Introduction:

SALESCALL Inc. has thousands of salespeople throughout the country. A sample of 100
salespeople is selected, and data is collected on the following variables.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

SALES (the number of sales made this week)

CALLS (the number of sales calls made this week)
TIME (the average time per call this week)
YEARS (years of experience in the call center)
TYPE (the type of training, either group training, online training of no training)

The interpretation of variables is described in the report based on numerical and graphical
statistical analysis.
First Variable: SALES
A histogram (Figure 1) shows the distribution of Sales made for the week. The Histogram of
Sales graph is approximately Symmetric because the difference between the mean and median of
the sample is just 0.34 which is less than the value "1". Hence by observing the values of the
mean and median from the descriptive statistics of sales we can conclude that mean and median
of the sample are approximately equal so, we can say that the distribution is neither right skewed
nor left skewed but it is approximately symmetric and bell shaped. Outliers can also be
determined using histograms. In figure 1 there are no outliers because there are no gaps in the
histograms. Hence we can say that there that there is point in the sample that do not fall near any
other data points. In Figure 1 data point 44 has occurred maximum number of times hence we
can say that maximum number of salespeople of SALESCALL INC has made 44 sales for the
week.
Histogram of SALES
20

Frequency

15

10

32

36

40

44
SALES

Figure 1: Histogram of Sales

48

52

The descriptive statistics of sales (Figure 2) shows that the median of the sales is 42, it means
that half of salespeople in the company has made above 42 sales for the week and the other half
has made below 42. The mean of sales is 42.34, it means the average sales for the week is 42.34.
Standard deviation and variance are measures of dispersion. The standard deviation and the
variance are 4.171 and 17.398 respectively, it indicates how spread out the data are. A Standard
Deviation of 4.171 is not far off from the mean (42.34), it indicates a majority of data points of
the sales variable are positioned close to the mean
Descriptive Statistics: SALES
Total
Variable Count N N* Mean StDev Variance Minimum
Q1 Median
SALES
100 100 0 42.340 4.171 17.398 32.000 39.250 42.000
N for
Variable
Q3 Maximum IQR Mode Mode
SALES
45.000 52.000 5.750 44
12

Figure 2: Descriptive Statistics of Sales

Second Variable: YEARS
A Dotplot of Years (Figure 3) shows the distribution of SALESCALL Inc employees Years of
experience in the call center for the week. The distribution of years is approximately bell shaped.
It also shows that there is no outlier and the value 2 has occurred maximum number of times
hence we can say maximum number of employees in the SALESCALL INC has "2" years of call
center experience. The minimum years of experience of employees is "0" and the maximum is 5.
Dotplot of YEARS

3
YEARS

Figure 3: Dotplot of Years

The descriptive statistics of Years (Figure 4) shows that the median of the years is 2, it means
that half of the SALESCALL Inc employees Years of experience in the call center for the week is
above 2 years and the other half has experience below 2 years. The mean of years is 2.08, it
means the average years of experience of the employees is 2.08. The distribution is
approximately symmetric because the difference between the mean and median of the sample is
just 0.08 which is very negligible and difference is less than the value "1". Hence by observing
the values of the mean and median from the descriptive statistics of Years we can conclude that
mean and median of the sample are approximately equal so, we can say that the distribution is
neither right skewed nor left skewed but it is approximately symmetric and bell shaped. Standard
deviation and variance are measures of dispersion. The standard deviation and the variance are
1.236 and 1.529 respectively, it indicates how spread out the data are. A Standard Deviation of
1.236 is not far off from the mean (2.08), it indicates a majority of data points of the years
variable are positioned close to the mean
Descriptive Statistics: YEARS
Variable
YEARS

Total
Count N
100 100

N* Mean StDev Variance Minimum Q1

Median Q3
0
2.080 1.236
1.529 0.000
1.000 2.000 3.000

N for
Variable Maximum IQR Mode
YEARS
5.000
2.000
2

Mode
32

Figure 4: Descriptive Statistics for Years

Third Variable: CALLS
The Stem-and-Leaf display of Calls (Figure 5) shows the distribution of number of calls made
for the week. Stem-and-Leaf display of Calls shows that the distribution is not symmetrical and
bell shaped. The distribution of data points has a wider bell shape form toward its right hence it
is right skewed. The count of the row which contains the median value is indicated by
parenthesis.
Stem-and-Leaf Display: CALLS
Stem-and-leaf of CALLS
Leaf Unit = 1.0
1

12

12

69

13

12444

12

13

5899

17

14

02334

= 100

26

14

566999999

38

15

001222333444

48

15

5566777899

(7)

16

0011234

45

16

55678889

37

17

0000112344

27

17

56788888

19

18

012344

13

18

5668899

19

1234

19

20

Figure 5: The Stem-and-Leaf display of Calls

The descriptive statistics of Calls (Figure 6) shows that the median of the Calls is 160.50, it
means that half of the SALESCALL Inc employees has made more than 160.50 calls for the
week and the other half has made below 160.50. The mean of calls is 2.08, it means the average
number of calls made for the week is 162.09. The difference between the mean and median of
the sample is just 1.59 which is greater than the value "1". Hence by observing the values of the
mean and median from the descriptive statistics of CALLS we can conclude that distribution is
right skewed (positively skewed).
Standard deviation and variance are measures of dispersion. The standard deviation and the
variance are 18.01 and 324.53 respectively, it indicates how spread out the data are. A Standard
Deviation of 18.01 means each data point of the calls variable sits at an average distance of 18.01
points from the Mean.
Descriptive Statistics: CALLS

Variable
CALLS

Total
Count
100

Variable
CALLS

Q3
176.75

N
100

N*
0

Maximum
201.00

Mean
162.09

StDev
18.01

IQR
27.75

Mode
149

Variance
324.53

Minimum
124.00

Q1
149.00

N for
Mode
6

Figure 6: Descriptive Statistics for CALLS

Median
160.50

First pairing of variables: SALES and TYPE

The mean of sales made by employees who received group training is 40.833 and the median is
41. The difference between mean and median of the distribution is negligible, hence we can say
that the distribution graph for Sales and type of training group is approximately symmetric. The
mean of sales made by employees who received none training is 37.1 and the median is 37. The
difference between mean and median of the distribution is negligible, hence we can say that the
distribution graph for Sales and none type of training is approximately symmetric. The mean of
sales made by employees who received online training is 45.34 and the median is 45. The
difference between mean and median of the distribution is negligible, hence we can say that the
distribution graph for Sales and online type of training is approximately symmetric.

Figure 7: Descriptive statistics for Sales and Type

It can be seen from Figure 8 that highest number of sales were made by online training
employees and the least number of sales were made by employees who took no training. The
group training employees has made moderate sales which are somewhat between online and
none. It can also be seen from figure 8 that minimum and maximum sales made by group
training people is 37 and 44 respectively. The minimum and maximum sales made by none
training people is 32 and 40 respectively and the minimum and maximum sales made by online
training people is 41 and 52 respectively.

Histogram of SALES
32
GROUP

36

40

44

48

52

NONE
12
9

Frequency

6
3
0

ONLINE
12
9
6
3
0
32

36

40

44

48

52

SALES
Panel variable: TYPE

Figure 8: Histogram of Sales and Type

Second pairing of variables: CALLS and TYPE
The mean of the sales made by group training employees is 156.57 and the median is 154.50.
The mean of the sales made by none training employees is 141.35 and the median is 143. The
mean of the sales made by online training employees is 173.70 and the median is 174.

Figure 9: Descriptive statistics for Sales and Type

It can be seen from Figure 10, that there is an outlier for the calls made by group training
employees and there is no outlier for the calls made by none and online training employees. It
also shows that highest number of calls were made by online training employees and the least
number of calls were made by employees who took no training. The group training employees
made calls between online and none.
Boxplot of Calls also shows that the minimum number of calls made by employees who received
group training is 131 and maximum is 192. The minimum number of calls made by employees

who received None training is 124 and maximum is 157. The minimum number of calls made by
employees who received online training is 149 and maximum is 201.
Boxplot of Calls shows that 25% of employees who received group training has made 149.75
calls (Q1), 50% of employees has made 154.50 calls (median) and 75% of employees has made
166.50 calls (Q3) for the week.
25% of employees who received none training has made 134 calls (Q1), 50% of employees has
made 143 calls (median) and 75% of employees has made 148,25 calls (Q3) for the week.
25% of employees who received online training has made 162.50 calls (Q1), 50% of employees
has made 174 calls (median) and 75% of employees has made 184.25 calls (Q3) for the week.
Boxplot of CALLS
210
200
190

CALLS

180
170
160
150
140
130
120
GROUP

NONE
TYPE

ONLINE

Figure 10: Boxplot of Calls and Type

Third pairing of variables: CALLS and SALES

The scatterplot of Sales and Calls (Figure 11) shows that the trend of the scatterplot is upward.
An upward trend indicates a positive relationship between number of Calls and number of Sales
made for the week. Hence, we can say if the employees make more number of calls for the week
then the sales made for the week will be more.
Correlations: CALLS, SALES
Pearson correlation of CALLS and SALES = 0.871
P-Value = 0.000

The linear correlation coefficient determines the strength and relationship between the Calls and
Sales variable. The correlation coefficient value for calls and sales pairing is 0.871, it indicates

that the value is close to positive value of 1, hence we can say that the calls and sales pairing has
a strong positive linear correlation, it means if the value for calls increases the value for sales
also increases.
Scatterplot for CALLS and SALES
55

SALES

50

45

40

35

30
120

130

140

150

160
170
CALLS

180

190

200

210

Figure 13: Scatterplot for Calls and Sales

Conclusion:
The number of sales, number of calls, and type of training has some connection with each other
in one form or another. The salespeople of the SALESCALL INC who received online training
has made the highest number of sales and highest number of calls while the salespeople who
received no training has made the least number of sales and least number of calls. Hence we can
say that SALESCALL INC has to provide online training for the salespeople in order to increase
the sales. Based on the linear correlation coefficient for calls and sales pairing we can say that
the increase in the number of calls made by the salespeople can increase the number of sales for
the week.