Circuit Theory -EM II

Dr David Ottaway
Braggs 412
Ph 8313 5165
david.ottaway@adelaide.edu.au

Circuit Theory Outline

DC Circuits Resistors and Voltage
Sources
AC Circuits- Resistors, Capacitors and
Inductors
Frequency Response Transfer functions
Time Domain Response

Active Circuits

DC Circuits and Networks

Ohms Law and Resistors

Power and Resistors
Ideal voltage and current sources
Kirchoffs Laws (Apply to AC circuits as well)
Resistor and Voltage Source Networks
Thevenins Equivalent Circuits
Nortons Equivalent Circuits
Voltage Dividers (Apply to AC circuits as well)
Parallel and Series resistors

Resistors and Ohms Law

Symbol
2 possibilities

Ohm's Law:

Vresistor ( t ) = RI (t )
V is the voltage
R is the Resistance (SI Unit Ohm ())
I is the current

Power Dissipation in an electrical

component

Power (t ) = I (t )V (t )
2

= I (t ) R
2

Apply Ohms
Law

= V (t ) / R
Can be derived from the fundamental definition of Voltage
ie
Voltage = Energy/Charge

Ideal Voltage Sources

Battery

Ideal Voltage Source

An ideal voltage source

provides a fixed voltage
regardless of the
resistance placed
across it
A useful model that
does not exist in reality
A large battery is an
excellent approximation

Kirchoffs Loop Rule

The sum of the changes in potential around
any closed path of a circuit must be zero
Based on the law of
conservation of
energy

From Giancolli

Example: Resistor Combinations Series

Req = R1 + R2 + R3

Kirchhoff s Junction Rule

At any junction point, the sum of all currents
entering the junction must equal the sum of
all current leaving the junction
This is based on the law of conservation of charge
At Junction A
I = I1 + I2
Also at B
B

Note Some currents will

need to be negative

Resistor Combinations - Parallel

1
1
1
1
=
+
+
Req R1 R2 R3

Resistor Network Analysis

R3
R2
R1
Vs2
Vs1

R3

Use
Kirchoffs
Laws to
derive 5
Equations in
5 unknowns

Thevenins Equivalent Circuits

Any terminal networks of voltage
sources and resistors is equivalent to a
single resistor in series with a single
voltage source

Figure from Wikipedia

Calculating Vth and Rth

The value of Vth is value of the voltage when no
current is drawn from the circuit
The value of Rth is determined by:

Vth
Rth =
I short
Where Ishort is the current drawn from the
terminals when the source is short circuited
Rth is also the resistance between the terminals
when all voltage sources are replaced by zero
resistance

Thevenins Equivalent Circuit

Example: Wheatstone Bridge

R1

R2
Vout

R3

R4

Nortons Theorem

Any network of batteries and resistors is equivalent to

a perfect current source in parallel with a resistor
INO is the short circuit current, Ishort (See Thevenins)
and RNO = RTh (See Thevenins)

Figure from Wikipedia

AC Circuits
Capacitors and Inductors required
Will consider continuous periodic signals and
transient response
Periodic Signals
Best way to deal with is complex circuit analysis
Consider the transfer functions of
RC Circuits
RL Circuits
LCR Circuits

Circuit Components - Inductor

Symbol

dI (t )
Vinductor ( t ) = L
dt
V is the voltage
L is the Inductance (SI Unit Henry (H))
I is the current (SI Unit Ampere (A))

Circuit Components - Capacitor

Symbol

Q (t )
Vcapacitor ( t ) =
=
C

I ( t ) dt
0

V is the voltage
C is the capacitance (SI Unit Farad (F))
I is the current
Q is the charge stored on the plates

Current vs Voltage (Capacitor)

Current and Voltage for a 1uF Cap

-4

x 10
1

0.5

-0.5

-1
0

Voltage

-0.5

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1
time(s)

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

Voltage lags the current

-1
0.2

Current (Amps)

Voltage (Volts)

0.5

Current vs Voltage (Inductor)

Current and Voltage for a 1uH Inductor

x 10
1

0.5

-0.5

-1
0

Voltage

-0.5

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1
time(s)

0.12

0.14

Voltage leads the current

0.16

0.18

-1
0.2

Current (Amps)

Voltage (Volts)

0.5

Complex Analysis
1 it 1 it
Cos (t ) = e + e
2
2
1 it 1 it
Sin(t ) = e e
2
2

dt

it

= i e

it

= e

i (t + )
2

1 it 1
e dt = i e = e
it

i ( t )
2

Electronic Systems as Linear

Systems
Vin(t)

Vout(t)

TF()

if

  =
 cos 

then

  =

cos  +

Voltage Amplitude

Voltage Phase

Phase and amplitude are real numbers

Amplitude and Phase

1

Vin
Vout

0.8
0.6

Voltage (v)

0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0

10
time (s)

12

14

16

18

What is the transfer function, amplitude and relative

phase for the above ???

20

Amplitude and Phase

T

Vin
Vout

0.8
0.6

Voltage (v)

0.4
0.2
0
-0.2

Aout
Ain

-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0

10
time (s)

Aout 1
TF =


Ain 2
T
2.2
= 2
= 2
= 2.3rad
T
6

12

14

16

18

20

Linear Systems
Remember: cos  =
So:
  =
 cos 

 
 

+ 



=
  +  


and

  =

cos  +



=
   +   
2



=
     +     
2

 

 
=

+

2
2

Linear Systems


 is a complex number






=
 =






 ,
=

 cos  + !"(

 )

Summary of Complex Impedance

Inductor

Z L = i L

Capacitor

1
ZC =
iC

Resistor

ZR = R

Transfer Function of RC Circuit

Amplitude

10

10

Transfer Function of RC circuit

-1

-2

10 -2
10

10

-1

10
Angular frequency w/w

10

10

Phase (degrees)

0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100 -2
10

10

-1

10
Angular frequency w/w

10

10

Transfer Function of RL Circuit

Transfer Function of RL circuit

Amplitude

10

-1

10

-2

10 -2
10

10

-1

10
Angular frequency w/w

10

10

Phase (degrees)

100

50

0 -2
10

10

-1

10
Angular frequency w/w

10

10

Transfer Function of LCR Circuit

Amplitude

10

10

10

Transfer Function of LCR circuit

-1

-2

-3

10 -2
10

10

-1

10
Angular frequency w/w

10

10

Phase (degrees)

100
B=0.1
B=1
B=10

50
0
-50
-100 -2
10

10

-1

10
Angular frequency w/w

10

10

Transfer Function of LCR Notch

Amplitude

10

10

Transfer Function of LCR circuit

-2

-4

10 -2
10

10

-1

10
Angular frequency w/w

10

10

Phase (degrees)

100
B=0.1
B=1
B=10

50
0
-50
-100 -2
10

10

-1

10
Angular frequency w/w

10

10

Summary of Circuits Considered

RC
Circuit Vin()

RL
V ()
Circuit in

RLC
V ()
Circuit in

Vout()

Vout ( )
1
=
Vin ( ) 1 + i RC

Vout()

Vout ( )

=
Vin ( ) i R

i L
Vout ( )
R
=
Vout() Vin ( )
(1 2 LC ) + i L

Transient Response
Will consider two circuits with step function
inputs
RC Filter
RLC

The time domain response is trivial if

Laplace Transforms are used Not taught
anymore in the Science part of maths
(Following slides summarize this, not
examinable and unfortunately cannot be
used in exam)

Transient Approach
1. Use Kirchoffs Loop Law to develop initial
equation, use V&  = '  (, V)  =
 ,()
+,()
*
and V-  = .0
/
+

2. Differential to covert to first or second

order differential equation
3. Solve

Summary of Transient Solutions

RC
Circuit Vin(t)

Vout(t)

  =
0 8 

  =
0 1 2 exp 2 7(6
RLC
V (t)
Circuit in

  =
0

Vout(t)

  =
0 8 

(
12
exp 2 (72* 9:; 0 
* 0

Transient Response Using

Laplace Transforms
(Not examinable and techniques
cannot be used in exam/test)

Transient Response of R, L and C

Circuits
Start by looking at the Differential
Equations
Easier way is to use the S plane version of
complex analysis
Utilize the power of Laplace Transforms
Deriving equation in s space and transforming
them back to the time domain

Summary of S plane impedance

S plane

Inductor

Z L = i L

Z L = sL

Capacitor

1
ZC =
iC

1
ZC =
sC

ZR = R

ZR = R

Resistor

Laplace Transformations

F ( s ) = L{ f (t )} = e st f (t )dt

Definition of Laplace Transform

L{af (t ) + bg (t )} = aL{ f (t )} + bL{g (t )}

Linearity

df (t )
Relationship for 1st derivative
L{
} = sL{ f (t )} f (0)
dt
df 2 (t )
df (0)
Relationship for 2nd
2
L{
} = s L{ f (t )} sf (0)
derivative
2
dt
dt
n 1
df n (t )
df
(0) Relationship for nth
n
n 1
L{
} = s L{ f (t )} s f (0) .....
derivative
n
n 1
dt
dt
t
1
Relationship for
L{ f (t )dt} = L{ f (t )}
integral
s
0

Common Laplace Transforms Pairs

F ( s ) = L{ f (t )}

f (t )

F ( s ) = L{ f (t )}

f (t )

(t )

s2 + 2

sin(t )

1/ s

u (t )

s
s2 + 2

cos(t )

/ (n 1)!

s +
s2 + 2

1/ s

1
s+a
1

(s + a)

n 1

e at
n

a
s( s + a)
1
( s + a )( s + b )

1
t n 1e at
(n 1)!
1 e at
1
(e at e bt )
( a b)

2 + 2
sin(t + )

( = a tan( / ))

( s + a) 2 + 2
(s + a)
( s + a) 2 + 2
s
( s + a )( s + b )

e at sin(t )
e at cos(t )
1
(ae at be bt )
(b a)

End of Transient Response

Using Laplace Transforms

Operational Amplifiers
Electronic Circuits made up
of transistors that
electrically amplify signals
Op Amps are amongst the
most utilized and versatile
of all electronic
components
Cost between a few cents
and a few $100 dollars

Operational Amps Both Voltage

and Power Gain
Transformers can increase
the voltage of oscillating
signals but cannot increase
power Not DC and low
frequency signals
Op Amps are active hence
can amplify both voltage and
power
Crucial for many applications
such as stereo systems
CD player

Light signal->Voltage signal ->Amplified -> Sound

Signal

Operational Amplifiers

V+

+
Vout

V-

V+

Non inverting input

V-

Inverting input

Vout

Output

Open loop gain

Vout = (V+- V-)G

Ideal Op Amp has infinite open loop gain,
infinite input impedance and zero output
impedance

Operational Amplifiers -The Reality

Parameter

Ideal

Typical Values

Open Loop Gain (G)

Infinite

< 106-107

Input Impedance
(Rin)

Infinite

Typically 106-1012
Ohm

Output Impedance
(Rout)

Zero

40 2000 Ohms

V+

+
Rin
+
-

V-

Rout

Vout

Vs

Vs = (V+- V-)G

Two Golden Rules of Op Amps

Rule 1 The output of an Op Amp provides
whatever voltage is necessary to make
the two input voltages equal
Rule 2 The input draws no current
Apply when negative feedback is applied

Op Amp Circuit Inverting

Amplifier
Rb
Ra
Vin

Vout
+

Op Amp Circuit Non-Inverting

Amplifier
Vin

+
Vout
Rb
Ra

Op Amp Circuit Integrator

C

R
Vin

Vout
+

Op Amp Circuit Differentiator

R
C
Vin

Vout
+

Op Amp Circuit Summing

Amplifier
Rb

Ra
V2
Ra
V1

Vout
+