DSEN 1992 - Concrete Design

Concrete Structures
EC2: GENERAL RULES AND RULES FOR

BUILDINGS
FIRE
MATERIALS
BRIDG
ES
CONTAINMENT
STRUCTURES
EXECUTION
PRECAST
ELEMENTS
COMMON RULES
CONCRET
E
REINFORC
ING STEEL
PRESTRES
SING
PRODUCT
STANDARD
EN 1992-1-1 "CONCRETE STRUCTURES"

Contents:
1. General
2. Basics
3. Materials
4. Durability and cover
5. Structural analysis
6. Ultimate limit state
7. Serviceability limit state
8. Detailing reinforcement
9. Detailing of members and particular rules
10.Additional rules for precast concrete elements and structures
11.Lightweight aggregate concrete structures
12.Plain and lightly reinforced concrete structures
Annexes:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
Modification of safety factor (I)

Formulas for creep and shrinkage (I)
Properties of reinforcements (I)
Pre-stressing steel relaxation losses (I)
Indicative strength classes for durability (I)
In-plane stress condition (I)
Soil structure interaction (I)
Global second order effects in structures (I)
Analysis of flat slabs and shear walls (I)
Detailing rules for particular situations (I)
Neil Bryan A. Duldulao

PacificTech- Solutions
DS/EN 1992- Concrete

Design
I- Informative
N- Normative
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS
Concrete Strength Classes
Concrete strength class C8/10
(Characteristic cylindrical strength/ Char. tube strength)
Design Strength Values

Design compressive strength, fcci
f cd = cc f ck / c
Design tensile strength, fctd
f ctd= ct f ctk ,0.05 / c

cc= 1.0 and ct= 1.0 are coefficients to take account of long term effects on
the compressive and tensile strengths and of unfavourable effects resulting from
the way the load is applied (national choice)


Design
Concrete Strength at time t

Expressions are given for the estimation of strengths at times other than 28 days for
various types of cement
f cm (t)= cc (t )f cm
where:
fcm(t)- is the mean compressive strength at an age of t days
cc (t)=exp { s [ 1( 28 /t )1/ 2 ] }
The coefficient s depends on the type of cement: s= 0.20 for rapid hardening
cement (Class R), s= 0.25 for normal hardening (Class N) and s= 0.38 for class S
(slow hardening) cement.
Elastic Deformation
Values given in EC2 are indicative and vary according to type of aggregate
Ecm(t)= (fcm(t)/fcm)0.3Ecm
Tangent modulus Ec may be taken as 1.05 Ecm
Poissons ratio: 0.2 for uncracked concrete, 0 for cracked concrete
Linear coefficient of expansion 10.10-6 K-1
Design with Strut and Tie Models

Strut and Tie Model General Idea
Structures can be subdivided into regions with a steady state of stresses B regions
(where "B" stand for "Bernouli") and in regions with a non-linear flow of stresses "D"
regions (where "D" stands for discontinuity)


Design
D- region: Stress trajectories and strut and tie model

Steps in design:
1. Define geometry of D-region (Length of D region is equal to maximum width
of spread)
2. Sketch stress trajectories
3. Orient strut to compression trajectories
4. Find equilibrium model by adding tensile ties
5. Calculate tie forces
6. Calculate cross section of ties
7. Detail reinforcement


Design
Determination of Strut & Tie Geometry
Examples of D- Regions in structures


Design
Design of nodes:
Compression nodes without tie:
Rd ,max =k 1 ' f cd
where:
' =0.60 1
f ck
250
recommended value:
k1=1.0
Compression- Compression- Tension (CCT) nodes :
Rd ,max =k 2 ' f cd
where:
' =0.60 1
f ck
250
recommended value:
k1=0.85


Design
Compression- Tension- Tension (CTT) nodes :
Rd ,max =k 3 ' f cd
where:
' =0.60 1
f ck
250
recommended value:
k1=0.75
Crack width control in concrete structures

Theory of crack width control
When more cracks occur, more disturbed regions are found in the concrete tensile
bar. In the N- relation this stage (the "Crack formation stage") is characterized by a
zigzag line (Nr,1-Nr,2). At a certain strain of the bar, disturbed areas start to
overlap. If no intermediate areas are left, the concrete cannot reach the tensile
strength anymore, so that no new cracks can occur. "The crack formation stage" is
ended and the stabilized cracking stage starts. No new cracks occur, but existing
cracks widen.
Eurocode Formulae for crack width control


Design
For the calculation of the maximum (or characteristic) crack width, the difference
between steel and concrete deformation has to be calculated for the largest crack
distance, which is sr,max=2lt.So
w k =sr ,max ( sm cm )
where:
Symbol
sr,max
(sm-cm)
sk t
sm cm=
Symbol
s
e
p,eff
kt
Definition
maximum crack distance
difference in deformation
between steel and concrete over
the maximum crack distance.
f ct , eff
( 1+ e p ,eff )
p , eff
s
0.6
Es
Es
Definition
is the stress in steel assuming
cracked section
is the Es/Ecm ratio
effective reinforcement ratio
including eventual prestressing
steel Ap
Bond factor for prestressing
strands or wires
is the factor depending on the
duration of loading (0,6 for short
and 0,4 for long term loading)
Maximum final crack spacing
s r , max=3.4 c +0.425 k 1 k 2
Symbol
c

p , eff
Definition
concrete cover

Design

k1
k2
is the bar diameter

bond factor (0,8 for high bond
bars, 1,6 for bars with an
effectively plain surface) (e.g.
Prestressing tendons)
strain distribution coefficient (1,0
for tension and 0,5 for bending;
intermediate values can be used)
Requirements for crack width control (recommended values)
Exposure
Class
X0, XC1
XC2, XC3, XC3
XD1, XD2, XS1,
XS2, XS3
RC or unbonded PSC
Members
Quasi- permanent Load
0,3
Prestressed
member with
bonded tendons
Frequent Load
0,3
0,2
Decompression
Control of deflections
Deflection limits according to chapter 7.4.1
Under the quasi permanent load deflection should not exceed span/250, in
order to avoid impairment of appearance and general utility
Under the quasi permanent loads the deflection should be limited to
span/500 after construction to avoid damage to adjacent parts of the
structure
Calculating Deflection of concrete member
= II + (1 ) I
where:
=1 ( r / s )2
Symbol

Definition
deflection

Design
deflection fully cracked
II
deflection uncracked
coefficient for tension stiffening

(transition coefficient)
sr
steel stress at first cracking

steel stress at quasi permanent
service load
1,0 for single short term loading

0,5 for sustained load or repeated
loading
For span- depth ratios bellow the following limits no further check is
needed:
I
=K 11 +1.5 f ck 0 +3.2 f ck 0 1
d
3 /2
0
I
1
'
=K 11 +1.5 f ck
+ f ck
d
' 12
0
Symbol
I/d
K
0
'
if 0
if >0
Definition
is the limit span/depth
is the factor to take into account
different structural sysytems
is the reference reinforcement ratio
is the required tension reinforcement
ratio at midspan to resist the
moment due to the design loads (at
supports for cantilevers)
is the required compression
reinforcement ratio at midspan to
resist the moment due to the design
loads (at supports for cantilevers)
Limit values for I/d below which no calculated verification of the deflection
is necessary
The table below gives the values of K (Eqn. 7.16), corresponding to the structural
system. The table further more gives limit l/d values for a relatively high (=1.5%)

Design
longitudinal reinforcement ratio. These values are calculated for concrete C30 and
s= 310MPa and satisfy the deflection limits given in 7.4.1 (4) and (5).
Structural System
Simply supported slab/
beam
= 0,5%
= 1,5%
1,0
I/d = 14
I/d = 20
End span
1,3
I/d = 18
I/d = 26
Interior span
1,5
I/d = 20
I/d = 30
Flat slab
1,2
I/d = 17
I/d = 24
Cantilever
0,4
I/d = 6
I/d = 8
Punching shear resistance

like in the case of shear LWAC (Lightweight aggregate concrete) members, also the
punching shear resistance of LWAC slab is obtained using the reduction factor
1=0.4+0.6/2200. The punching shear resistance of a light weight concrete slab
follows from:
V Rd ,c =( ClRd , c k 1 ( 100 l f lck )1/ 3 +0.08 cp ) 1 lmin+ 0.08 cp

where:
CIRd,c=0.15/gc
Simplified design method for walls and columns

In the absence of a more rigorous approach, the design resistance in terms of axial
force slender wall or column in plain concrete maybe calculated as follows:
N Rd =b . hw . f cd .
where:
=1.14 ( 12 etot /h w )0.02 l 0 /hw ( 12 etot /h w )

Symbol
NRd
b
hw

Definition
axial resistance
overall width of the cross section
overall depth of the cross section

Design

is a factor taking into account

eccentricity, including second order
effects

Design

DSEN 1992 - Concrete Design

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Concrete Structures

EC2: GENERAL RULES AND RULES FOR

EN 1992-1-1 "CONCRETE STRUCTURES"

Modification of safety factor (I)

Neil Bryan A. Duldulao