Name:__________________________________________ Date:______________________

Period:________

8th Grade Honors World History Spring Final Exam

Review!
The purpose of this review is to give you a general guide to the major ideas that will
be on the final exam. It is NOT mandatory for you to complete the entire review.
Instead, I recommend beginning by answering those questions that you are the most
unsure about. Please know that the other best tool that you have in preparing for
your exam is to look over the vocabulary lists for each unit! Remember, each
vocabulary list is posted on the class website. As you complete this review, you will
notice that understanding the vocabulary is essential to answering these questions!
You can either type you answers directly into this file (I suggest using a different
color) or hand write you answers on a piece of paper. It is up to you!
Remember, you are also responsible for all of the geography that we have
learned this year! The Political AND Physical maps of Asia, Europe,
North/South America, and Africa will be on this final exam! See the practice
maps that I distributed for the final exam review in class. You should also
use the geography packets that I have distributed throughout the year to
study!
ABSOLUTISM, THE ENLIGHTENMENT, AND REVOUTION
Absolutism
Explain Peter the Greats contributions to Russian history and explain why he is good
example of an absolute monarch.
Explain the concept of Divine Right and give examples of people that used this
concept.
Explain the concept of an Enlightened Despot. In particular, how were they different than
other Absolute Monarchs?
The Enlightenment
Who was Montesquieu and explain his ideas on the limitation of government power.
Provide and example of a country that uses these ideas today.
Explain the idea of separation of powers. Which enlightenment thinker is most connected
to these ideas and where do we see these ideas in effect today?
Explain Jean-Jacques Rousseaus views as expressed in The Social Contract. (Include
information about government, the people, and kings)
Who was Mary Wollstonecraft and what was her connection to the Enlightenment
movement?
Who was famous for writing about the natural rights of man and according to him,
what were those rights?

The French Revolution

What was the Committee of Public Safety? Explain the reason for the creation of this
Committee, the methods used by the Committee, and identify any significant members.
Explain the background of Napoleon Bonaparte and discuss how his past helped him rise
to power.
Define secularism. On which concept did secularists explain the world and its problems?
What was the estate system in France? How many estates were there and which types
of people belonged to each estate?
What was the Great Fear? Include the cause of this event, when the event occurred, and
all those that were involved!
Explain who the sans-culottes were and their role within the French Revolution. (A simple
translation is not sufficient.)
What was the National Assembly? Discuss some of the significant accomplishments of
this group. (Again explain when, where, who, and significance).
Describe the conditions within France that led to the start of the French Revolution.
What was the Estates General? Explain its role within the French Revolution and make
sure to discuss when and why it convened!
On which date did the French Revolution begin? What significant event occurred on
that day, leading to its acceptance as the beginning of the Revolution?
Explain the meaning of libert, egalit, fraternit and discuss its importance to the
French Revolution.
What was the taille? Explain the context for this term (what, when, where, and why it
was significant).
European Exploration/Expansion
What was the triangular trade? Explain the areas involved and their contributions to this
cycle of trade.
Explain the idea of Mercantilism. In what way did this system allow European states to
maintain a favorable balance of trade?
Explain the idea of Mercantilism. In what way did this system allow European states to
maintain a favorable balance of trade?
What were the reasons that European states began to explore and expand into in the
New World? Make sure to thoroughly explain the reasons!
Misc.

Explain how William of Orange, the English Bill of Rights, and John Locke are each
connected to the Glorious Revolution. Why is Louis XVI not particularly connected to this
event?
6. What, when, and where was the Congress of Vienna? Explain the attitude that the
Congress of Vienna took towards the French Revolution. Also, what were the goals of this
event?
Who was Toussant LOuverture and explain his role within the Revolutionary atmosphere
of the late 18th century and early 19th century.
Explain the political philosophy known as Liberalism at the time of the Congress of
Vienna. Now, look at the multiple-choice question from the test. Which of the three types
of government from the answer choices are examples of liberalism and which was not?
Why?
Explain the political philosophy known as Conservatism at the time of the Congress of
Vienna. Now, look at the multiple-choice question from the test. Which of the three
people from the answer choices would have supported conservatism and which would
not? Why?
Describe the social status, responsibilities, and privileges of European nobility during the
1600s.
Explain the significance of the Battle of Waterloo, as well as the significant
groups/individuals involved.
Think about the leadership styles of Louis XIV and Ivan the Terrible, not just the things
that they did as King/Czar. Most of you did a good job coming up with a comparison
(similarity), but you did not provide a substantial contrast (difference) between their
leadership styles. Think about a way in which they ruled differently and then use a
contrasting word to identify that as a difference between them! (So, basically answer
the question from the test again . . .)
Explain the specific Enlightenment ideas that the Declaration of Independence uses
within its text. Stay away for overarching statements like the Declaration of
Independence uses Enlightenment ideas or the both had to do with freedom and
government. Focus on a substantial comparison that proves you are familiar with the
specifics of the Declaration of Independence. (Oh, and the idea of Separation of Powers
does not pop up significantly until the US Constitution).
THE LONG NINETEENTH CENTURY
Big Questions to Guide your study of the Long 19th Century
This is not a comprehensive study guide, but it should help you in thinking about the
concepts of the Long 19th Century!
What are the different characteristics of the 1st and 2nd Industrial Revolutions?
-Think about production methods and types of goods produced

Understand the impacts of the factory system

-Urbanization, mass production, interchangeable parts, changes in working
conditions, link to Trade Unions, etc.
Connection between the Industrial Revolution and ideas about government
-Socialism and Karl Marx (tied to Trade Unions in some ways; know why!)
What is Nationalism? How did nationalism play a role in 19th Century Europe?
-Think about nation-states, unifications, leaders, etc.
-Make sure that you can connect leaders to their proper Unification!
-Remember that a nation-state is what the Unifications sought to create
What is Imperialism?
Understand the difference between indirect and direct rule.
What specific areas did different Imperial countries control?
What were spheres of influence and how did they lead to conflict in many places?
What was the role of the White Mans Burden in furthering imperialism?
What is the importance of the Sepoy Rebellion within the history of Imperial India?
-Think about causes and effects!
Causes of conflict between China and outside Imperial forces
-Opium War
-Understand the cause for this conflict, the outcome, and what q territory
England gained
-Boxer Rebellion
-Understand why the Boxers were fighting, the international response to the
Boxers, and the outcome of the rebellion
-Also understand what the self-strengthening movement was about
Causes of the Boer Wars
-Know the location, causes of, results of, and groups involved in the Boer
Wars
Examples of American Expansionism
-We talked about several, so make sure you understand them!
Revolution of 1911 in China
-Sun Yat Sen
-Why was adopting Republican styles of government controversial in China?
Meiji Restoration
Japanese Expansion
WORLD WARS UNIT

Big Questions to Guide your study of the World Wars Unit

This is not a comprehensive study guide, but it should help you in thinking about
the concepts of the Long 19th Century!
WWI
What is propaganda and how did countries use it?
What were the major causes of WWI? Think about the acronym that we learned and
why it is helpful.
Explain unrestricted submarine warfare and the role that it played in bring the US into
WWI.
Why were military leaders forced to resort to trench warfare during WWI? Discuss the
challenges and difficulties faced by soldiers in trench warfare.
What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?
-Be specific about the impacts of the treaty upon Germany both economically
and militarily
-What was the League of Nations and how is it connected to the treaty?
-Why was the League of Nations ultimately an unsuccessful organization?
Who was Vladimir Lenin and what role did he play in Russias withdrawal from WWI?
-What political party was Lenin a member of? (Know both the original name and
the name that the party adopted after their successful takeover of the
government)
-How did the government of Russia change when Lenin took over?
Between the Wars (Depression and Dictators)
What were the causes of the Great Depression?
-How did the Great Depression impact the political futures of many European
countries? Think specifically about the types of governments and leaders that
rose to power.
What is totalitarianism and give examples of totalitarian governments in the early 20th
century.
Describe the goals and methods of a fascist government.
Who was Joseph Stalin? How did he change the government and economy of the
Soviet Union?
Specifically, what were Stalins Five Year Plans?
How did Benito Mussolini come to power? What political party did he start and what
was the major focus of that party?

How did Hitler rise to power in Germany? In what ways did Hitler begin to violate the
Treaty of Versailles?
What were the goals and party platform of the Nazi party?
What was the Anschluss? What did this event reveal about Hitlers intentions for the
German empire?
What was the appeasement policy that the allies used as Hitler grew in power?
Discuss the significance of Winston Churchill and Franklin Delano Roosevelt in relation
to WWII.
Who were the major Allied and Axis powers in WWII?
Discuss the role played by Hideki Tojo in the Second World War.
What was blitzkrieg? Why is it such an important part of explaining how/why the Nazis
were able to take over most of Europe?
Why was Hitlers invasion of the USSR ultimately unsuccessful?
Explain circumstances leading up to the Battle of Stalingrad. Why was the outcome of
the battle so significant?
What was Operation Overlord? Explain why the Allies success in Operation Overlord
was a major turning point in the war that ultimately helped lead to the fall of the
Germans.
Why was the Battle of Midway a turning point that helped the Allies to win the war in
the Pacific?
What was island hopping? What was the purpose of this strategy?
How did the dropping of the atomic bombs impact the outcome of the war? Why were
they controversial?
Define genocide.
Discuss the impact of the Holocaust on people groups throughout Europe.
What was the fall of China and what roles did both Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-shek
play in that process?
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY MATERIAL
You will be responsible for the human geography material that we covered in our human
geography unit. Make sure that you are able to identify and apply the terms below.
Human Geography
spatial analysis

hearth
contagious diffusion
hierarchical diffusion
stimulus diffusion
arithmetic population density
physiological population density
agricultural population density
linear growth (arithmetic growth)
exponential growth (geometric growth)
absolute location
relative location
distortion
projection
Be able to identify the following map projections by name and be sure that you can
identify the various distortions that occur on each map.
Mercator Projection (a type of cylindrical projection)

Robinson Projection

Equal Area Projection (most common is the Goodes Homolosine Projection)

Azimuthal Projection

Conical Projection

Human Geography Models

Be familiar with the following human geography models that we studied in class.
World Systems Theory (Remember, this is the Core-Periphery model)
The Malthus Model