Chapter 6

Energy and Energy Transfer

F

θ F cos θ

∆r

F I G U R E 6.1 If an object :rundergoe s

a displacement , the work done by
the constant force :F on the object is
( F cos ) r.
 n F

∆r

mg

F I G U R E 6.2 When an object is

displaced horizontally on a flat table,
the normal force : n and the
:
gravitational force mg do no work.
 F F

F F

(a) (b) (c) (d)

:
F I G U R E 6.3 (Quick Quiz 6.1) A force F is applied to an object, which undergoes a displacement to the right. In each of
the four cases, the magnitudes of the force and displacement are the same.

mg h

F I G U R E 6.4 (Thinking Physics 6.1) A

person lifts a heavy box of mass m a vertical
distance h and then walks horizontally at
constant velocity a distance d.
 50.0 N

30.0°

mg

F I G U R E 6.5 (Example 6.1) A vacuum cleaner

being pulled at an angle of 30.0° with the horizontal.
the upward component of the applied

θ
A ⋅ B = AB cos θ

F I G U R E 6.6 The scalar product

: : :
A B equals the magnitude of A
:
multiplied by the magnitude of B and
:
the cosine of the angle between A
:
and B .
 Area = ∆A = Fx ∆x
Fx

Fx

x
xi xf
∆x
(a)
Fx

Work

x
xi xf
(b)
F I G U R E 6.7 (a) The work done
by a force of magnitude Fx for the
small displacement x is Fx x,
which equals the area of the
shaded rectangle. The total work
done for the displacement from
xi to xf is approximately equal to
the sum of the areas of all the
rectangles. (b) The work done by
the variable force Fx as the
particle moves from xi to xf is
exactly equal to the area under
this curve.
 Fs is negative.
x is positive.

x
x=0
(a)

Fs = 0
x=0

x=0
(b)

Fs is positive.
x is negative.

x
x=0
(c)

Fs
Area = –1 kx max
2
2

kx max

x
0

xmax Fs = –kx

(d)

Figure 6.8

The force exerted by a spring on a block varies with the

block’s displacement from the equilibrium position x 0.
(a) When x is positive (stretched spring), the spring force is
to the left. (b) When x is zero (natural length of the spring),
the spring force is zero. (c) When x is negative (compressed
spring), the spring force is to the right. (d) Graph of Fs
versus x for the block – spring system. The work done by the
spring force as the block moves from x max to 0 is the area
1 2
of the shaded triangle, 2 kx max .
 Fapp Fs

xi = –x max xf = 0
F I G U R E 6.9 A block moves from xi
– x max to xf 0 :on a frictionless
surface as a force F app is applied to
the block. If the process is carried out
very slowly, the applied force is equal
in magnitude and opposite in
direction to the spring force at all
times.
 Fapp = (80 N/m)(x)

Fapp

x (cm)
0 2 4 6

F I G U R E 6.10(Example 6.3) A graph

of the applied force required to
stretch a spring that obeys Hooke’s law
versus the elongation of the spring.
 ∆x

ΣF
m

vi vf

F I G U R E 6.11 An object modeled as

a particle undergoes a displacement of
magnitude x and a change in speed
under the action of a constant net
:
force F .
 n
vf

∆x
mg

F I G U R E 6.12 (Example 6.4) A block on

a frictionless surface is pulled to the right
by a constant horizontal force.
 1.00 m

F I G U R E 6.13 (Example 6.5) A

block is dropped onto a vertical
spring, causing the spring to
compress.
 ∆x
vi vf
fk

F I G U R E 6.14 A book sliding to the

right on a horizontal surface slows down
in the presence of a force of kinetic
friction acting to the left. The initial
:
velocity of the book is v i , and its final
:
velocity is v f . The normal force and
gravitational force are not included in
the diagram because they are
perpendicular to the direction of motion
and therefore do not influence the speed
of the book.
 (a – c, e, f, George Semple; d, Digital Vision/Getty Images)

F I G U R E 6.15 Energy transfer mechanisms. (a) Energy is transferred to the block by work, (b) energy leaves the radio by
mechanical waves, (c) energy transfers up the handle of the spoon by heat, (d) energy enters the automobile gas tank by matter
transfer, (e) energy enters the hair dryer by electrical transmission, and (f) energy leaves the light bulb by electromagnetic radiation.
 (Sinclair Stammers/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.)

F I G U R E 6.16 The glow worm Lampyris noctiluca

is found in Great Britain and parts of continental
Europe. It exhibits the phenomenon of
bioluminescence. The light leaving the last three
segments of its abdomen represents a transfer of
energy out of the system of the worm.
 n
vf

fk F

∆x
mg

(a)

n
vf
F

fk θ

∆x
mg
(b)

F I G U R E 6.17 (Example 6.6) (a) A

block is pulled to the right by a constant
horizontal force on a surface with
friction. (b) The applied force is at an
angle to the horizontal.
 Motor

Mg

(a) (b)

F I G U R E 6.18 (Example 6.8) (a) A motor lifts an

elevator car. (b) Free-body diagram for the elevator.
:
The motor exerts an upward force T on the
supporting cables. The magnitude of this force is T,
the tension in the cables, which is applied in the
upward direction on the elevator. The downward
:
forces on the elevator are the friction force f and the
:
gravitational force F g M : g.
 y

118°

32.8 N 132°

17.3 cm/s

Figure P6.5
Fx (N)

3
2
1
x (m)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Figure P6.11 Problems 11 and 24.

k2
k1

2 000

Total
1 500
force
(N)
1 000

500

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Distance (cm)
Figure P6.12
F

Figure P6.19