurope.
TheNovicesofSais,trans.byRalphManheim,ArchipelagoBooks,2005.Thistranslationwas
originallypublishedin1949.ThiseditionincludesillustrationsbyPaulKlee.TheNovicesofSais
containsthefairytale"HyacinthandRosePetal."

References
1.BarbaraLaman,JamesJoyceandGermanTheory:"TheRomanticSchoolandAllThat",(FairleighDickinson
UniversityPress,2004),37.
2.TheodoreZiolkowski:GermanRomanticismandItsInstitutions.PrincetonUniversityPress,1992.
3.nnerfors,Andreas(2008)"TheCosmopolitanFoundationsofFreemasonry
(https://www.academia.edu/199283/The_Cosmopolitan_Foundations_of_Freemasonry)".CentreForResearch
IntoFreemasonryAndFraternalism.Pg13.Atacademia.edu.
4.SeeDavidW.Wood'sintroductiontoNovalis,NotesforaRomanticEncyclopaedia,Albany:SUNY,2007.
5.DavidFarrellKrell,Contagion,Indianapolis:IndianaStateUniversity,1998.
6.BarbaraLaman,JamesJoyceandGermanTheory:"TheRomanticSchoolandAllThat",(FairleighDickinson
UniversityPress,2004),37.

Furtherreading
Ameriks,Karl(ed.).TheCambridgeCompaniontoGermanIdealism.Cambridge:Cambridge
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UniversityPress,2000.
Arena,LeonardoVittorio,"LafilosofiadiNovalis",Milano:FrancoAngeli,1987.
Behler,Ernst.GermanRomanticLiteraryTheory.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1993.
Beiser,Frederick.GermanIdealism.Cambridge:HarvardUniversityPress,2002.
Berman,Antoine.L'preuvedel'tranger.Cultureettraductiondansl'Allemagneromantique:
Herder,Goethe,Schlegel,Novalis,Humboldt,Schleiermacher,Hlderlin.,Paris,Gallimard,
Essais,1984.ISBN9782070700769
Fitzgerald,Penelope.TheBlueFlower.MarinerBooks,1997.AnovelizationofNovalis'early
life.
Haywood,Bruce.Novalis,theveilofimageryastudyofthepoeticworksofFriedrichvon
Hardenberg,17721801'sGravenhage,Mouton,1959Cambridge,Mass.:HarvardUniversity
Press,1959.
Krell,DavidFarrell.Contagion.Bloomington:IndianaUniversityPress,1998.
Kuzniar,Alice.DelayedEndings.Georgia:UniversityofGeorgiaPress,1987.
LacoueLabarthe,PhillipeandJeanLucNancy.TheLiteraryAbsolute.Albany:StateUniversity
ofNewYorkPress,1988.
Molnr,Gezavon.Novalis'"FichteStudies".
OBrien,WilliamArctander.Novalis:SignsofRevolution.Durham:DukeUniversityPress,1995.
ISBN082231519X
Pfefferkorn,Kristin.Novalis:ARomantic'sTheoryofLanguageandPoetry.NewHaven:Yale
UniversityPress,1988.
Prokofieff,SergeiO.EternalIndividuality.TowardsaKarmicBiographyofNovalis.Temple
LodgePublishing,London1992.
Valin,Gerard.NovalisetHenriBosco,deuxpoetesmystiques,Thsededoctoratdelettres,Paris
Nanterre,1972.

Externallinks
WorksbyNovalis
(http://www.gutenberg.org/author/Novalis)atProject
Gutenberg
WorksbyoraboutNovalis(https://archive.org/search.php?

Wikiquotehasquotations
relatedto:Novalis
Wikisourcehasthetextof
a1920Encyclopedia
Americanaarticleabout
Novalis.

query=%28%28subject%3A%22Novalis%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Novalis%22%20OR%2
0description%3A%22Novalis%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Novalis%22%29%20OR%20%28%2
217721801%22%20AND%20Novalis%29%29%20AND%20%28mediatype:software%29)at
InternetArchive
WorksbyNovalis(http://librivox.org/author/309)atLibriVox(publicdomainaudiobooks)
Novalis(http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/novalis/)byKristinGjesdal(StanfordEncyclopediaof
Philosophy)
Novalis:HymnstoTheNight(http://logopoeia.com/novalis/index.html)atranslationofthe
workbyGeorgeMacDonald
NovalisOnline(http://www.rspearson.com/novalis.html)includingafew(computergenerated)
hybridEnglishtranslations,andessaysonandbyNovalis.
OberwiederstedtManor(http://www.schlossoberwiederstedt.de),birthplaceofNovalisandhome
totheInternationalNovalisSocietyandtheNovalisFoundation(inGerman)
Aquarium:FriedrichvonHardenbergimInternet(http://novalis.autorenverzeichnis.de/index.html)
ahighlyusefulmultilingualwebsiteforinformationonNovalis.Itprovidesupdatesandnews
inEnglish,German,French,SpanishandItalian,onthelatestNovalistranslationsandreviews,
alongwithgeneraldiscussions,oddtriviaandscholarlyarticles.
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AdetailedreviewarticleonNovalis'simportancetoGermanculture,philosophyandscienceby
JeremyAdler
(http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/article3757477.ece)
fromTheTimesLiterarySupplement,April16,2008.
EsFrbteSichdieWieseGrn(http://plexipages.com/reflections/novalis.html)(inEnglish
translation)byLeonW.Malinofsky
"Novalis".NewInternationalEncyclopedia.1905.
"Novalis".EncyclopdiaBritannica(11thed.).1911.
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Novalis&oldid=702724430"
Categories: 1772births 1801deaths PeoplefromArnstein,SaxonyAnhalt
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