COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL & ARCHITECTURAL

ENGINEERING

CVEN 214: STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Chapter 4: AXIAL LOADS
WAEL I. ALNAHHAL, Ph. D., P. Eng
Spring, 2015

ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF AN AXIALLY

LOADED MEMBER
P(x )
d
=
and =
A( x )
dx

Provided these quantities do not exceed the proportional

limit, we can relate them using Hookes Law, i.e. = E
P(x )
d
= E

(
)
Ax
dx
P( x )dx
d =
A( x )E
P( x )dx
=
A(x )E
0
L

EXAMPLE 1
The assembly shown in Fig. 47a consists of an aluminum
tube AB having a cross-sectional area of 400 mm2. A steel
rod having a diameter of 10 mm is attached to a rigid collar
and passes through the tube. If a tensile load of 80 kN is
applied to the rod, determine the displacement of the end C
of the rod. Take Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa.

EXAMPLE 1 (cont.)
Solutions
Find the displacement of end C with respect to end B.
C / B

[ ( )]
[ ( )]

+ 80 103 (0.6)
PL
=
=
= +0.003056 m
AE (0.005) 200 109

Displacement of end B with respect to the fixed end A,

[ ( )]
[ ( )][ ( )]

80 103 (0.4 )
PL
=
= 0.001143 = 0.001143 m
B =
AE 400 10 6 70 109

Since both displacements are to the right,

C = C + C / B = 0.0042 m = 4.20 mm

EXAMPLE 4.2

EXAMPLE 4.2
(CONTINUED)

EXAMPLE 4.2
(CONTINUED)

PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION

It can be used to simply problems having complicated

loadings. This is done by dividing the loading into
components, then algebraically adding the results.

It is applicable provided the material obeys Hookes Law

and the deformation is small.

If P = P1 + P2 and d d1 d2, then the deflection at

location x is sum of two cases, x = x1 + x2

COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS

When the force equilibrium condition alone cannot

determine the solution, the structural member is called
statically indeterminate.

In this case, compatibility conditions at the constraint

locations shall be used to obtain the solution.

EXAMPLE 4.4

EXAMPLE 4.4 (CONTINUED)

EXAMPLE 4.4 (CONTINUED)

EXAMPLE 4.5

EXAMPLE 4.5 (CONTINUED)

FORCE METHOD OF ANALYSIS

It is also possible to solve statically indeterminate problem

by writing the compatibility equation using the superposition
of the forces acting on the free body diagram.

EXAMPLE 4.9
The A-36 steel rod shown in Fig. 417a has a diameter of 10
mm. It is fixed to the wall at A, and before it is loaded there is
a gap between the wall at B and the rod of 0.2 mm.
Determine the reactions at A and Neglect the size of the
collar at C. Take Est = 200GPa.

EXAMPLE 4.9 (cont.)

Solutions
Using the principle of superposition,

()
+

From Eq. 4-2,

(1)

0.0002 = P B

[ ( )]
[ ( )]

PLAC
20 103 (0.4)
3
=
=
0
.
5093
10
P =
2
AE
(0.005) 200 109
F L
FB (1.2)
= 76.3944 10 9 FB
B = B AB =
2
9
AE
(0.005) 200 10

[ ( )]

Substituting into Eq. 1, we get

( )

0.0002 = 0.5093 10 3 76.3944 10 9 FB

( )

FB = 4.05 103 = 4.05 kN (Ans)

EXAMPLE 4.9 (cont.)

Solutions
From the free-body diagram,

(+ ) Fx = 0
FA + 20 4.05 = 0
FA = 16.0 kN (Ans)

THERMAL STRESS

Ordinarily, the expansion or contraction T is linearly

related to the temperature increase or decrease T that
occurs.

T = TL

= linear coefficient of thermal expansion, property of the material

T = algebraic change in temperature of the member

T = original length of the member

T = algebraic change in length of the member

If the change in temperature varies throughout the length of

the member, i.e. T = T (x), or if varies along the length,
then

T = T dx

EXAMPLE 4.10

EXAMPLE 4.10 (CONTINUED)

EXAMPLE 4.10 (CONTINUED)

STRESS CONCENTRATION

The stress concentration factor K is a ratio of the

maximum stress to the average stress acting at the
smallest cross section; i.e.
K=

max
avg

STRESS CONCENTRATION (cont.)

K is independent of the material properties

K depends only on the specimens geometry and the type
of discontinuity

INELASTIC AXIAL DEFORMATION

When a material is stressed beyond the elastic range, it

starts to yield and thereby causes permanent deformation.
Among various inelastic behavior, the common cases
exhibit elastoplastic or elastic-perfectly-plastic behavior.

RESIDUAL STRESS

After an axially loaded member is stressed beyond yield

stress, it will create residual stress in the member when the
loads are removed.
Consider the stress history of a prismatic member made
from an elastoplastic material.
Path OA: Member is loaded to reach yield stress Y
Path AC: Member deforms plastically
Path CD: Unloading but permanent strain 0 remains

EXAMPLE 4-14
The rod shown in Fig. 430a has a radius of 5 mm and is
made of an elastic perfectly plastic material for which Y =
420 MPa and E = 70 GPa, Fig. 430c. If a force of P = 60 kN
is applied to the rod and then removed, determine the
residual stress in the rod.

EXAMPLE 3 (cont.)
Solutions
An elastic analysis will produce FA = 45kN and FB = 15kN. This results in
a stress of
45
= 573 MPa (compression ) > Y = 420 MPa
2
(0.005)
15
=
= 191 MPa (tension )
2
(0.005)

AC =
CB

The maximum possible force developed in AC is

(FA )Y

( )[

= Y A = 420 103 (0.005) = 33.0 kN

From the equilibrium of the rod,

FB = 60 33 = 27.0 kN

EXAMPLE 3 (cont.)
Solutions
The stress in each segment of the rod is therefore
AC = Y = 420 MPa (compression )
CB =

27
= 344 MPa (tension ) < 420 MPa (OK)
2
(0.005)

Since CB responds elastically,

(27 )(0.3)
FB LCB
=
= 0.001474 m
2
6
AE
(0.005) 70 10

0.001474
= C =
= +0.004913
LCB
0.3

C =
CB

AC =

[ ( )]

C
LAC

0.001474
= 0.01474
0.1

EXAMPLE 3 (cont.)
Solutions
Here the yield strain is
Y

( )
( )

420 106
Y =
=
= 0.006
E
70 109

The residual stress in each member is

( AC )r = 420 + 573 = 153 MPa (Ans)

( CB )r = 344 191 = 153 MPa (Ans)
This residual stress is the same for
both segments, which is to be
expected.

EXAMPLE 4.14

EXAMPLE 4.14
(CONTINUED)

EXAMPLE 4.14
(CONTINUED)