1.

A five-cylinder, four-stroke cycle SI engine has a compression ratio rc = 11:1,

bore B = 5.52cm, stroke S = 5.72 cm, and connecting rod length T =
11.00cm. Cylinder inlet conditions are 63C and 92kPa. The intake valve
closes at 41aBDC and the spark plug is fired at'1:5bTDC.
Calculate: (a) Temperature and pressure in the cylinder at ignition, assuming
Otto cycle analysis (i.e., assume the intake valve closes at BDC
and ignition is at TDC). [K, kPa]
(b) Effective compression ratio (i.e., actual compression of the air-fuel
mixture before ignition).
(c) Actual temperature and pressure in the cylinder at ignition. [K,
kPa]
Solution:
(a) T2 = T1(rc)k-1 = (336 K)(11)0.35 = 778 K = 505 C
P2 = P1(rc)k = (92 kPa)(11)1.35 = 2342 kPa
(b) Crankshaft offset = a = S/2 = 5.72 /2 = 2.86 cm
R = r/a = 11.0/2.86 = 3.85
Crank angle when intake valve closes and actual compression starts
= 180 + 41 = 221
Crank angle when ignition occurs

= 345

combustion chamber volume when intake valve closes

VIVC/Vc = 1 + (rc 1) [R + 1 - cos - (R2 sin2)1/2]
VIVC/Vc = 1 + (11-1) {(3.85) + (1) cos(221) [(3.85)2 sin2(221)]1/2} =
10.05
Combustion chamber volume when ignition occurs
Vig/Vc = 1 + (11-1) {(3.85) +(1) cos(345) [(3.85)2 sin2(345)]1/2} =
1.214
Effective compression ratio
VIVC/Vig = (VIVC/Vc) / (Vig/Vc) = (10.05) / (1.214) = 8.28
(c) T2 = (336 K) (8.28)1.35-1 = 704 K = 431 C
P2 = (92 kPa) (8.28)1.35 = 1596 kPa

2. A 3.6-liter, V6 SI engine is designed to have a maximum speed of 7000 RPM.

There are two intake valves per cylinder, and valve lift equals one-fourth
valve diameter. Bore and stroke are related as S = 1.06 B. Design
temperature of the air-fuel mixture entering the cylinders is 60C.
Calculate:

(a) Ideal theoretical valve diameter. [cm]

(b) Maximum flow velocity through intake valve. [m/sec]
(c) Do the valve diameters and bore size seem compatible?

Solution:
For 1 cylinder
Vd = 3.6/6 = 0.6 L = 0.0006 m3 = (/4)(1.06)B3
B = 0.0897 m = 8.97 cm
S = (1.06)(8.97 cm) = 9.50 cm
(a) Sonic velocity at inlet conditions
C = [kRT]1/2 = [(1.40)(287 J/kg.K)(333K)]1/2 = 366 m/sec
Average piston velocity at maximum speed
(Up)max = 2SN = (2 stokes/cycle)(0.0950 m/stroke)(7000/60 rev/sec) = 22.17
m/sec
Area for the 2 valves
Ai = CB2[(Up)max/c1] = (1.9)(8.97 cm)2(22.17 m/sec)(366 m/sec) = 6.34 cm2
For 1 valve
A1 = 6.34/2 = 3.17 cm2 = dvl = dv(dv/4) = (/4)dv2
dv = 2.01 cm
(b) Maximum flow velocity will be sonic
Vmax = c= 366 m/sec
(c)

With proper design valves could be fit into combustion chamber with
difficulty

3. A six-cylinder, four-stroke cycle SI engine with multipoint fuel injection has a

displacement of 24 liters and a volumetric efficiency of 87% at 3000 RPM,
and operates on ethyl alcohol with an equivalence ratio of 1.06. Each cylinder

has one port injector which delivers fuel at a rate of 0.02 kg/sec. The engine
also has an auxiliary injector upstream in the intake manifold which delivers
fuel at a rate of 0.003 kg/sec to change the air-fuel ratio and give a richer
mixture when needed. When in use, the auxiliary injector operates
continuously and supplies all cylinders.
Calculate:

(a) Time of one injection pulse for one cylinder for one cycle.

[sec]
(b) AF if the auxiliary injector is not being used.
(c) AF if the auxiliary injector is being used.
Solution:
actual AF ratio
(AF)act = (AF)stoich/ = 9.0 / 1.06 = 8.49
For 1 cylinder

Vd = (2.4 L) / 6 = 0.4 L = 0.0004 m3

(a) mass of air into one cylinder for one cycle

ma = aVdv = (1.181 kg/m3) (0.0004 m3) (0.87) = 0.000411 kg
mass of fuel into 1 cylinder for 1 cycle
mf = ma/(AF)a = (0.000411 kg) / 8.49 = 0.0000484 kg
time of injection = (0.0000484 kg) / (0.02 kg/sec) = 0.00242 sec
(b) Actual AF from above

(AF)a = 8.49

(c) When auxiliary injector is used at 3000 RPM

Time of 1 cycle
T = (2 rev/cycle)/(3000/60 rev/sec) = 0.04 sec/cycle
Mass of fuel from port injector for 1 cylinder for 1 cycle
mf = 0.0000484 kg
mass of fuel from auxiliary injector for 1 cylinder for 1 cycle
mf = (0.003 kg/sec)(0.04 sec)/(6 cylinders) = 0.000020 kg
1 cylinder for 1 cycle
AF = ma/mf = 0.000411 / (0.0000484 + 0.000020) = 6.01

4. A 6.2-liter, V8, four-stroke cycle SI engine is designed to have a maximum

speed of 6500 RPM. At this speed, volumetric efficiency is 88%. The engine is
equipped with a four-barrel carburetor, each barrel having a discharge

coefficient of C Dt = 0.95. The fuel used is gasoline at AF = 15:1 (density of

gasoline Pg = 750 kg/m3).
Calculate:

(a) Minimum throat diameter needed in each carburetor venturi.

[cm]
(b) Fuel capillary tube diameter needed for each venturi throat if
tube discharge coefficient C Dc = 0.85 and the capillary tube
height differential is small. [mm]
Solution:
air flow rate needed at max speed

m
a= a V d N v /n

= (1.181)(0.0062)(6500/60)(0.88)/2 = 0.349 kg/sec

For each of 4 barrels

m
a

= (0.349 kg/sec)/4 = 0.0873 kg/sec

(a) throat area of 1 barrel

a )max = 236.5 CIX[At] = 0.873 = (236.5)(0.95)[At]

( m
At = 0.0003886 m2 = 3.886 cm2 = (/4)dt2

dt = 2.224 cm
(b) fuel flow rate needed for 1 barrel

m
f

m
a /(AF) = (0.0873 kg/sec)/15 = 0.00582 kg/sec

pressure in carburetor throat

Pt = (0.5283)P0 = (0.5283)(101 kPa) = 53.4 kPa
pressure differential in fuel capillary
Pt = Pa = P0 Pt = 101 -53.4 = 47.6 kPa
fuel capillary tube flow area

m
f

= CDcAc[2fPt]1/2

0.00582 kg/ sec

(0.85)Ac[(2)(750 kg/m3)(47.6 kN/m2)(1 kg-m/N-sec2)]1/2

Ac = 0.00000081 m2 = 0.81 mm2 = (/4)dc2

dc = 1.016 mm

5. A V8 engine with 7.5-cm bores is redesigned from two valves per cylinder to
four valves per cylinder. The old design had one inlet valve of 34 mm
diameter and one exhaust valve of 29 mm diameter per cylinder. This is
replaced with two inlet valves of 27 mm diameter and two exhaust valves of
23 mm diameter. Maximum valve lift equals 22% of the valve diameter for all
valves.
Calculate:
fully open.[cm2]

(a) Increase of inlet flow area per cylinder when the valves are
(b) Give advantages and disadvantages of the new system.

Solution:
(a) with 1 intake valve
(At)1 = dvl = (3.4 cm) [(0.22)(3.4)] = 7.99 cm 2
With two intake valves
(At)2 = (2 valves) (2.7 cm) [(0.22)(2.7 cm)] = 10.08 cm 2
Increase in flow area
A = (10.08 cm2) (7.99 cm2) = 2.09 cm2
(b) Advantages:
efficiency.

Greater intake valve flow area which improves volumetric

Greater exhaust valve flow area which allows for a shorter
exhaust blowdown process.
Greater flexibility in intake be allowing variation in valve timing
and lift between the two valves.

Disadvantages:

Need for greater number and/or more complex camshafts.

Higher cost in manufacturing.

Difficulty of fitting valves into combustion chamber surface.